From 8a755c839db4d68c7d97f7d79a359c062fd36083 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yoshihiro OKUMURA Date: Fri, 10 May 2019 21:34:38 +0900 Subject: [PATCH] almost implemented item detail page. --- package.json | 8 +- src/assets/items.json | 2 +- src/common/ItemTypeUtil.tsx | 174 ++++++++++++--- src/common/ItemUtil.ts | 10 +- src/components/Database.module.css | 40 +++- src/components/DatabaseDetailItem.tsx | 10 +- src/components/DatabaseItemType.tsx | 14 +- src/components/DatabaseItemTypeBook.tsx | 50 ++++- src/components/DatabaseItemTypeConference.tsx | 84 ++++++-- src/components/DatabaseItemTypeData.tsx | 69 +++++- src/components/DatabaseItemTypeModel.tsx | 70 +++++- src/components/DatabaseItemTypePaper.tsx | 122 ++++------- src/components/DatabaseItemTypeUrl.tsx | 56 ++++- src/components/DatabaseListIndex.tsx | 2 +- src/components/DatabaseListItem.tsx | 5 +- src/components/DatabaseSearchByIndexId.tsx | 2 +- src/components/IndexTreeBlock.tsx | 2 +- yarn.lock | 200 +++++++++--------- 18 files changed, 647 insertions(+), 273 deletions(-) diff --git a/package.json b/package.json index 00d7b14..8353c6d 100644 --- a/package.json +++ b/package.json @@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ "version": "0.1.0", "private": true, "dependencies": { - "@types/jest": "24.0.11", + "@types/jest": "24.0.12", "@types/lokijs": "^1.5.2", - "@types/node": "11.13.8", + "@types/node": "12.0.0", "@types/query-string": "^6.3.0", "@types/rc-tree": "^1.11.3", - "@types/react": "16.8.14", + "@types/react": "16.8.17", "@types/react-dom": "16.8.4", "@types/react-router-dom": "^4.3.1", "lokijs": "^1.5.6", @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ "react": "^16.8.6", "react-dom": "^16.8.6", "react-router-dom": "^5.0.0", - "react-scripts": "3.0.0", + "react-scripts": "3.0.1", "typescript": "3.4.5" }, "scripts": { diff --git a/src/assets/items.json b/src/assets/items.json index fce7f5d..bce1bfc 100644 --- a/src/assets/items.json +++ b/src/assets/items.json @@ -1 +1 @@ -[{"item_id":423,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-30","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Hyper- and Hypo-Gravity using Pupillary Response to Comb-like Flash","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-30","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":404,"original_file_name":"1170476009328.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96072,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":423,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"[Introduction] Since the autonomic nervous system(ANS) plays a major role when we adapt to the new environment, it is important to monitor ANS activity of astronauts under the micro-gravity. In the previous colloquium, we proposed a method for assessing the ANS activity from pupillary flash response. In this study, we improved the method and attempted to evaluate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities under hyper- and hypo-gravity during a parabolic flight. [Improved method] The previous method enables a separate assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities from changes in pupillary single flash response. However, relatively low gain of the dilator system compared with the sphincter makes it difficult to detect change in the sympathetic nervous activity. This problem was improved by using comb-like flash stimulus which activates dilator system more efficiently than single flash stimulus. As in the previous method, maximum constriction velocity(Vcmax) and recovery amount(RA) are evaluated by taking effect of range nonlinearity into account. Validity of the improved method was proved by experiments using autonomic nervous drugs. [Parabolic flight] experiment The experiment was conducted by a small jet-plane. About 20 seconds hypo-gravity and hyper-gravity before and after hypo-gravity can realize in a parabola. A male university student volunteered as a test subject. [Result] In hyper-gravity, significant change in activities of neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic nervous system was concluded in comparison with the ground 1G condition. On the other hand, in hypo-gravity, the sympathetic nervous activity was slightly activated, whereas the parasympathetic nervous activity was clearly inhibited.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["K. Yamaji","Y. Hirata","S. Usui"]},{"item_id":424,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-31","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Simultaneous Pupil and Conventional Perimetry.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-31","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":405,"original_file_name":"1170476010718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96329,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":424,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To evaluate if it is possible to perform simultaneous pupil and conventional (i.e. psychophysic light-sense) perimetry. The hypothesis is that the pupillary light reflex (PLR) could serve as an additional reliability parameter in conventional perimetry, and\/or, near psychophysic threshold stimuli would improve the tested subject's attention during pupil perimetry and reduce sleep-wave artifacts. Materials and methods: Twelve healthy normal volunteers (age: 31.8; 23-62 years; 6 females, 6 males) were examined with a modified Octopus 1-2-3 automated perimeter which measures the pupil area at 50 Hz. Background (1 cd\/m2), stimulus size (0.43 ) and stimulus duration (100 ms) were chosen similar to standard Octopus perimetry. Stimuli were presented at 4 different brightness levels (5.2 \u00ac 413.4 cd\/m2). The pupillary light reflex was evaluated after the test by 4 experts visually on screen and by an algorithm developed by our research group which fits linear regressions and polynomials into the pupil tracings to define the onset of the PLR and the maximal constriction of the pupil. Results: The algorithm was 20% more conservative than the experts to recognize the existence of a PLR. To elicit (and detect by the algorithm) a PLR with a chance of 50%, stimulus brightness averaged at an eccentricity of 0 \/0 5.2 cd\/m2; at 8 \/8 65.4 cd\/m2, at 8 \/-8 52 cd\/m2, at 20 \/20 164.3 cd\/m2 and at -20 \/-20 206.8 cd\/m2. As expected, the PLR decreased with age. Conclusions: The results suggest that the evaluation of the PLR during standard Octopus automated perimetry might serve as a reliability parameter but does not permit to detect minor flaws in cooperation. Stimulus size 5 (1.7 ) is preferred for simultaneous pupil and conventional perimetry. Based on these results, we are currently developing algorithms which permit to perform simultaneous both perimetries by 'online' evaluation of the PLR. \nSupported by grant #32-43624.95 of the Swiss National Fund.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mario Zulauf","Martin Schelling","Oliver Bergamin","Andreas Sch\u00f6tzau","Ara Hagopian","Birgitta Henzi"]},{"item_id":425,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-01","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Comparison Of Pupil Response Latencies & Reaction Times To Colour, Structure, Light Flux & Motion","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-01","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":406,"original_file_name":"1170474332562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97281,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":425,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Response latencies associated with the processing of light flux increments, stimulus structure, colour and coherent motion have been studied using manual reaction times and pupil responses. Our aim was to investigate latency differences between subcortical and central components of the pupil response and the correlation with manual reaction times measured for the same stimuli. For each of the four stimulus attributes investigated we observed an asymptotic decrease in reaction time with stimulus strength. This relationship was described well by a model with three parameters. The initial amplitude, the rate of exponential decay and the asymptotic reaction time expected as the stimulus strength approached infinity. A comparison of the shortest reaction times computed in this way reveals significant differences. The shortest reaction time was 184 ms and was obtained for a light flux increment. Averaged data for 4 subjects show increasing latencies for each of the other stimulus attributes: ~ 6 ms for grating stimuli, ~ 19 ms for colour and ~ 33 ms for coherent motion. In contrast, pupil responses to colour and grating showed no significant difference in latency, but both were ~ 40 ms longer than the ~ 240 ms measured for the pupil light reflex response. The latter response is mediated primarily by a subcortical projection. The greater pupil latencies for colour and grating are likely to reflect the processing of signals in the geniculostriate pathway, and in particular the analysis of pattern and colour information in V1. Differences among manual reaction times, on the other hand, are more likely to reflect time delays associated with the processing of different stimulus attributes and the analysis of stimulus specific information in extrastriate visual areas.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J. BARBUR","J. WOLF","P. LENNIE"]},{"item_id":426,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-02","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses To Stimulus Colour, Structure And Light Flux Increments In The Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-02","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":407,"original_file_name":"1170474815859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95963,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":426,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Visual stimuli that isolate pupil colour and pupil grating responses in human vision have been used to investigate the properties of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the rhesus monkey. The purpose of the study was to investigate stimulus- specific, pupil responses in the rhesus monkey and to compare response latency differences with human data. Pupil responses to light flux increments, isoluminant chromatic stimuli, and gratings of equal and lower space-averaged luminance were measured in two alert rhesus monkeys. The parameters investigated were luminance contrast and chromatic saturation. A reward was administered at the end of each measurement provided the monkey maintained accurate fixation throughout the trial. The stimuli were interleaved randomly and each response obtained by averaging 16 to 48 traces. The effect of flash luminance, grating contrast and chromatic saturation and hue were investigated. Both monkeys demonstrated pupil colour and grating responses similar to those observed in human vision. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of pupil colour, pupil grating and pupil light reflex responses in the rhesus monkey. The observed response amplitudes do not correlate with computed rod-contrasts for the same stimuli. Comparison of pupil colour and pupil grating responses of equivalent amplitude reveals similar onset response latencies. Both are however approximately 40 ms longer than the corresponding pupil light reflex latency. In general these pupil responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in humans. Pupil onset response latencies in the rhesus are however some 80 to I00 ms shorter and the pupil also shows more rapid recovery from constriction. The colour, grating and light flux components of the pupil response and their latency differences are similar in humans and rhesus monkeys.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. GAMLIN","H. ZHANGI","A. HARLOW","J. L. BARBUR"]},{"item_id":427,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-03","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Processing Of Colour Signals In The Absence Of A Geniculostriate Projection","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-03","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":408,"original_file_name":"1170474818250.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96296,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":427,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the residual processing of chromatic signals in a subject with unilateral damage to the primary visual cortex. Of particular interest was to establish the correlation between the subject's ability to make use of chromatic signals in the blind hemifield, to discriminate between different coloured targets, the corresponding residual pupil colour responses (PCRS) and the level and location of cortical activation generated by the same stimuli as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl). The stimuli were designed to ensure that the subject was unable to make use of luminance contrast signals, particularly rod generated signals at the onset of the coloured stimulus. Psychophysical and pupillometric techniques were applied to obtain the discrimination scores and the corresponding PCRs for selected coloured targets. Stimulus induced changes in the pattern of neural activity when viewing such stimuli were assessed using fMRI. Pupil responses measured to predominantly long- (red), middle- (green) and short-wavelength (blue) stimuli showed that significant PCRs can be elicited by large chromatic stimuli when presented in the subject's blind hemifield. These responses were largest for red and absent for green and blue stimuli. Psychophysical data showed well above chance discrimination for red but not for green or blue stimuli. fMRI also reveals more active clusters for red than for green stimuli. The results obtained using the three different experimental approaches are consistent and suggest that retrograde degeneration of thalamic and retinal chromatic processing mechanisms caused by damage to the primary visual cortex in man does not abolish completely the ability to process chromatic signals particularly when large, long-wavelength stimuli are employed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J. L. BARBUR","A. SAHRAIE","A. SIMMONS","L. WEISKRANTZ","S.C.R. WILLIAMS"]},{"item_id":428,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-04","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Age, Gender, and Test Location in Pupil Perimetry","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-04","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":409,"original_file_name":"1170474819984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95899,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":428,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose. To evaluate the effect of age and gender on visual-field eccentricity in healthy volunteers. Methods. Pupil perimetry was performed on 100 healthy volunteers with a modified Octopus 1-2-3. Stimulus parameters were Goldmann size V, intensity 1632 cd\/m2, duration 200 ms, background illumination 0 cd\/m2, and interstimulus interval 3 s. Pupillometric parameters were velocity of contraction, redilation velocity, latency, duration of contraction, implicit time, pupillary diameter before (=PD at maximum) and after contraction, and amplitude. Age, gender, test location, and PD at maximum as covariate, and pupillometric parameters were investigated by analysis of variance. Results. No three-way interaction was found among the independent variables. No two-way interactions were observed with variable test location. An age\/gender interaction was observed on all investigated parameters, i.e., the age effect was more pronounced in males than in females. All pupillometric parameters showed the significant main effect for test location to be strongest for duration of contraction (F=27.41) and for amplitude (F=22.77), weaker for implicit time (F=15.33) and for velocity of contraction (F=13.01), and minimal for latency time (F=4.784), and redilation velocity (F=4.371). Latency increased, amplitude, velocity of contraction, duration of contraction, and redilation velocity decreased with eccentricity. Conclusions. Areas closer to the center have the greatest pupillomotor response. Our results revealed that this holds especially for the pupillary contraction amplitude and duration, but less for latency time. Age effect is more important than gender in terms of pupil size and latency, but similar in amplitude.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Andreas Sch|tzau","Stephanie Turtschi","Mario Zulauf"]},{"item_id":429,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-05","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Response in Experimentally Induced Retinal Ischemia in the Rat","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-05","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":410,"original_file_name":"1170474821109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97240,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":429,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The pupillary light reflex (PLR) is used clinically to diagnose diseases of the retina and visual pathways. Deficits in the PLR have also been proposed as a tool for the early detection of the onset of retinal diseases. However, there are few quantitative studies correlating pupillary function with retinal damage to support this hypothesis. We have therefore investigated the effects on the PLR of retinal injury elicited by a transient ischemic episode produced experimentally in one eye of hooded rats by raising intraocular pressure to 110mm Hg for 50-100 minutes. Visual stimuli were presented in the experimental eye before and after retinal ischemia, and pupil responses were recorded in the opposite eye, i.e. consensual pupillary reflex. Changes in pupil diameter were measured in the dark under infra-red illumination using an IR-sensitive video pupillometer. Five rats were used in this study. Normally the pupil had a resting diameter of approximately 3 mm and constricted approximately 1mm for the 2-4 log unit range of increased illuminances that were used in these experiments. Following retinal ischemia, a strong steady-state miosis was observed in some animals (resting diameter approximately 1.5 mm) for 24-48 hours, and the PLR was relatively unresponsive. Thereafter, the PLR partially recovered. Ten days following retinal ischemia, the PLR in three rats remained significantly reduced while in the other two it had recovered completely. In addition to whole-field stimulation, pupil responses were also studied using 10o or 20o spots positioned at different points within a 80o by 80o field. Constriction amplitude and mean pupil diameter were measured during a steady light presentation of 5 seconds. The largest responses were elicited in the lower nasal field, the smallest in the upper temporal field. Immediately following retinal ischemia pupillary responses were essentially absent in all animals. Ten days later, response amplitudes remained diminished throughout the visual field in 3 rats, but had returned to normal in 2 rats. The retinae were flat mounted and Nissl-stained and prepared for cell density counting. The ganglion cells were counted in the upper temporal retina close to the horizontal meridian. No difference was observed between ganglion cell densities in the control and experimental eyes of rats in which the PLR had completely recovered. As many as half the ganglion cells had been eliminated in the experimental eyes of those 3 rats in which long-term pupillary deficits were observed. In conclusion, these experiments show that the PLR is a sensitive method for tracking the time course and extent of the retinal effects of an ischemic ocular episode. Furthermore, the pupil may serve as an index of the functional integrity of retinal ganglion cells. This finding has potential implications for detecting diseases such as glaucoma.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J. Clarke","Paul D. R. Gamlin"]},{"item_id":430,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-06","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses To Stimulus Colour, Structure And Light Flux Increments In The Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-06","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":411,"original_file_name":"1170474822093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95979,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":430,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Visual stimuli that isolate pupil colour and pupil grating responses in human vision have been used to investigate the properties of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the rhesus monkey. The purpose of the study was to investigate stimulus- specific, pupil responses in the rhesus monkey and to compare response latency differences with human data. Pupil responses to light flux increments, isoluminant chromatic stimuli, and gratings of equal and lower space-averaged luminance were measured in two alert rhesus monkeys. The parameters investigated were luminance contrast and chromatic saturation. A reward was administered at the end of each measurement provided the monkey maintained accurate fixation throughout the trial. The stimuli were interleaved randomly and each response obtained by averaging 16 to 48 traces. The effect of flash luminance, grating contrast and chromatic saturation and hue were investigated. Both monkeys demonstrated pupil colour and grating responses similar to those observed in human vision. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of pupil colour, pupil grating and pupil light reflex responses in the rhesus monkey. The observed response amplitudes do not correlate with computed rod-contrasts for the same stimuli. Comparison of pupil colour and pupil grating responses of equivalent amplitude reveals similar onset response latencies. Both are however approximately 40 ms longer than the corresponding pupil light reflex latency. In general these pupil responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in humans. Pupil onset response latencies in the rhesus are however some 80 to I00 ms shorter and the pupil also shows more rapid recovery from constriction. The colour, grating and light flux components of the pupil response and their latency differences are similar in humans and rhesus monkeys.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. GAMLIN","H. ZHANGI","A. HARLOW","J. L. BARBUR"]},{"item_id":431,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-07","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Psychophysiological Diagnoses of Alcoholics: Fourier Analysis of Pupillary Oscillations and Receptor Control for Determination of Deficit of Acetylcholin","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-07","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":412,"original_file_name":"1170474823109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96512,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":431,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Alcoholics exhibit memory deficits which are related to a reduction of acetylcholine. Furthermore in these patients a central nervous deactivation has to be assumed. Therefore we analyzed pupillary oscillations during the recording period of 25,6 sec. Using Fourier analysis the spectrum was divided into five frequency bands (0,0-0,2; 0,21-0,4; 0,41-0,6; 0,61-0,8; 0,81-1,0 Hz). We were also interested in the power (sum of the frequency bands: 0,0 - 1,0 Hz). After application of a 0,01% tropicamide solution the receptors of the pupil were blocked and a pupillary dilation could be observed. We assume the more severe the deterioration the wider the dilation which differs significantly from those of healthy normals. 44 alcoholics with an age between 40-55 years were compared' with 18 healthy controls similar in age. The patients were diagnosed according DSM-III_R as severe alcoholics (>7 symptoms). They were abstinent at least for 3 weeks, which was objectivated by means of CDR. The pupillary diameter (left eye) of the alcoholics and of normal controls was measured 8 times. At the measurement time points the central nervous activation and the activation during a calculation test (3rd and 108th min.) was measured by means of Fourier analysis of pupillary oscillations and pupillary dilatation after topical instillation of torpicamid was determined. Regarding basic activation as measured by Fourier analysis (power) significant differences between alcoholics and healthy controls could be found in baseline, in the 3rd, 20th, and 40th min. (P<0.01) as well as in the 60th, 80th, 100th, and 103rd min. (P<0.05). After a cognitive task (simple calculations) a difference between alcoholics and healthy controls was obtained in the 3rd minute. Summing up these results we found in alcoholics lower basic activation (lower amplitudes) and a decreased capacity for cognitive activation. The pupillary dilatation of 22% in alcoholics and 14% in normals controls (p<0.05) after instillation of tropicamide was parallel to the deterioration of memory functions which is caused by deficit of acetylcholin and possibly influenced by glutamate.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Gr\u00fcnberger J.","Linzmayer L.","Lesch O.M.","Walter H.","St\u00f6hr U.","Gr\u00fcnberger M.","Zyhlarz G."]},{"item_id":432,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-08","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Can Pupil Responses be used to Reveal Emotions?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-08","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":413,"original_file_name":"1170474824062.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95849,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":432,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The iris muscles are under the direct control of the autonomic nervous system. Light is not the only stimulus which elicits iris responses, and changes in pupil size accompany changes in emotional state. It has been claimed in the past that the pupil constricts when an unpleasant scene is viewed, and dilates when the person's response to a picture is positive. In particular, Barlow (1969, 1970) claimed that pupil size changes correlated to subjective ratings of 'pleasantness', with a bi- directional response. However, this claim is disputed, and many authors believe that dilation is the only response elicited by emotional changes. Previous studies have received plentiful criticism, in particular because of flawed experimental methods. To examine whether pupil responses can reveal emotions, a new technique was devised. Twenty-two subjects viewed a series of twelve slides. Each of the slides was presented twice, once in-focus and once out-of-focus (and rotated). Each slide was preceded by a grey slide, and the order of slide presentation was randomized. Pupil size was monitored continuously, and the metric subsequently used was the difference between the changes in size in response to the in-focus and the out-of-focus slide. Once the pupil changes were recorded, subjects were shown the slides once more, and asked to rate them on a number of emotional scales (e.g. like\/dislike, unpleasant\/pleasant). Most of the 262 responses were dilations. Surprisingly, the correlation with the subjective responses on all of the emotional scales was poor. However, this result can be explained by considering that one slide could be judged pleasant and exciting, another could be judged unpleasant and exciting, and a third could be judged very pleasant but unexciting. Each of these slides could arouse the person, leading to a pupil dilation, but neither emotion would be correlated with the pupil response. In conclusion, pupil dilation was seen in response to viewing slides of differing content, but these changes could not be said to be associated with any specific emotion.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Alan Howarth"]},{"item_id":433,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-09","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of Visual Field Loss on the Waveform of the Pupillary Light Reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-09","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":414,"original_file_name":"1170474825046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96077,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":433,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: Pupillary reactions during a continuous five second light stimulus consist of both a phasic and a tonic component which can be demonstrated as a waveform by plotting pupil size over time. The aim of this study was to compare the pupil waveforms of a damaged eye in response to varying intensities of light to waveforms of the normal fellow eye. This was done to better understand what components of the waveform are affected by damage and what to look for during clinical observation. Methods: Forty-five patients with an RAPD and visual field loss were tested by computerized pupillography. Each eye was stimulated with a light that was on for five seconds and off for five seconds. Seven different light intensities were used at 0.5 log unit increments over a 3 log unit range. A new technique of signal analysis was developed to analyze the waveform of the pupil responses to the light stimuli and to estimate the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) using the phasic (initial constriction) and tonic (escape) portions of the response. Results: In some eyes the damage showed a greater effect on the phasic portion of the response and in some eyes the tonic portion of the waveform was more affected. We are currently trying to determine what is the clinical relevance of decrease in amplitude of selective portions of the waveform and whether this is related to the location of field loss, the etiology of damage, or the extent of damage. Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that loss of the central visual field may cause more effect on the tonic portion of the pupil response to a constant light than the phasic portion. The clinical implication is that the degree of \"pupillary escape\" in relation to the amount of initial constriction may be related to what portion of the visual field has been damage","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy H. Kardon","Darwin B. Wooten"]},{"item_id":434,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-10","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of alfentanil and dexmetetomidine on the human pupillary light reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-10","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":415,"original_file_name":"1170474826375.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96224,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":434,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Introduction: Much of our understanding of the pharmacological properties of the human pupillary light reflex have been extrapolated from animal data. Because of species differences, many drug responses observed in animals may not pertain to human clinical observations. We studied the effect of alfentanil (a pure mu opioid agonist) and dexmetetomidine (an alpha 2 agonist, similar to clonidine) on the human pupillary light reflex during the stable miosis of low dose general anesthesia. Methods: Thirteen human volunteers were anesthetized with stable concentrations of either propofol (100 mcg\/kg\/min, n=7) or isoflurane 0.8% (n=6). After at least 15 min of stable recordings, the following drugs were administered using computerized infusions to target precise plasma concentrations: alfentanil (25, 50 and 100 ng\/cc) and dexmetetomidine (0.6 ng\/cc). Pupil size and light reflex were measured with an infrared portable pupillometer (Fairville Medical Optics, Inc.). Noxious stimulation was provided by a 5 sec, 60 mamp electric current applied via needle electrodes placed below the skin. Results: Alfentanil had no effect on pupillary size or the light reflex at any concentration. Dexmetetomidine increased the light reflex 23 \u00b1 16% (P < .002) without changing pupil size. Both drugs depressed reflex dilation of the pupil (P < .05). Discussion: The pharmacologic properties of the human pupillary light reflex are unlike those of most experimental animals. Opioids, for example, depress the light reflex in dogs and cats but have no effect in humans unless the mechanical properties of the iris are altered by miosis. Alpha 2 agonists, on the other hand, dilate the pupils of cats and rats, but produce constriction in humans. Our finding that the light reflex is increased by dexmetetomidine in anesthetized humans might be explained by a depressant action of the drug on norepinephrine containing neurons in the lower brainstem.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Pekka Talke"]},{"item_id":435,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-11","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Sensitivity Of Mouse Pupil To Light","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-11","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":416,"original_file_name":"1170474827718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96165,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":435,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To measure the pupil size of mice, and determine the dependence of the pupil area on retinal illumination. Methods: Anesthetized C57B\/6 mice of age 7-8 weeks were placed in a ganzfeld in darkness, and illuminated with monochromatic 500 nm light whose intensity was varied over more than 6 log units. The pupils of the mice were imaged with an infrared video camera and recorded on videotape. The pupil area was measured by digital image analysis. Results: Fully dark adapted murine pupils had an area of 2.29 \u00f1 0.35 mm^2; the mimimal pupil size at saturating intensity was 0.10 \u00f1 0.05 mm^2. The steady-state pupil area declined to half its dark adapted maximum when ganzfeld luminance was 10^-5 scotopic cd m^-2; pupil area declined to to 20% of the dark-adapted magnitude at about 10^-3 scotopic cd m^-2. Conclusions: The mouse pupil can regulate retinal illumination by a factor exceeding 20. The neural mechanism that determines steady-state murine pupil size is extremely sensitive to retinal illumination and under these experimental conditions is controlled almost exclusively by rod signals. This follows, since the ganzfeld illuminance (10^-5 scotopic cd m^-2) that causes the pupil to constrict to half its dark-adapted value corresponds to only about 0.1 photoisomerizations per rod per sec, while 80% reduction in pupil area occurs at about 10 photoisomerizations per rod per sec. Based on this exquisite sensitivity it seems likely that the murine pupil functions to protect a retinal circuit that can be driven into saturation at extremely low quantal absorption rates. The principal candidate retinal circuit is that of the rod bipolar \u2026 AII amacrine cell \u2026 on-beta ganglion cell, whose single-photon sensitivity and high gain renders it susceptible to saturation at the extremely low light levels at which the mouse pupil contracts. \nSupported by NIH EY-02660 and Penn Therapeutic Initiative for Retinitis Pigmentosa.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["A. Lyubarsky","M. Pennisi","E.N. Pugh"]},{"item_id":436,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-12","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Morphology and Connections of the Olivary Pretectal Nucleus of the Macaque Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-12","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":417,"original_file_name":"1170474829062.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96579,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":436,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The olivary pretectal nucleus is a critical relay in the pupillary light reflex pathway. However, as its morphological and connectional characteristics have not been well defined in primates, we undertook its study in macaque monkeys. Retinal afferents to the olivary pretec- tal nucleus were labeled by placing WGA-HRP in the vitreous chamber, while injections of this same tracer were made into midbrain, at the level of the rostral oculomotor nucleus, to retrogradely label olivary neurons presumed to project to the Edinger-Westphal (E-W) nucle- us. A dense retinal terminal field was discretely confined within the olivary nucleus and co-localized with retrogradely labeled neurons. Ultratructural examination revealed direct synaptic connections between the labeled retinal terminals containing spherical vesicles and labeled projection cells. The morphology of the olivary neurons was demonstrated by injecting biotinylated dextran amine along the path of the crossed olivary projection. The somata of the olivary cells were mainly located along the periphery of the nucleus. Their dendrites were almost entirely directed toward the core of the nucleus where they arborized extensively. This organinization would allow input convergence to produce broad retinal fields. In a final experiment, the olivary nucleus projections were labeled with the anterograde tracer biocytin and the ciliary ganglion was injected with WGA-HRP to retrogradely label preganglionic motoneurons. These motoneurons were distributed in the E-W nucleus as a column running rostrocaudally above the oculomotor nucleus and extending into the anteromedian nucleus. Anterogradely labeled olivary axons arborized bilaterally at various points in the supra- oculomotor area, but labelled terminal puncta only obtained close relationships with a small portion of the labeled preganglionic motoneurons. These were located ventromedially in the E-W nucleus, within the middle third of its rostrocaudal extent. These target cells presumably represent the pupillary component of the preganglionic motoneuron population. A lateral vis- ceral column was not seen, although a reciprocal connection between the ventrolateral central gray and the pretectum was. Together, these data provide strong evidence confirming a retino- olivary-preganglionic circuit for the pupillary light reflex. \nSupport: NIH Grant EY09762 (PJM)","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Paul J. May","Wensi Sun"]},{"item_id":437,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-13","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses And Cognitive Processing Intensity Of Narcoleptics And Controls","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-13","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":418,"original_file_name":"1170474831781.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96931,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":437,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Small, significant increases in pupil size have been shown to reflect increasing cognitive processing demands. Task difficulty and individual ability have an effect on pupil dilation, a measure that also reflects arousal and indirectly, increased cognitive effort. While many people with narcolepsy report memory and cognitive performance difficulties presumably due to the excessive daytime sleepiness associated with this disorder, the majority of cognitive task laboratory studies have found their performance to be comparable to matched controls. We hypothesized that the narcoleptics we studied (N=6) would achieve performance equivalent to controls (N=6), but would experience a greater cognitive load and expend greater cognitive effort as reflected in larger increases in pupil diameter in response to a digit-span memory task of increasing difficulty. Stimuli were presented using an audiotape beginning with a 3 number set presented in 2 sec intervals up to a set size of 7 digits with no recall errors noted in any of the sets. The pupil diameters of both eyes were recorded simultaneously at 256 Hz with a computer-controlled pupillometer. Two seconds after the last digit was presented, the subjects were asked to repeat the set. Following cleaning and downloading to 16 Hz, pupil records were analyzed by set size using linear regressions of pupil diameter on total digit memory load from the end of the digit set to the onset of the \"repeat\" signal. We found significant differences (Kullback-Leibler chi square statistic, df=5) between the regression slopes (p<.01), regression intercepts (p<.05), regression slope covariance matrices (p<.001) and regression intercept covariance matrices (p<.001) for the narcoleptic and control subjects with the narcoleptics showing significantly greater amount and rate of increase in pupil dilation. While pupil dilation increased for both subject groups as a function of digit set size, we suggest that the greater dilation among narcoleptics reflects the greater cognitive load they experienced to accomplish the same task with the same proficiency as matched controls. Based on these findings, our supposition is that narcoleptics' complaints about memory tasks, especially with demanding, externally paced tasks, may occur because of the difficulties they experience in sustaining a high level of arousal and the subsequent effort required to complete the tasks.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Merritt","P. Mercer","W. O'Neill","S. Yoon","A. Keegan","S. Hale","J. Myerson"]},{"item_id":438,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-14","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Is Pupillometry Sensitive to Circadian Aspects of Sleepiness?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-14","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":419,"original_file_name":"1170474836421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96640,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":438,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Among normal, adequately rested people without any evidence of a sleep disorder, sleepiness is an ultradian phenomenon that is commonly experienced upon awakening, at bedtime and about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period. The more widely used measures of physiologic sleep tendency, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), demonstrate a biphasic sleep rhythm across various age groups. On the MSLT, sleep latency (i.e., the time it takes to fall asleep) is significantly decreased during the midday nap opportunities while on the MWT ability to stay awake is significantly decreased at these times. The purpose of this study was to determine if the Alertness Level Test (ALT) demonstrates pupil behavior that is consistent with the diurnal augmen-tation of sleep tendency exhibited in the MSLT and MWT. During the ALT 15 minutes of pupil diameter data are recorded at 256 Hz while the subject sits quietly in the dark with instructions to try to stay awake. Six normal healthy volunteer control subjects without any evidence of a sleep disorder participated in one day of alertness level testing at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours after having obtained their usual sleep the previous night. Pupil diameter data were cleaned and downloaded at an 8 Hz rate. Mean pupil diameters were calculated in 15 second epochs from 5 thru 11 minutes and plotted for each subject for each data collection period. Visual inspection suggested that 4 of the 6 subjects showed a circadian trend in pupil behavior. However, 2 subjects showed patterns consistent with what has been described as homeostatic pressure for sleep due to their recent sleep patterns which may have overridden any circadian influence. Additional analyses based on the pupil staging proposed by Yoss revealed fluctuations in the percent of maximum pupil dilation for some epochs. Results from a repeated measures ANOVA by individual for each time period, and linear regression of pupil diameter by epoch across subjects appearing to demonstrate a circadian effect will be presented. Based on this small sample of subjects, analyses suggest that pupillometry may be sensitive to both homeostatic and circadian influences on level of alertness and, therefore, useful in screening for excessive sleepiness when done in conjunction with additional subjective and observational measures of health behavior and sleep-wake patterns.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Merritt","H. C. Schnyders","T. Kotsos","P. Mercer"]},{"item_id":439,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-15","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Comparison of the Multifocal \"ERG Field\", \"Pupil Field\", and Visual Field in Normal Subjects","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-15","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":420,"original_file_name":"1170474837750.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96635,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":439,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To compare the topographic sensitivity of the normal retina using three different perimetric responses in the same individual: 1) the multifocal electroretinogram, 2) the pupillary light reflex, and 3) conventional light sense perimetry. This was done to understand the similarities and differences between the three different types of perimetry. Methods: Normal subjects were tested under monocular viewing conditions over a 30 degree angle of field in each type of perimetry. Multifocal electroretinograms (VERIS) were obtained at 5 different stimulus light intensities (95% contrast): 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 cd\/m2 using a 9mm dilated pupil under photopic conditions. Pupil perimetry was obtained using a 1.7 degree stimulus in one test and a 4 degree stimulus in another over a luminance range from 31.8 cd\/m2 to 318 cd\/m2 (100-1000 asb), under low mesopic conditions. Visual threshold was obtained using conventional automated perimetry under mesopic conditions. Results: There was some variation in perimetric topography between individuals and between the different types of perimetry. For multifocal electroretinography, the central field was more peaked compared to pupil perimetry and visual threshold perimetry when the B- wave amplitude was scaled according to the area stimulated in each location (nanovolts\/degree2). Some subjects also showed that the temporal field was more electrically responsive (especially inferior temporal field) at higher stimulus intensities. Pupil perimetry showed more pupil contraction toward the central field and more sensitivity in the temporal field as well (the inferior nasal field was the least responsive). Conclusions: The three types of response perimetry vary somewhat in their response topography and also vary between individuals. The topography also shows some asymmetries between the temporal and nasal field and superior and inferior field, especially at brighter suprathreshold stimuli. These topographical differences may be important in understanding how different levels of information processing are integrated at different locations in the visual system and how they are affected by disease processes.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Paula Moore","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":440,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-16","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative Potency Of Various Stimulus Attributes In Evoking The Transient Pupillary Light Reflex: A Signal Cancellation Technique","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-16","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":421,"original_file_name":"1170474839031.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95270,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":440,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The input to the pupillomotor system is thought to be organised into phasic and tonic pathways and the response of the pupil into transient and sustained components. This study investigates the relative potency of inputs to the transient response using a technique of signal cancellation. Two non-overlapping stimuli are presented to the subject. They are sinusoidally modulated in intensity and are in anti-phase. The frequency of modulation for most of the experimental conditions was set at 2.6 Hz, in order to isolate the transient (AC) component of the pupillary light response. One stimulus, the reference, is fixed in intensity and modulation depth. The intensity of the other stimulus is varied so as to establish the response null at which the transient component of the pupil response is minimised. Using this technique it is possible to investigate the relative potency of various stimulus attributes in controlling the transient component of the pupillary light response. The variation of responsivity of the transient component of the pupillary light reflex with stimulus eccentricity was investigated over the central 10 degrees. This function is conical and is centred at the fovea. The potency of a stimulus decreases as eccentricity is increased. Variation of stimulus size showed that for the range of sizes used, up to 7 deg in diameter, the transient component of the pupillary response is determined by the total light flux. The method is a general one and could be used to measure the transient pupillary response as a function of other stimulus variables, such as chromaticity or spatial frequency.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.I.K. Norrish","J.D. Mollon"]},{"item_id":441,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-17","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupillometric Measurement of Driver Mental Workload","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-17","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":422,"original_file_name":"1170474840140.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95154,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":441,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Pupil dilation under mental workload had been a subject to psychological research during the sixties and the seventies. At the end of the eighties technologies had been developed that allowed to measure pupil size outside the laboratory. The development of pupillometric measurement from a tool used under strictly limited laboratory conditions to a tool used under real work conditions will be described in the presentation. The influence of mental work load on the pupil diameter is much smaller than the influence of changing brightness. There is no interaction between these two influences. So it is possible to free the pupil diameter from the contamination by light with a linear mathematical procedure. The results of a driving experiment on public roads in Berlin (Germany) will be presented. The subjects drove a Mercedes Benz 300D, with the Dornier Eye-Tracking-System installed. This equipment had been developed to registrate driver eye movements while driving on public roads. It measures the pupil diameter with 50Hz. In addition equipment had been installed to measure the brightness outside the car. The results show that there is a clear influence of the difficulty of the driving task on the pupil. During right turns and during left turns occurred the largest pupils, the smallest while waiting at a red traffic light. Further results will be presented. Perspectives of the method as a tool in ergonomic research will be discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Roessger"]},{"item_id":442,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-18","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Hippus: An Unrecognized Example of Biologic Chaos","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-18","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":423,"original_file_name":"1170474841312.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94932,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":442,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The conventional model for the activity of the pupils is that of a linear control model. This predicts that the pupil size would vary inversely with the amount of incoming light and in a constant light would remain a constant size. A typical recording of pupil size under such circumstances, however, shows marked spontaneous activity with an irregular pattern of aperiodic oscillations. Previous works have suggested that this spontaneous activity was random, i.e. not governed by deterministic properties and could be interpreted as noise. We analyzed pupil size vs. time from six subjects and compared these time series with those from a pair of fake eyes as well as with surrogate date sets generated from the original data sets. Non-linear analysis including correlation dimension, Hurst exponents, Lyapunov exponents, and a power spectrum all support the hypothesis that the pupil oscillations were generated by a deterministic system that is chaotic. The phase space analysis also showed strong evidence that the movements were not random. Simple inspection of the tracings showed that the oscillations often have a clear cut pattern that is reproduced over 10-30 second intervals. Overall the data clearly show that pupillary hippus is not random, rather it is the result of a deterministic process showing nonlinear behavior including chaos.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael L. Rosenberg","Martin Kroll NJ"]},{"item_id":443,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-19","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Parallel Oscillations in the Pupil System and the Heart Rate, forced by periodic work load","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-19","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":424,"original_file_name":"1170474842515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95261,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":443,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Spontaneous oscillations of the diameter of the pupil and the pupillometric threshold are coupled very weakly with oscillations of the heart rate. The common influence of the autonomic nervous system seems to be hidden by a lot of different influences from other systems. To elucidate the role of the activity of the autonomic system, we have forced oscillations of this activity by a weak work load. In intervals of 3 minutes our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer for 30 seconds. The total time of each of these investigations was 30 minutes. ECG, pupil diameter and amplitude of the consensual light reflex (threshold conditions) were recorded synchronously during the investigation time. The influence of the pupil diameter on the reflex amplitude was eliminated pharmacologically. The results show synchronous oscillations of heart rate, pupil diameter and pupillary threshold at the frequency forced by the load and its higher harmonics. During the load the heart rate increases due to an increase of the activity of the sympathetic system. The cross correlations among the three parameters show the pupil diameter to be in step with the heart rate: The increase of the heart rate goes parallel to an increase of the pupil diameter. In contrast, the amplitude of the pupil reactions is shifted in phase by 180 degrees. This means in relation to the heart rate: Increased heart rate goes in step with decreased amplitude of the pupil's light reflex. This result is in good agreement with the findings of Loewenfeld: Increased sympathetic acti vity decreases the light reflex amplitude.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Dirk Sandner","Bengt Bartsch","Franz Thoss"]},{"item_id":444,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-20","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Bioengineering Control Approach To The Pupil: 1957 To 1997","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-20","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":425,"original_file_name":"1170474846375.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95414,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":444,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The early experiments on feedback control of the pupil (1957-1959) also involved a model composed on transfer function elements that imposed certain constraints on our thinking about the pupil. However, it was flexible enough to deal with such interesting topics as stability and oscillation. Noise characteristics could be defined and used as additional information concerning the various internal mechanisms of the pupillary response to light. Light processing mechanisms in the retina and subsequent way stations in brain stem and above, required a number of interesting models to be developed, including such important nonlinear phenomena as the \"pupil size effect,\" which described the ability of the pupillary system to demonstrate both pupil escape and pupil capture under the appropriate operating conditions. Motor mechanisms were studied from a number of points of view, including evidence for an active dilator. The length tension properties of muscle now explained in terms of the molecular biology of the sliding filament model, dominate certain aspects of pupillary behavior, since the pupil muscles change their length operating level so widely. Nonlinear analysis has also used the pupil in a series of paradigm Wiener kernel functional descriptions. A number of clinical syndromes could be defined with the same experimental and modeling procedures used to study the normal pupil. Finally, the role of the pupil in the triadic response to light and accommodation was also explored. Forty years of research has rather opened more problems than solved earlier pressing questions.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":445,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-21","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Components of Pupillary Dilation During Cognition: Evidence From Normal and Psychiatric Data","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-21","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":426,"original_file_name":"1170474847625.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95913,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":445,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Differential contributions of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation to pupillary dilation have been modelled for a variety of information processing requirements. We have hypothesized that tasks involving sustained effort and attention, as well as motor initiation, result in dilation through inhibition of parasympathetic activity at the Edinger- Westphal complex. In contrast, immediate processing of salient information is hypothesized to be related to activation of the sympathetic pathway, resulting in a later dilation. Implications of the general model will be briefly reviewed. Initial confirmatory evidence was found in the pupillary responses of 17 normal controls compared to 16 schizophrenic patients, and to 31 non-schizophrenic siblings of the patients. Principal Components Analyses of averaged pupillary responses revealed three major underlying components, replicated for each group and each of two tasks separately. Two of these components matched initial predictions of the original model. In an analysis utilizing all groups together, only the factor scores associated with presumed sympathetic activity, which was related to outcome probability of stimuli, showed decreased activity in the patients and their relatives. The factor scores for the component associated with presumed parasympathetic activity did not differ among groups. The third component, associated with anticipatory processes, and possibly related to parasympathetic inhibition, did not differ among groups. Pupillary findings suggested that a major deficit in schizophrenia-related disorders represents difficulties in the utilization of information, but not in motivation to perform. Implications for pupillary assessment to guide future neuroimaging studies will be discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Daniel P. van Kammen","George G. Dougherty"]},{"item_id":446,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-22","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses to Cognitive Activation in Patients and Workers Exposed to Organic Solvents","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-22","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":427,"original_file_name":"1170474849000.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96758,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":446,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The deleterious effects of exposure to organic solvents include changes in cognitive and personality functioning. The majority of earlier research emphasized neuropsychological test performance, with little direct measurement of nervous system activity during demanding cognitive tasks. To address that deficiency in the literature, we have examined pupillary, event- related potential, and cardiac activity in subjects who either have had 1) significant exposures to toxic organic solvents leading to documented clinical impairment, or 2) workers who are exposed to solvents on an ongoing basis. Averaged pupillary responses were recorded from 14 patients meeting criteria for mild toxic encephalopathy, Type 2A\/2B, contrasted with 18 control subjects. Subjects first performed an auditory task involving Counting of a rare stimulus, followed by a task involving separate motor responses to the same rare and frequent stimuli (Choice Reaction. Maximum amplitude of pupillary dilation to rare tones was decreased among the patients. In addition, patients showed an unusual pattern of tonic pupil diameter across the tasks. While normal controls show a decrease in diameter between the Counting and Choice Reaction tasks, attributed to habituation, patients showed either no change or increased diameter during the Choice Reaction task. This effect was also observed for overall heart rate in patients. These autonomic effects are not seen in psychiatric patients, and appear to be associated with greater difficulty in performing more complex discriminations or cognitive decision making. At 1-3 year follow-up, 6 of 8 patients showed a continued or exacerbated reactivity. In addition, the ongoing effects of exposure have also been studied in 23 union painters who have not had any significant clinical complaints, but who are continually exposed to a variety of organic solvents. Although no differences in peak dilation were observed, the lack of habituation described for the exposed patients was also present in the painters, regardless of whether they had been recently exposed (<67 hours) or had been exposure free for 4 or more days. Implications of these findings for limbic system activity, including models of kindling, will be presented.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Lisa A. Morrow","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek"]},{"item_id":447,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-23","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Central Noradrenergic Regulation of Pupillary Functions","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-23","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":428,"original_file_name":"1170474850281.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96230,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":447,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Noradrenergic neurones of the brain stem innervate sympathetic spinal column nuclei and exert an excitatory influence on the sympathetic control of the pupil. These neurones also exert a dual inhibitory control on the preganglionic parasympathetic neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus: directly from the locus coeruleus, via inhibitory a2- adrenoceptors, and indirectly from the A1\/A5 nuclei via the hypothalamus [1]. Thus, it can be predicted that a decrease in the activity of the central noradrenergic neurones will result in both a sympatholytic and a parasympathomimetic effect on the pupil, whereas an increase in central noradrenergic activity would evoke reverse effects. Age- or disease-related degeneration of central noradrenergic neurones may underlie the sympathetic deficit (reduced pupil size and attenuated darkness reflex) observed in old age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease [2]. Furthermore, \u201cswitching off\u201d of the central noradrenergic neurones via activation of somatodendritic inhibitory a2-adrenoceptors (\u201cautoreceptors\u201d) may be responsible for both the sympatholytic (miosis, prolongation of the recovery time of the light reflex) and the parasympathomimetic (miosis, reduction of light reflex amplitude) effects of clonidine in man. Conversely, enhancement of central noradrenergic activity may underlie both the sympathomimetic (increased pupil size, shortened recovery time of the light reflex) and the parasympatholytic (increased pupil size, reduced light reflex amplitude) effects of anxiety [3]. Enhancement of the noradrenergic inhibition of neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus may explain the parasympatholytic effects of drugs which block noradrenaline uptake. Thus it has been shown that noradrenaline uptake inhibitors (desipramine, venlafaxine, reboxetine), apart from causing mydriasis, prolong the latency and reduce the amplitude of the light reflex response. \n1. Szabadi E, Bradshaw C M (1996) J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3), 6-18. \n2. Prettyman R et al. (1997) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 62, 665-668. \n3. Bitsios P et al. (1996) J Psychopharmacol 10, 279-287.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E Szabadi","P Bitsios","C M Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":448,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-24","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"The Influence of Acute Cannabis Use on the Pupillary Light Reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-24","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":429,"original_file_name":"1170476001593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95210,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":448,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: In Germany you are not allowed to drive a car under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, which have an effect on the traffic safety. In this session of parliament we will get a new law prohibiting driving under the influence of cannabis, morphine, heroin, cocaine. The change of pupil behavior after the consumption of drugs is under discussion as a pretest to detect drug users in traffic. Therefore, we tested the influence of marijuana and hashish on the pupillary behavior in a field study. Method: 50 moderate and frequent cannabis using volunteers aged between 18 and 35 years were examinated by infrared video pupillography. In a pretest we detected latency, constriction time, baseline diameter, and constriction amplitude. After the subjects had smoking hashish or marijuana we repeated the measurement under the same conditions. The blood THC, 11-OH THC, THC-COOH levels were determined. A control group of 50 non user was also tested under the same conditions. Results: THC serum concentrations between 1,31 and 45,61 ng\/ml and 11-OH-THC serum concentrations between 0,17 and 18,57 ng\/ml were observed (GC\/MS). The correlations between serum concentrations of THC, 11-OH- THC,and THC-COOH were low or moderate but significant. Four persons who also used cocaine were excluded from the study. The comparison of the means of dependent and independent samples does not show a significant difference between the pretest group and test group and between the test group and the control group. Some perspectives for further research were discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Christiane M. Thieme","Hans Joachim"]},{"item_id":449,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-25","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Oscillations of the Pupillometric Threshold and the Heart Rate - are they Related?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-25","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":430,"original_file_name":"1170476002796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95360,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":449,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"In a previous investigation (Thoss, Bartsch, Getaneh; Haigerloch 1995) oscillations of the pupillometric threshold were analysed in 10 subjects. The resulting spectra showed strong variability both intra- and interindividually. We found period durations between 1 minute and 26 minutes. The question for the origin of these oscillations is not answered as yet. One source could be oscillations of the activity in the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, we investigated in parallel pupillometric threshold, pupil diameter, and heart rate. If the origin of the oscillations would be within the autonomic system, identical frequencies should be found in all three parameters. We recorded ECG, pupil diameter and the amplitude of the consensual reflex to very weak (threshold) light flashes for 30 minutes. From the records the cross power spectra and the cross correlation functions were calculated. Only four of our fourteen subjects showed remarkable oscillations of the investigated parameters at the same frequency among many oscillations with different frequencies. In the spectra of all other subjects common frequencies of these parameters are very weak or missing. From these results we can conclude: Oscillations of the activity within the autonomic nervous system seem to contribute to the oscillations of the pupillometric threshold, but only to a small extent. Even the spectrum of the pupil diameter itself is very different from that of the ECG.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Franz Thoss","Bengt Bartsch","Dirk Sandner"]},{"item_id":450,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-26","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry and Trucking Fatigue","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-26","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":431,"original_file_name":"1170476004359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94953,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":450,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The purpose of the present research was to determine if fatigued truck drivers show different pupillary responses than non- fatigued truck drivers. A total of 166 truck drivers were stopped at a safety checkpoint in a large midwest city. They answered survey questions about their level of fatigue and then volunteered to have 3 pupilscans taken of their eyes. The PupilScreen\u00e4 (Applied Science Laboratories) flashed a green light onto the pupil and recorded a number of pupillary response variables including constriction velocity and reflex amplitude. Statistical results indicated that fatigued truck drivers had significantly faster constriction velocities and larger reflex amplitudes than non-fatigued truck drivers. Time of day and Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores were not correlated with pupillary responses. The results of this research suggest that pupil physiology can be used as an accurate indicator of fatigue in truck drivers. \nResearch supported by: Regional Sleep Disorder Center and MCJ Inc., Rockford, Il., Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford Ma., Illinois State Police, Special consideration: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, Al.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John P. Dal Santo","Stuart A. Tousman","Judi K. Gerstein","Nicklaus Dal Santo"]},{"item_id":451,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-27","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Contraction Anisocoria & Retinal Pupillomotor Sensitivity: Hemifield And Perimetric Stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-27","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":432,"original_file_name":"1170476005687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97265,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":451,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: Differences between the nasal and temporal retinal hemifield may contribute to the contralateral RAPD seen in optic tract, thalamic or midbrain lesions. To understand the architecture of the pupillary pathway, it is important to know about the amount and the prevalence of naso-temporal differences and of contraction anisocoria in normal individuals. Several studies in the past reported results corresponding only partially. We studied naso-temporal differences of the central visual field in normals with direct and consensual hemifield-stimuli (42 individuals) as well as pupil perimetry (43). Methods: After 10 minutes adaptation, infrared video pupillography was performed (25 Hz realtime), with hemifield stimuli and pupil perimetry. Hemifield stimuli were half circles with 10 radius and 2 horizontal offset from fixation point, stimulus luminance was 4.6 cd\/m2 (contrast 0.78); pupil perimetry was performed with 15 test spots of 2 in the 20 visual field at a stimulus luminance of 54 cd\/m2 (contrast 0.98). Stimulus duration was always 200 ms. Alternately nasal and temporal hemifields were stimulated 5 times each, directly and consensually in both eyes, thus testing 4 different channels for each eye. After a break, pupil perimetry was performed (four trials). The pupillograms where evaluated off-line by a curve fitting procedure. Results: The mean values of all pupillograms showed very subtle differences between the four channels tested by hemifield stimulation. Nasal retina proved to be more sensitive than temporal retina, both in hemifield stimulation and perimetry. Nasal inferior retina emerged as the most sensitive quadrant of the perimetric retinal field, the temporal superior retina as the least sensitive. On nasal retina, the direct response exceeded the consensual response, whereas there was nearly no difference on temporal retina. A considerable interindividual variability existed. Conclusion: Naso-temporal differences in pupillomotor sensitivity of the central retinal field exist, both for larger stimuli and for small perimetric stimuli. However, they are too subtle to explain severe RAPDs of 0.6 log units and more encountered in many patients with tract lesions and other lesions of the afferent path to the pretectum. Given an asymmetric crossing from pretectal nuclei to nucleus Edinger-Westphal, our findings of contraction anisocoria suggest a partial crossing of temporal fibres to the contralateral pretectum. Such a crossing in the chiasm would also cause a contralateral RAPD in tract lesions.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["R\u00fcdiger Schmid","B\u00e4rbel Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":452,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-28","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Neuroactive substances in the primate pretectal olivary nucleus: Their possible role in the modulation of the pupillary light reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-28","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":433,"original_file_name":"1170476006984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96086,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":452,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Resting pupil diameter and the responsiveness of the pupillary light reflex depend on the level of alertness of the subject. When the subjects are fatigued the pupils constrict and become less responsive to visual stimuli. This modulation by alertness is believed to result from brainstem influences on the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). Recently we have observed in the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON), a nucleus which receives direct retinal input and projects to the EW, that luminance neurons increase their spontaneous firing rate as monkeys become less alert and their pupils constrict. This would indicate that the PON as well as the EW is a site of pupillary modulation. To better understand the potential neurotransmitters involved in this modulation, we used immunohistochemical methods to study the localization within this nucleus of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT), the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK), the calcium binding proteins calbindin (CALB) and parvalbumin (PARV), acetycholine receptors (AChRs), several AMPA type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2\/GluR3, and GluR4), and kainic acid (KA) type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR5\/GluR6\/GluR7). Standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical methods were employed on paraformaldehyde fixed rhesus monkey. The neuropil of PON was distinctly rich in SP+ and ENK+ fibers and also contained some 5-HT+ fibers. Some PON neurons were CALB+ and PARV+. Essentially all PON neurons were rich in AMPA GluR2\/3 AMPA subunits, and a few exhibited GluR5\/6\/7 KA subunits. These findings have provided histochemical criteria by which to identify PON and its output axons to the EW, and demonstrate the presence of a number of neuroactive substances that may modulate or control the pupillary light reflex at the level of the pretectum. \nSupported by NIH grants EY09380 to PDRG and E05298 to AR","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jennifer B. Williams","Anton Reiner","Paul D. R. Gamlin"]},{"item_id":453,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-29","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Sector Dilation Along Different Meridians: Interrelationship of Mydriatics, Convectional Flow, and 3-D Configuration of the Anterior Segment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-29","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":434,"original_file_name":"1170476008234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96281,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":453,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"\u201cSector dilation\u201d by focal application of sympathomimetics has been used for some time; in contrast, the procedure reportedly fails with parasympatholytics. In actuality, the situation is somewhat more complex than usually recognized, because (i) the target muscles for different drugs (dilator and sphincter) differ greatly in their configuration, and (ii) anterior chamber convectional flow has been shown to play a very substantial role in anterior segment pharmacokinetics (J. Oc. Pharm. & Ther. 12: 441). The effect of a given drug presumably depends on these factors, and therefore should also depend on the locus of drug application. Three subjects were studied in detail. Phenylephrine or tropicamide was administered with a pledget applied to nasal, inferior, temporal, or superior limbus for 0.5-1.0 min. In some experiments, a drop of fluorescein on the pledget permitted visualization of the application locus. Standard drop application was employed as a control. Pupil shape and placement during mydriasis were determined photographically (Vision Res. 35: 2021). Changes relative to the reference (pre-drug) state were evaluated from the difference shape, defined by: Difference.shape = Current.shape \u2013 (r.current \u00b8 r.reference) x Reference.shape Both tropicamide and phenylephrine produced \"sector dilation\"; however, phenylephrine was about twice as effective. For both drugs, inferior and temporal applications were most effective, and superior and nasal applications were least effective. Application of tropicamide at the most effective loci also gave the shortest latency (shorter than the latency for drop application). The latency for phenylephrine was nearly independent of locus. Some aspects of the present results\u2014especially the superior\/inferior asymmetry\u2014can be understood in terms of convectional flow and the configuration of relevant structures. Some other aspects\u2014particularly the nasal\/temporal asymmetry\u2014remain to be explained.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":454,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS DURING UNPREDICTABLE FOREPERIODS: PREPARING THE HEART, EYE, AND BRAIN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":435,"original_file_name":"1170464913499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122429,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":454,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Psychophysioloigcal \"preparatory\" responses may or may not depend on a focused expectation of when an expected stimulus will occur. Assuming a unitary preparatory state, positive correlations between psychophysiolgical measures, and between these measures and performance, would be predicted when variable strategies for preparation are induced by a non-aging foreperiod design.\n\nChanges in pupillary diameter, heart rate, and the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were examined during trials in which the forperiod of a simple reaction time task was either fixed or unpredictable. In addition, separate trials were recorded in which the imperative stimulus was triggered by psychophysiological changes occurring spontaneously during the foreperiod. 32 male and female college-aged volunteers participated. \n\nWhen a non-aging foreperiod was used to reduce expectancy, transient pre-stimulus psychophysiological responses were eliminated, but slow changes over the foreperiod -- slowing of heart rate, dilation of the pupil, and cortical surface negativity -- were not eliminated. Triggering of the imperative stimulus by physiological change (either heart rate slowing or decrease in pupil diameter) did not influence reaction time. Correlations among psychophysiological changes in the foreperiod and between these changes and RT were generally low: heart rate deceleration, pupillary dilation, and CNV exhibited independent preparatory changes. The results were more consistent with a multiprocess than a unitary process view of preparation.\n \nSupported by NIMH grants 40418 and 55762. Details of this work are provided in Jennings et al, Psychophysiology, vol 35, pp. 90-98, 1998.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J.R. Jennings","M. van der Molen","S.R. Steinhauer"]},{"item_id":455,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEXES RECORDED FROM THE CORNEAL SURFACE IN MAN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":436,"original_file_name":"1170393783015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":152216,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":455,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction Under standard conditions with the pupil dilated by tropicamide, the flash electroretinogram (FERG) shows a series of electrical responses to the light stimulus which are generated by different elements of the retinal circuitry. By leaving the pupil undilated, we have used the same recording set up to detect additional electrical components associated with the pupillary light reflex.\nMethods Light stimuli (duration 500 ms, rate 0.2 Hz) were presented in Maxwellian view to one eye. Corneal surface recordings were made from both the stimulated eye and the consensual, non-stimulated eye using JET contact lenses.\nResults At our 'standard' stimulus intensity bilateral corneo-positive 'p'-waves were observed in 56% of cases (n = 97 recordings, 18 eyes, 11 normal subjects) time-locked to the light stimulus. The ability to detect p-waves using this recording technique seemed to depend on the resting pupil diameter. When present, the mean p-wave latency was 204 ms (sd = 14 ms) and amplitude 204 \uf06d V (sd = 106 \uf06d V). This reflex response was abolished by topical 1% tropicamide but not by 10% phenylephrine. It was absent in patients with optic nerve lesions on the side of the stimulus (n = 4) or pupil-involving oculomotor nerve lesions on the side of the recording (n = 2). The amplitude of the p-wave was positively correlated with stimulus intensity but its latency showed an inverse relationship. Using simultaneous videographic pupillography the p-wave was found to preceed the constriction of the pupil by on average 43 ms (sd = l5 ms, n = 20 recordings).\nConclusions With undilated pupils, the pupillary light reflex can contribute to FERG recordings. The abolition of this response by tropicamide implies that it is generated by depolarisation of iris sphincter muscle fibres. The timing of this response implies an electro -mechanical delay in the iris sphincter muscle in man of around 40ms.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F.D. Bremner","S.E. Smith"]},{"item_id":456,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"VIDEO-BASED RECORDING OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX IN PRETERM INFANTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":437,"original_file_name":"1170400653171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145335,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":456,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"In this abstract, we present preliminary data obtained from a pupillometer designed specifically to measure the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in preterm infants. We know of no previous reports in which the dynamics of the PLR have been quantified in this population. \n\nAll infants studied, although born prematurely, were neurologically healthy and not in receipt of neuroactive medication. Infants were examined in an isolette above which the recording apparatus was mounted. Diffuse, wide-field, step luminance stimuli (Background Luminance: 6.7 Cd.m -2. Stimulus Luminance: 51 Cd.m -2) were provided by a 93 x 120mm flat-panel LCD screen positioned 33cm above the supine infant. Video-tape recordings of the pupil were obtained with a horizontally mounted infra-red (IR) CCTV camera and a 45 degree IR mirror in front of the stimulus screen. With the eye directly illuminated by an IR source, gentle manual retraction of the eyelids was applied as necessary. Stimulus presentation was initiated by means of a footswitch and a marker signal superimposed onto the video record 250ms before each stimulus. Recordings were later digitally sampled at 24 fps and the pupil diameter measured using a PC-based graphics package for each of the seventy-nine frames of the recording period.\n\nPupillary responses were recorded from all infants studied (gestational age range: 31 to 38 weeks). Response amplitudes ranged from 1.8 to 28% of pre-response diameter and tended to increase as a function of gestational age. Latencies ranged from 292 to 917ms and tended to decrease as a function of gestational age. \n\nIn conclusion, we have successfully demonstrated a technique for eliciting and recording pupillary responses to light from infants born prematurely. Initial data confirm previous qualitative reports that responses to light stimuli are present by at least 31 weeks gestational age (Robinson, J. and Fielder, A. R. Pupillary diameter and reaction to light in preterm neonates. Arch. Dis. Child.1990;65:35-38).\n\nThis research was conducted with the approval of the local (Hammersmith Hospital) Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. All co-authors have read the final, submitted version of the abstract and consented explicitly to having their names included in the list of authors","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["K.D. Cocker","M.J. Moseley","A.R. Fielder."]},{"item_id":457,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL INVOLVEMENT IN A CASE OF SUB-ACUTE AUTONOMIC FAILURE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":438,"original_file_name":"1170400654390.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157347,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":457,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction Pupil involvement is common in some autonomic neuropathies (e.g. diabetes mellitus) but rare in others (e.g. multiple system atrophy). We present a case of idiopathic pure sub-acute autonomic failure in which both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic innervation of the pupil were affected.\n\nCase report A 29 year old emmetropic man presented with a 3.5 year history of sequential pupil enlargement and accommodative paresis making it impossible for him to read without glasses. Over the same period he had developed a dry mouth, patchy anhidrosis, severe postural hypotension, difficulty emptying his bladder and impotence. His past history included eczema, psoriasis, lactose intolerance and ulcerative colitis (treated by total colectomy). The pupils were round, central and of normal appearance. Infra-red video-pupillography findings were as follows:\n\nNo cause was found for his sub-acute pan-autonomic failure, but there has been some spontaneous improvement in autonomic function and two years later he is able to read without glasses. Pupillography confirms a gradual recovery with increase of the light reflex amplitudes to 0.65mm\/0.95mm in the right\/left eyes respectively.\n\nComment The pupillographic findings indicate both sympathetic and parasympathetic deficit in the context of a widespread autonomic neuropathy. The aetiology of his illness remains unknown, but may have an auto-immune basis.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S.E. Smith","F.D. Bremner"]},{"item_id":458,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE TRANSIENT COMPONENT OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT RESPONSE IN COLOUR NORMALA AND DICHROMATS: 'PUPILLARY PROTANOPIA' IN COLOUR NORMALS?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":439,"original_file_name":"1170400655546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124210,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":458,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The spectral sensitivity of the pupillomotor system has been examined in many studies. In recent years it has been suggested that different components of the pupillary light response depend on different mechanisms and the possibility arises that these mechanisms may have different spectral sensitivities. We used a signal cancellation technique to examine the spectral sensitivity of the transient component of the response. \n\nA maxwellian-view optical system was used to present an adapting background field, a test stimulus and a reference stimulus. The short-wavelength background was used to limit rod intrusion. The test and reference stimuli were modulated sinusoidally in counter-phase at 2.35 Hz. The wavelength of the reference stimulus was 550nm throughout the experiment. The pupillary responses were recorded for eight test stimulus intensities at each test wavelength. There will be a response null and phase reversal when the potencies of the two stimuli are the same. The action spectrum can be calculated from the radiance of the test stimulus required at each wavelength to produce a response null. Psychophysical low-frequency heterochromatic flicker photometry settings were also made on the same apparatus to provide a comparison with the pupillary responses. Three colour normals and four dichromats, two protanopes and two deuteranopes, were tested. \n\nIt was found that there are significant differences between the psychophysical and pupillary action spectra for colour normals, but not for the dichromats. In colour normals the sensitivity is lower for the pupil at wavelengths above 580nm. There are no statistical differences between the pupillary action spectra of the colour normals and of the protanopes, although for the psychophysical responses the expected differences remain. The pupillary action spectrum for colour normals is well modelled not by the photopic luminosity function but by the Stockman, MacLeod and Johnson m-cone template. The possibility that the m-cones alone can mediate the transient component of the pupillary light response must therefore be considered, so too must the implications of this for the labelling of M and L cones in the retina.\n\nThis abstract complies with the ethical guidelines for human subjects provided by the declaration of Helsinki. Both co-authors have seen and agreed to the above submitted abstract.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.I.K. Norrish","J.D. Mollon"]},{"item_id":459,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL RESPONSES TO D-ISOLUMINANT STIMULI AND TO COLOURED AFTERIMAGES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH DAMAGED PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":440,"original_file_name":"1170400656609.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124213,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":459,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose We investigated how the pupil responds to coloured stimuli that are both photopically and scotopically isoluminant (D-isoluminant). We studied normal subjects and patients with damaged primary visual cortex (V1). Our aim was to test for pupil colour responses in the absence of V1 and to establish how these responses differ from those observed in normal vision. \n\nMethods The subject viewed a uniform background field of luminance 24 cd\/m2 and (x, y) - chromaticity co-ordinates 0.288, 0.334. Two directions of chromatic displacement that satisfy the D-isoluminant conditions were possible for the chosen background chromaticity and these resulted in either \"red\" or \"green\" hues. A number of chromatic saturations were employed and the stimuli were either presented as a flash of specified duration or modulated sinusoidally at 0.8 Hz for 8 cycles with a minimum of 16 averages. In addition to normal subjects, two hemianopes, both with unilateral damage to the primary visual cortex took part in this investigation. Pupil response amplitude and latency were measured by extracting the signal power and phase shift at the stimulus modulation frequency. \n\nResults Pupil colour responses can be elicited in normal subjects. When large coloured stimuli are employed, significant pupil responses can also be elicited in hemianopes, but only for the \"red\" stimuli. The \"green\" stimuli trigger a smaller constriction of the pupil that always follows the offset of the flash. The results obtained with sinusoidal modulation reveal a strong signal at the modulation frequency in the blind hemifield with a latency of 0.52s for the red, and 1.14s for the green. A model for afterimage generation based on changes in the cellular adaptation properties of cone receptors is proposed. The model predicts the properties of chromatic afterimages, including the half-cycle increase in latency observed experimentally. \n\nConclusions The results show that significant pupil responses can be elicited with either red or green D-isoluminant stimuli in normal vision. Smaller responses remain in the absence of V1, but only for red stimuli. Red afterimages caused by green stimuli can however trigger a significant constriction of the pupil, even in the absence of V1. The new pupil-based technique makes it possible to reveal subcortical processing of chromatic stimuli, when the subjects are completely unconscious of the stimulus.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L. Barbur","J. Alister Harlow"]},{"item_id":460,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-06","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO MOTOR-RELATED PUPILLARY DILATION: DISSOCIATION BY ILLUMINATION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-06","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":441,"original_file_name":"1170400657718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124368,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":460,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Pupillary dilation can be elicited by complex salient events, or by simple motor activity. We previously hypothesized that motor components contribute to an early inhibition of the parasympathetic system via the oculomotor nucleus, while later and more extensive dilations are associated with hypothalamically-mediated sympathetic activity. Increasing ambient light decreases pupil diameter by stimulating the parasympathetic pathway; consequently, the contribution of parasympathetic inhibition, as indicated by dilation, would be greater in light as compared darkness. \n\nPupil diameter was recorded in 29 normal volunteers to simple movements. Subjects made uncued, voluntary finger presses over 60 sec, with instructions to pace responses approximately 5 sec apart. Separately, subjects made the same response when cued by single tones (10 stimuli, ISI 5-7 sec). Each condition was recorded in darkness and under room illumination, with 4 sessions involving baseline and placebo conditions, or during pharmacological blockade of the sphincter or dilator musculature. Response onset was used to time-lock averages for uncued responses. Both stimulus and response onset were used separately to time-lock averages for cued responses. \n\nFor the baseline and placebo sessions, recording in light always produced an earlier-onset dilation than recording in darkness. Uncued responses produced significantly smaller and earlier peak dilations than cued responses. During blockade of the dilator by dipaprizole, the early components were present, but later dilations were attenuated. During blockade of the sphincter by tropicamide, the early components of the response were eliminated, but later dilation was observed. Principal components analysis, and sequential difference analysis, were used to provide converging evidence for a very early effect (300 msec) of parasympathetic inhibition. \n\nThe data indicate that the primary contribution of the motor response is associated with early inhibition of the parasympathetic pathway. In contrast, the increased dilation under the cued condition is reflected primarily in the sympathetic component. Greater amplitudes were elicited in the stimulus locked than response locked averages of the cued condition, suggesting that stimulus relevance was a more critical contribution to the dilation response than was the performance of the motor response alone.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the US Public Health Service: National Institute of Mental Health Grant #PHS-MH55762, and by the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.\nCERTIFICATION: These procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, consistent with government guidelines.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek","George G. Dougherty"]},{"item_id":461,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-07","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-07","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":442,"original_file_name":"1170400658905.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":106530,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":461,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The finding of neurofibrillary degeneration in neurons of the Edinger Westphal nucleus in Alzheimer's disease reported by Hunter ( Acta Neuropatholologica, 1985, 68: 53-58) prompted us to ask whether the reflex pupillary constriction to light (which includes the Edinger Westphal nucleus in its anatomical pathway) would display functional abnormality in Alzheimer's disease. \n\nThree groups of individuals were tested: twelve healthy young people, twelve people with probable Alzheimer's disease and twelve healthy older adults. The pupillary light reflex was measured using a head-mounted infra-red pupillometer. As the Edinger Westphal nucleus is particularly involved with pupillary constriction we predicted that the amplitude of pupillary constriction would be reduced in Alzheimer's disease compared to normal ageing. \n\nOur results confirmed this prediction. As the Edinger Westphal nucleus is cholinergic in nature, the measurement of pupillary constriction may provide a way of indicating change in central cholinergic status in Alzheimer's disease over time, or in response to drug treatments.\n\nThis research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["A. Tales","S.R. Butler","T. Troscianko","G. Wilcock DM"]},{"item_id":462,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-08","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EXPERIENCE IN OPTIMISING THE TROPICAMIDE EYE DROP TEST AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-08","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":443,"original_file_name":"1170400660109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123936,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":462,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The pupillary response to dilute (0.01%) Tropicamide solution has been proposed as a diagnostic test of Alzheimers disease (AD), with poor confirmation from other centres. Review of the reported work showed a wide variability in experience, possibly reflecting differences in either the drug stimulus, the patient group or the measurement procedure. Monocular pupillometry had been used by several of the groups, and since this may be sub-optimal when looking for small anisocoria we chose to use a binocular video pupillometer (Procyon UK), allowing variability reduction by multi-frame capture and analysis. A feature of several negative studies was the large dilation produced in controls with 0.01% Tropicamide, whereas the original positive study had minimal response in controls, and this lead us to investigate the Tropicamide dose response.\n\nAims To optimise the measurement conditions, with respect to Tropicamide dose and pupillometry technique, for the Tropicamide test in a group of patients with a diagnosis of a dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and controls.\n\nMethods Pupil diameters were measured in 8 controls (age 28-68, mean 48 years) at 30 minutes following Tropicamide eye drops at concentrations of 0.01% and 0.001%, prepared within 1 week and with no preservative. Video binocular pupillometry was carried out in 6 patients with a provisional diagnosis of AD (aged 65-87 years) and 6 elderly controls (aged 57-81 years). A concentration of 0.001% Tropicamide was used, measured with the treated eye in darkness at 30 minutes post -Tropicamide.\n\nResults Mean percentage pupil diameter increase in was 34 % (range 9.9% to 66 %) and 6.9 % (range -4.7% to 12.1 %) with Tropicamide concentrations of 0.01% and 0.001% respectively. Mean change in anisocoria was 3.4% in elderly controls and 5.0 % in AD in response to 0.001% Tropicamide.\n\nConclusion Tropicamide eye drops at a standard 0.01% concentration produced a large mydriasis in controls. With reduced Tropicamide concentration of 0.001% there was no difference in anisocoria change between controls and subjects with a provisional diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Further dose response studies may be warranted.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["C.A. Sullivan","R. Lawrence","A.J. Britten"]},{"item_id":463,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-09","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"INHIBITION OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX BY COGNITIVE ACTIVATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-09","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":444,"original_file_name":"1170400661155.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124715,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":463,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"It has been clearly demonstrated that the pupillary reaction to light can be inhibited by a variety of psychosensory operations, such as intense (non-visual) stimuli, by anticipation of fearful events, or in states of anxiety. It was hypothesized that cognitive operations could also be demonstrated to show inhibition of the light reaction. Inhibitory inputs to the Edinger-Wesphal complex of the oculomotor nucleus include descending cortical and ascending reticular inputs. Ongoing cognitive activation was predicted to increase inhibition of this pathway, resulting in reduced pupillary constriction. \n\nPupillary constriction to light was elicited during a sustained processing task. 33 normal volunteers participated in this study. Light reactions were recorded during 4 sessions conducted on separate days: a baseline session, followed by randomized placebo, tropicamide, or dipaprizole instillation at separate sessions. All subjects had been screened to exclude narrow angle. At each session, after dark adaptation, light reactions to a 1 s light stimulus (4 s ISI) were recorded using infra-red pupillography under three conditions: with no separate task, as subjects performed a serial-7 subtraction task (subtract 7 from a given value, say out loud, and repeat), or as subjects performed a simple adding task (add+1) to control for verbalization. \n\nAveraged response curves were computed following the first stimulus in each series. In the baseline and placebo conditions, performance of the serial-7 task produced a significant decrease in the amplitude of constriction, and earlier time to maximum constriction, as well as significant increase in overall diameter. The add+1 task produced no decrease in constriction amplitude, but overall diameter was increased to a level intermediate between the no-task and subtract-7 conditions. Latencies to onset of constriction and time of maximum constriction were not affected. The same findings were observed even for the first trial alone. Temporary blockade of the dilator muscle by dipaprizole produced no change in the effects seen under placebo, with the exception that overall diameter was similarly decreased for all task conditions. In contrast, blockade of the constrictor muscle by tropicamide produced nearly flat responses, and higher overall diameters, with only a slight increase in overall diameter for the subtract-7 condition compared to no task or add+1 conditions. \n\nControl of these parameters emanates almost entirely from the parasympathetic pathway rather than reciprocal sympathetic activation. Thus, task performance produces both tonic inhibition (decreased parasympathetic outflow leading to increased initial diameter) as well as selective inhibition of active phasic responses. The findings are interpreted as representing primary influences of descending inputs from cortical regions during high cognitive loads. Measurement of light reflex inhibition parameters under different task conditions may provide a sensitive, quantifiable assessment of relative \"mental effort\" associated with varying cognitive activations.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the US Public Health Service: National Institute of Mental Health Grant #PHS-MH55762, and by the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.\nCERTIFICATION: These procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, consistent with government guidelines.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek"]},{"item_id":464,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-10","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY RESPONSE AS A MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL CHANGE AND RELATED SUBJECT INDICES IN VIEWING MOVIES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-10","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":445,"original_file_name":"1170400662234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":125185,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":464,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"It is well known that the pupil of the eye reacts to both brightness and emotional state including interest, enjoyment, and mental workload. A method for extracting emotional change from the pupillary response which is based on an artificial neural network has been developed to evaluate viewer's interest in visual information. This study examines the possibility of estimating viewer's interest and enjoyment of viewing movies by measuring the dynamic pupillary changes, blinking, and subjective interest responses. \n\nThe temporal response due to the subject's interest was measured by using an input device that has been developed. The subject was asked to input continuously the degree of his or her own interest while viewing a movie. Sixteen subjects viewed twenty one-minute movies which were edited to include five kinds of T.V. programs: sport, cultural, for children, entertainment and news. Each movie was divided into shots by use of a computer-based video summary system. Pupillary change and other response were evaluated for each temporal shot. The subject's impression for each movie was evaluated using questionnaires which were based on the semantial difference method after viewing. \n\nThe three factors, \"Evaluation\", \"Potency\", and \"Activity\", were extracted from the subject's responses on the questionnaires. The results showed, in dynamic evaluation, that there is a relationship between pupillary changes and the subjective interest response. In evaluating pupil size, there is a significant difference in pupil size between the higher and the lower shot for the degree of subject interest response in each kind of movies. However, there is no significant difference in blinking between them. In evaluating impressions from movies, there is a significant difference in pupil size between the higher and the lower group for the factor \"Potency,\" and a significant difference in blinking between the higher and the lower group for the factor \"Activity\". Also, there is a significant correlation between the subjective interest response and all three of these factors.\n\nPartially supported by the Grant-in-aid for scientific research (B)(2)-10558020 of the Japanese Ministry of Education","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Yasutaka Shimizu"]},{"item_id":465,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-11","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE \"FEAR-INHIBITED LIGHT REFLEX\": A LABORATORY MODEL OF HUMAN ANXIETY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-11","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":446,"original_file_name":"1170400663405.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124876,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":465,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"We have reported that patients suffering from generalised anxiety disorder display attenuated pupillary light reflexes compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls [1]. Following on from this observation, we examined whether anxiety acutely induced in the laboratory in healthy subjects by the threat of an electric shock has any effect on pupillary function. Our protocol was based on reports in the literature that the threat of an electric shock enhances the acoustic startle reflex response (\"fear potentiated startle\") [2]. Three experiments were conducted. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and individual comparisons (criterion of significance P<0.05). \n\nIn Experiment I, 12 subjects participated in a training session and an experimental session. In the experimental session six SAFE (electric shock is not possible) and six THREAT (electric shock is possible) blocks alternated, a mild electric shock was delivered before the fourth THREAT block. The pupillary light reflex was evoked three times in each block; pupil diameter was continuously recorded. At the end of each block subjects rated their anxiety using visual analogue scales. In the threat condition there was an increase in initial pupil diameter, a decrease in light reflex amplitude and an increase in anxiety ratings. \n\nIn Experiment II, 12 volunteers participated in three weekly sessions in which placebo, diazepam 5 mg or diazepam 10 mg were administered orally according to a double-blind balanced design. The design of each session was as for Experiment I, with the exception that four SAFE and four THREAT blocks were applied. Diazepam antagonized the effect of threat on light reflex amplitude in a dose-dependent fashion, and reduced subjectively rated anxiety and alertness. Diazepam had no effect on the pupillary measures in the SAFE condition or on initial pupil diameter in the THREAT condition. \n\nExperiment III was similar to Experiment II, however, in this experiment the effect of diazepam was examined not only on the threat-evoked change in the pupillary light reflex (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\") but also on the threat-evoked increase in acoustic startle reflex (eye-blink) amplitude (\"fear-potentiated startle\"). Threat reduced the amplitude of the light reflex response, and increased the amplitude and reduced the latency of the startle reflex response; these changes were accompanied by increases in subjective anxiety. Diazepam antagonized the effect of threat on light reflex and startle response amplitudes and anxiety, in a dose-dependent fashion. \n\nOur results show that the fear-inhibited light reflex, like the fear-potentiated startle reflex, is a valid laboratory paradigm of human anxiety. The neural mechanisms underlying the effects of threat on the two reflexes are likely to involve the amygdala [3] and, in the case of the fear-inhibited light reflex, the locus coeruleus [4].\n\n1.\tBakes A et al 1990. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30, 377-381. \n2.\tGrillon C et al 1991. Psychophysiology 28, 588-595. \n3.\tDavis M et al 1993. Behav Brain Res 58, 175-198. \n4.\tSzabadi E and Bradshaw CM 1996. J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3), 6-18.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. Bitsios","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":466,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECTS OF 5HT1A RECEPTOR AGONISTS UPON PUPIL SIZE IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":447,"original_file_name":"1170400665843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":156510,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":466,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Central 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5HTergic, serotonergic) neurones have been implicated in autonomic regulation, although their exact role is not fully understood [1]. Drugs interacting with 5-HT receptors have been reported to affect pupil diameter: both antagonists of 5HT2 receptors [2] and agonists of 5HT1A receptors [3] cause miosis. \n\nWe examined the effects of two 5HT1A receptor agonists on pupil diameter at two luminance levels (darkness and 32 Cd m-2). The drugs used were buspirone, an anxiolytic drug with partial agonistic activity at 5HT1A receptors and lesopitron, a recently developed anxiolytic drug with full agonistic activity at 5HT1A receptors. Pupil diameter was monitored with a binocular infrared television pupillometer before and after the administration of treatment for 4 h at 20 min intervals. Two experiments were conducted. \n\nIn Experiment I, fourteen healthy male volunteers participated in seven weekly sessions, each associated with the ingestion of one capsule (buspirone 5, 10 and 20 mg, lesopitron 10, 20 and 40 mg, and placebo), according to a double-blind balanced, cross-over design. Both buspirone and lesopitron tended to decrease pupil diameter. In darkness, only the highest dose of buspirone (20 mg) caused a miosis that was statistically significant. However, at the luminance level of 32 Cd m-2 buspirone 10 and 20 mg evoked statistically significant miotic effects, as did the highest dose of lesopitron (40 mg). The miotic effect was significantly greater at 32 Cd m-2 than in darkness after each dose of buspirone and the highest dose (40 mg) of lesopitron. \n\nIn Experiment II, pupil diameter and oral temperature were monitored with an electronic thermometer at 40 min intervals. 20 healthy male volunteers participated in two weekly sessions, each associated with the sublingual application of 100 ml hydroalcoholic solution (lesopitron 20 mg, placebo), according to a double-blind balanced cross-over design. Lesopitron caused a significant miosis both in darkness and at the luminance level of 32 Cd m-2 ; the miosis was greater at 32 Cd m-2 than in darkness. Lesopitron tended to decrease oral temperature; this effect however was not statistically significant. The greater effectiveness on the pupil of lesopitron administered sublingually in a solution indicates the importance of first-pass metabolism in reducing the effectiveness of the drug when administered by the mouth. The miosis observed in both experiments may be due to either a sympatholytic or a parasympathomimetic effect of the drugs, or both. The light-dependence of the miosis indicates that the 5-HT1A receptor agonists can modulate the light reflex, possibly via the noradrenergic control of central cholinergic neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.\n\n1.\tRamage AG and Fozard JR 1987. Eur J Pharmac 138, 179-191 \n2.\tFanciullacci M et al 1995. Clin Pharmac Exp Ther 57, 349-355 \n3.\tMillson DS et al. 1991. Br J Clin Pharmacol 32, 447-454 \n4.\tCleare AJ et al 1998 Int Clin Psychopharmacol 13, 23-32","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.A. Phillips","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":467,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PHARMACODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF 5-HT1A AGONISTS ON PUPIL REACTION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":448,"original_file_name":"1170400666796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153957,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":467,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction: Dynamic light evoked pupillography is a non-invasive method which can easily implemented in the basic phase I program of new CNS active compounds. BAY x 3702 is a full agonist at the 5-hydroxyltrytamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor subtype. The animal experiments revealed antidepressive and neuroprotective properties of BAY x 3702. \n\nMethod: Dynamic light evoked pupillographic measurements were used to describe the pharmacodynamic effect of BAY x 3702 in a series of dose escalation studies. In seven double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled studies, BAY x 3702 was administered to healthy male extensive metabolisers. The dosages (oral solutions) administered were 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 \u00b5g. Blood samples were taken immediately before pupillographic measurements. The pupillographic target parameters were the initial pupil diameter and the reflex amplitude.\n\nResults: After the administration of 500 \u00b5g and higher doses of BAY x 3702 the initial pupil diameter showed significant miotic reaction 0.5 to 1.5 hours after drug intake. A maximum reduction of the pupil diameter (about 1.7 mm) was observed 0.5 hours after the administration of 1000, 1500 and 2000 \u00b5g BAY x 3702. But in this dose range no dose-proportional reduction of initial pupil diameter was found. In contrast to that, a marked reduction of the reflex amplitude ( \uf0a3 -0.25 mm) was found 0.5 and 1.5 hours after the administration of 2000 \u00b5g BAY x 3702. \n\nConcentration\/effect-calculations were performed for the individual values of the initial diameter as well as for the reflex amplitude and the individual BAY x 3702 plasma concentrations, respectively. Both concentration\/effect-relationships can be fitted to a sigmoidal curve. The concentration\/effect-relationship between the initial pupil diameter and the plasma concentration shows a nearly linear decrease in the range between 4 to 35 \u00b5g\/l, whereas the fitted curve decreased significantly for plasma concentrations above than 13 \u00b5g\/l. \n\nConclusion: The administration of BAY x 3702 induced miotic pupil reaction. This confirmed the effects observed after the administration of other 5-HT1A agonists in humans (e.g. buspirone, ipsapirone) or after the administration of BAY x 3702 in rats. The fact that oral administration of BAY x 3702 affects initial pupil diameter and reflex amplitude with different sensitivity may either indicate the possibility of more than one receptor being involved or reflect an influence of peripheral and central 5-HT1A receptors on the pupil reaction.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael B\u00f6ttcher"]},{"item_id":468,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF DOPAMINE 2 ANTAGONISTS ON REFLEX DILATION IN HUMANS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":449,"original_file_name":"1170400667702.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":147265,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":468,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction The effect of dopamine on the human pupil is poorly understood. D2 antagonists, such as phenothiazines and butyrophenones, constrict the pupil, whereas high doses of intravenous dopamine produce mydriasis. The mechanism of these effects are unknown, but a further understanding is of interest because these drugs are commonly used in the intensive care setting and can confound the pupillary signs of neurologically unstable patients.\n\nMethods After institutional review approval and informed consent, 4 groups of 8 patients each were administered combined epidural-general anesthesia. Noxious stimulation of the C5 dermatome was provided by a tetanic electric current (60-70 mamps, 100 Hz, 3 second duration), after a stable level of epidural analgesia had been established with 3\/8% bupivacaine. Pupillary reflex dilation (PRD) was calculated as the area above the baseline for the first 10 seconds following noxious stimulation. PRD was measured at 5 min intervals for 15 min before and 25 min after bolus administration of: saline 5 cc (Group 1), ondansetron 8 mg (Group 2), metoclopramide 20 mg (Group 3), and droperidol 2 mg (Group 4). Repeated analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences for each group compared to the saline control. P< 0.05 was considered significant.\n\nResults Age and weight were not significantly different between the groups. Droperidol and metoclopramide both suppressed reflex dilation. Total change of PRD (mm-sec) following each drug were as follows: \n1: Saline: -4.3 (+\/-) 6.8, \n2. Ondansetron: -2.6 (+\/-) 9.4 (NS), \n3. Droperidol: -27.0 (+\/-) 15.6 (P = .00 1)\n4. Metoclopramide: -19.2 (+\/-) 15.1 (P< 0.02). \n\nDiscussion Both droperidol and metoclopramide are potent D2 antagonists and both interfered with PRD. Because metoclopramide also has 5-HT3 blocking activity, we also tested the effect of ondansetron, another 5-HT3 antagonist. Because this drug was without effect, we conclude that D2 antagonism interferes with reflex dilation in anesthetized patients. In cats it is known that norepinephrine inhibits the pupilloconstrictor nucleus via an alpha 2 adrenergic mechanism. Our studies have not shown a remarkable effect of alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists on reflex dilation and alpha 2 adrenergic agonists do not dilate the human pupil. We therefore propose that, in humans, dopamine may play a role in reflex pupillary dilation (PRD) via the D2 receptor","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Peter D. Berry"]},{"item_id":469,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF MOCLOBEMIDE AND SELEGILINE ON TYRAMINE-EVOKED MYDRIASIS IN MAN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":450,"original_file_name":"1170400669718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123897,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":469,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The intracellular enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a crucial role in terminating the action of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline in sympathetically innervated tissues [1]. Tyramine is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine which exerts its pharmacological effects by releasing noradrenaline [2]. It is known that MAO inhibitors can enhance pharmacological responses to tyramine [3]. MAO has two forms, A and B, and the two forms of enzymes show separate distributions both in the periphery and the brain [1]. There is little evidence regarding the form of enzyme which is involved in terminating sympathetically mediated responses, although MAO-A has been implicated. \n\nIn this experiment we examined the effects of two selective inhibitors of MAO (moclobemide: selective MAO-A inhibitor; selegiline: selective MAO-B inhibitor) on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man. Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in three monthly sessions, each associated with ingestion of one capsule (moclobemide 450 mg, selegiline 10 mg or placebo) according to a double-blind balanced cross-over design. Tyramine hydrochloride eye drops (75 mM, 2 x 10 ? l) were instilled three times in the left conjunctival sac at 40-min intervals. Pupil diameter was monitored with a binocular infrared television pupillometer before, and for 4.5 h after, ingestion of the capsule. The pupillary response to tyramine was expressed as the area under the pupil diameter x time curve. A blood sample was taken before and 2 h after ingestion of the capsule for the assay of platelet MAO-B activity and plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) concentration, an index of MAO-A activity. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's corrected t-test, using a significance criterion of P< 0.05. \n\nBoth moclobemide and selegiline caused significant miosis in the untreated eye. The mydriatic response to tyramine was potentiated by moclobemide. Selegiline reduced platelet MAO activity and mocolobemide reduced DHPG, consistent with the known profiles of these drugs on the two forms of MAO. The potentiation of tyramine-evoked mydriasis by moclobemide is likely to reflect the inhibition MAO activity in the iris, whereas the lack of effect of selegiline argues against the involvement of MAO-B. The miosis caused by the two MAO inhibitors is likely to be due to a central sympatholytic action of the drugs.\n\n1.\tBerry M D et al 1994. Progr Neurobiol 42, 375-391.\n2.\tTrendelenburg U 1972. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology vol 33: Catecholamines, eds Blaschko H and Muscholl E. Springer, Berlin, pp. 336-362. \n3.\tRand et al 1968. Br J Pharmacol 33, 287-303.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","P. Bitsios","S. Tavernor","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":470,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"IS THE IRIS A \"MINIMUM-WEAR-AND-TEAR\" MESHWORK?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":451,"original_file_name":"1170400664890.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":108925,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":470,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The iris is highly mobile, even though relatively inextensible collagen fibers form the strongest part of its structure. Rohen (1951) observed a pattern of iris collagen fibers forming arcs from iris root to pupil, thereby avoiding the problems of circumferential fibers (which would hinder pupil dilation) or radial fibers (which would hinder pupil contraction). He described two sets of arcs with opposite handedness, forming a meshwork which was also interwoven with blood vessels. However, constructing such a mesh to permit pupil mobility is not simple because (a) fiber extensibility is limited, and (b) sliding of meshwork components - during pupil size changes - would lead to wear and tear. \n\nMethods A computational model was used to determine the optimal properties of such a mesh. The form of the fiber arcs was optimized across a set of pupil sizes by: (i) minimizing strain (i.e. stretch) of the fibers, and (ii) constraining each point on a fiber to move only in the radial direction (minimizing sliding). A logarithmic spiral was used as an initial solution, and a twenty term polynomial was added to it. A single optimization run was performed using one value of fiber angular extent (the angle of the iris \"pie-slice\" over which a fiber arc extends). Initially, the assumption was made that overall iris strain is linear; i.e., a point halfway between root and pupil margin remains halfway between them for all pupil sizes. Later, this constraint was relaxed. \n\nResults Solutions converged to a repeatable spiral form. As the angular extent increased up to about 100 deg, the optimization improved, but further increases did not lead to further improvement. Removing the constraint of linear overall iris strain led to modest further improvements in the optimization. \n\nComparison with data and conclusions One way of characterizing the meshwork is the \"lattice angle\" (the angle between fibers with left- or right-handed arcs), which is a function of both radial position and pupil size. Some lattice angle data is available from Rohen's work, and this was compared with results of the optimization. The comparison suggests that the collagen iris \"skeleton\" approximates a minimum-wear-and-tear meshwork.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":471,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"CAN THE PUPILLOGRAPHIC SLEEPINESS TEST BE APPLIED AS SCREENING FOR SLEEP APNEA?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":452,"original_file_name":"1170400670734.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":148312,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":471,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) detects sleepiness in normals and patients with any kind of dyssomnia as well1,2. The parameters quantifying pupillary unrest differ significantly between groups of patients with sleep apnea syndrome and healthy subjects. The present study should test whether or not the PST could be used as a screening method for the detection of SAS. The background is characterized by 1. the fact that many patients are not diagnosed before any complicating disease or accident caused by excessive daytime sleepiness occurs and 2. a present lack of practicable and time-saving screening methods.\n\nMethods \nSubjects. 140 normal male subjects were compared to 54 patients with polysomnographically diagnosed SAS, all subject were 30 to 70 years old. \nPST. All measurements were performed between 8 am and noon without any preceding consumption of coffein, nicotine or any vigilance-influencing drugs. The PUI3 served as the parameter of evaluation, all analyses were carried out on the natural logarithm of the PUI because of its normal distribution.\n\nResults The PUI results of the normal subjects and the SAS-patients were significantly different. At a PUI of 5.7 mm\/min the sensitivity and specificity of the PST were 73%. The positive predictive value for a PUI of 10.0 mm\/min was 40%. The test reliability was studied in PST-repetition after four months in 38 normal subjects. The correlation (Pearson rank coefficient r=0.64) between both PST-measurements was highly significant (p<0.0001).\n\nConclusions Though the PST identifies acute and chronical sleepiness it further also showed practical qualities for the use as a screening method for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea syndrom. The specificity, sensitivity and reliability data combined with the objective, noninvasive and time-saving properties of the PST offer the possiblity of a reasonable screening method for this serious sleep disorder.\n\n1 Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H, L\u00fcdtke H, Streicher P, Adler M. Pupillographic assessment of sleepiness in sleep-deprived healthy subjects. Sleep 1998; 21:258-265.\n2 Wilhelm H, L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B. Pupillographic sleepiness test applied in hypersomniacs and normals. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1998; 236:725 - 729.\n3 L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B, Adler M, Schaeffel F, Wilhelm H. Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Research 1998; 38:2889 - 2896.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen\nAcknowledgements: The studies of this paper were granted by fortuene F. 1222074.1 and (DFG) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft WI 1066\/3-1.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Andreas Koerner","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm","Klaus Ederle"]},{"item_id":472,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL STAGING AND SLEEPINESS DEFINED BY EEG","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":453,"original_file_name":"1170400671655.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":126004,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":472,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"As people become sleepy, the pupil has been observed to decrease in size. Yoss proposed a method for scaling level of alertness during 15 minutes of alertness level pupillography testing (ALT) by classifying pupil diameter as a percentage of maximum diameter (Stage 1 \"awake\" = 95-100% to Stage 4 \"sleepy\" = 64-75%). Intrusions of theta activity into the awake EEG have been associated with fluctuations in level of alertness. The purpose of this study was to determine if objectively defined sleepiness, reflected by changes in theta EEG activity, increased according to pupil stage in untreated narcoleptic (8 F & 8 M, mean age =30.3 +\/-8.1) and untreated obstructive sleep apneic (OSA) (7 F & 9 M, mean age =36.9 +\/-7.5) subjects diagnosed with PSG and MSLT studies, and normal control subjects (8 F & 8 M, mean age =30.4 +\/-7.4) without any clinical evidence of a sleep disorder. \n\nAll subjects participated in the ALT during which pupil diameter and EEG recordings were conducted about 12 hours after the midsleep period. Pupil diameter and polysomnography data were collected concurrently at 256 Hz for 15 minutes. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and C3\/A2 EEG data to 64 Hz. Power spectral density functions (FFT) were calculated on 2 sec epochs for minutes 4-11, and standardized for each subject by dividing each 2 sec epoch by the mean theta power obtained for the first minute of dark recording. The mean pupil diameter for each 2 sec EEG window was calculated, divided by the largest pupil diameter found for each subject during the fourth minute of dark recording, and classified according to the appropriate Yoss pupil stage. The 2 sec theta values for each Yoss stage were aggregated for each subject regardless of when they occurred during the 4-11 minute period. \n\nANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in theta power ratios by condition and pupil stage [F(11) = 31.12, p .000]. Post Hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) testing revealed that there were significant differences (p .05 or <) both within and between subject groups by pupil stage. Within-groups statistically significant differences in theta power ratios were as follows: \nnarcoleptics - Stage 4 > Stage 3 > Stage 2 > Stage 1; \nOSA - Stages 3 & 4 > Stages 2 > Stage 1; \ncontrols - Stages 2 & 3 were > Stage 1. \nBetween groups the theta power ratio was significantly greater for narcoleptics and OSA subjects across Stages 1-4 compared to controls, and greater for narcoleptics compared to OSA subjects for Stages 3 & 4. The ALT is a measure of increasing sleepiness in awake individuals. Further research is warranted since pupillography is a convenient, objective measure with potential for wide application.\n\nResearch supported by NIH, R15 NR04030 and Mr. J. A. Piscopo.\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Minu Patel","Qing Chen","Glenn Clark"]},{"item_id":473,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE MEASUREMENT OF DRIVER FATIGUE USING PUPILLOMOTORICAL FATIGUE WAVES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":454,"original_file_name":"1170400672624.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153840,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":473,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Driver fatigue is one of the major research topics in the human factors departments of the car industry. The idea that driving itself fatigues the driver and the idea of predicting the moment a driver starts to sleep, have occurred in many variations during the last years. The major problem is to find a useful, valid parameter of measuring fatigue. Pupillomotorical fatigue waves could serve as such a parameter in two different ways. On-line measurements inside the car to predict the moment the driver falls asleep, and off line to measure fatigue changes induced by driving seem to be possible.\n\nCAA GmbH plans, evolves, and visualises in car equipment for major German car manufacturers like Audi, BMW, Opel and Volkswagen. The integration of ergonomics specialists into the developmental process makes it possible to optimise the interface concepts under human factors criteria. The reduction of driver fatigue by using human factors knowledge in all consequences as well as the measurement of driver fatigue are major focuses of the developmental work at CAA.\n\nIn an experiment pupillomotorical fatigue waves were used to measure changes in fatigue induced by driving all day. All subjects made three journeys with three different luxury sedans. Each of the cars had a different character (big & luxury, high-tech and sportive). \n\nMajor results are:\n\u2022\tthe driven car has an influence on the changes of fatigue waves \n\u2022\tthe owned car has an influence on the changes of fatigue waves \n\u2022\tin average the fatigue waves are smaller after driving than before \nImplications from these findings on theories of driver fatigue will be discussed.\nIn a second part of the presentation problems of the application of fatigue waves on the road will be discussed. An assessment of the chances to use fatigue waves to measure driver fatigue on-line will be given.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Roessger"]},{"item_id":474,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF THREE ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY FLUCTUATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":455,"original_file_name":"1170400673796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146029,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":474,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Spontaneous fluctuations of pupil size in darkness are characteristic of a person's level of vigilance: these fluctuations are accentuated when subjects are drowsy [1,2]. Recently the \"pupillographic sleepiness test\" (PST) has been developed for the recording and quantification of \"pupillary fatigue waves\" [3]. This test has already been used to detect daytime sleepiness both in healthy sleep-deprived subjects [4] and in patients suffering from sleep disorders [5]. In this study, we used the PST to compare the sedative effects of three antidepressant drugs: amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Whilst amitriptyline is known to be sedative, both fluvoxamine and reboxetine are novel antidepressants with little clinical sedative potential [6]. \n\nThirteen healthy males (19-30 years) participated in 4 weekly sessions, each associated with one oral drug condition (placebo, fluvoxamine 100 mg, reboxetine 4 mg and amitriptyline 100 mg), according to a balanced double-blind design. Pupil diameter was recorded continuously over 11 min in darkness using a dedicated monocular television pupillometer (AMTech Weinheim Germany). Average pupil diameter, power of pupil diameter fluctuations (obtained by Fast Fourier transformation), and the pupillary unrest index (PUI), a measure of cumulative changes in pupil size, were computed [3]. Subjective \"alertness\", \"anxiety\" and \"contentedness\" were rated using visual analogue scales [7]. Measurements were carried out 30 min after arrival in the laboratory and 3 h after drug ingestion. Data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's corrected t-test (criterion of significance P< 0.05). \n\nPupil diameter was increased by reboxetine but was unaffected by the two other antidepressants. Amitriptyline increased pupillary fatigue waves evidenced by an increase in the power of fluctuations, consistent with the sedative property of the drug. Neither reboxetine nor fluvoxamine had any effect on the power of fluctuations or PUI. The effect of amitriptyline upon pupillary fatigue waves was parallelled by decreases in \"alertness\" and \"contentedness\" self-ratings by the subjects; both amitriptyline and reboxetine caused a reduction in \"anxiety\" ratings. The PST seems to be a suitable method for the detection of drug-induced changes in the level of arousal.\n1.\tLowenstein O et al 1963. Invest. Ophthalmol 2, 138-157 \n2.\tYoss R E et al 1970. Neurology 20, 545-554 \n3.\t3. L\u00fcdtke H et al. 1998. Vision Res 38, 2889-2896\n4.\tWilhelm B et al 1998a. Sleep 21, 258-265 \n5.\tWilhelm H et al 1998b. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236, 725-729 \n6.\tSzabadi E & Bradshaw C M 1995. In Seminars in Clinical Psychopharmacology ed. King, D J London: Gaskell \n7.\tBond A J and Lader M H 1974. Br J Med Psychol 47, 211-218","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.A. Phillips","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":475,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY OSCILLATIONS - HOW DO THEY CHANGE IN DIFFERENT LIGHT CONDITIONS?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":456,"original_file_name":"1170400674874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134164,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":475,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose Darkness is one of the major conditions for the pupillographic sleepiness test (PST by AMTech, Weinheim, Germany) which measures sleepiness-related oscillations in pupil diameter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interference of light-induced oscillations into sleepiness waves. In a further step we wanted to isolate merely light-induced oscillations under constantly high alertness level.\n\nMethods The PST based on infrared pupillography has been described in detail elsewhere 1. Additionally another pupillographic system developed in our department and video-tapes were used for the recordings in the present study. Healthy young subjects (n=15) were measured every two hours during a night of sleep deprivation in a constant light condition of 2 cd\/m2, 40 cd\/m2 and 400 cd\/m2 . Time interval was 10 days minimum to avoid accumulated sleep-debt. In a second experiment subjects (n=13) were tested at high alertness level and the time of testing was reduced to 5.5 minutes. Light intensities applied with an interval of 30 minutes were 0 cd\/m2, 0.5 cd\/m2, 2 cd\/m2, 40 cd\/m2 .\n\nResults Amplitude spectrum \uf0a3 0.8 Hz increased significantly during sleep-deprivation at 40 cd\/m2 (ANOVA p<0.001) and 400 cd\/m2 (ANOVA p<0.001), while at 2 cd\/m2 the increase was non-significant. Compared to measurement in darkness the changes at 40 cd\/m2 and 400 cd\/m2 were much less pronounced. At constant alertness level both the amplitude spectrum \uf0a3 0.8 Hz and the mean frequency showed increment with increasing light intensity.\n\nConclusion Effects of sleep-deprivation are easier to detect when recording pupillary oscillations in darkness or brighter light than in dim light conditions. Light-induced oscillations under constantly high alertness level occur inconstantly during the recording time within the same subject and show large inter-subject differences. Light-induced oscillations differ from sleepiness waves predominantly by their regularity. The relationships between light intensity, amplitude spectrum and frequency of spontaneous pupillary oscillations raise some questions demanding further experimental work and alternative approaches in analysis. \n\n1L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B, Adler M, Schaeffel F, Wilhelm H. Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Research 1998; 38:2889 - 2896.\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.\nAcknowledgement: B. Wilhelm and H. L\u00fcdtke worked on the present study with financial support of the Steinbeis Center for Biomedical Optics and Functional Testing T\u00fcbingen (Prof. Dr. E. Zrenner).","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Max Warga","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":476,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-06","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CENTRALLY ACTING NOR-ADRENERGIC DRUGS ON SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY FLUCTUATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-06","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":457,"original_file_name":"1170400675859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146338,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":476,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Spontaneous fluctuations of pupil size in darkness are characteristic of a person's level of vigilance: these fluctuations are accentuated when subjects are drowsy [1]. Recently the \"pupillographic sleepiness test\" (PST) has been developed for the recording and quantification of \"pupillary fatigue waves\" [3]. This test has already been used to detect daytime sleepiness both in healthy sleep-deprived subjects [4] and in patients suffering from sleep disorders [5]. Central noradrenergic neurones are located in small nuclei in the lower brainstem, and they project to most parts of the neuraxis including the cerebral cortex. The central noradrenergic system has been implicated in arousal mechanisms [6]. In this experiment we examined the hypothesis that drugs which selectively activate or deactivate central noradrenergic neurones (e.g. yohimbine and clonidine, respectively), will modify the level of arousal in a predictable fashion, and that these changes will be detectable using PST. \n\nSixteen healthy males (18-25 years) participated in 4 weekly sessions, each associated with one oral drug condition (placebo, clonidine 0.2 mg, yohimbine 22 mg, clonidine 0.2 mg + yohimbine 22 mg), according to a balanced double-blind design. Pupil diameter was recorded continuously over 11 min in darkness using a dedicated monocular television pupillometer (AMTech Weinheim Germany). Average pupil diameter, power of pupil diameter fluctuations (obtained by Fast Fourier transformation), and the pupillary unrest index (PUI), a measure of cumulative changes in pupil size, were computed [3]. Autonomic functions known to be sensitive to centrally acting noradrenergic drugs (blood pressure, heart rate and salivary output) were recorded. Subjective \"alertness\", \"anxiety\" and \"contentedness\" were rated using visual analogue scales. Measurements were carried out 30 min after arrival in the laboratory and 2 h after drug ingestion. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's corrected t-test (criterion of significance P< 0.05). \n\nPupil diameter was increased by yohimbine and clonidine + yohimbine and tended to be reduced by clonidine. The power of pupillary fluctuations tended to be increased by clonidine and reduced by yohimbine, and the combination of the two drugs cancelled out each other's effects. PUI tended to be increased by clonidine and was significantly reduced by yohimbine and the combination of the two drugs cancelled out each other's effects. Clonidine decreased and yohimbine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and salivation, and the two drugs antagonised each other's effects. Clonidine reduced subjectively rated alertness. These results confirm the arousal increasing effect of the centrally acting noradrenergic activating drug yohimbine and the opposite effect of clonidine, and the suitability of PST to detect these effects.\n1.\tLowenstein O et al 1963. Invest. Ophthalmol 2, 138-157 \n2.\tL\u00fcdtke H et al. 1998. Vision Res 38, 2889-2896 \n4.\tWilhelm B et al 1998a. Sleep 21, 258-265 \n5.\tWilhelm H et al 1998b. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236, 725-729 \n6.\tRobbins TW and Everitt BJ (1995) Arousal systems and attention. In: Gazzaniga MS (ed) The cognitive neurosciences. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, pp 703-720","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","M.A. Phillips","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":477,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-07","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"FORCED PARALLEL OSCILLATIONS IN THE PUPIL SYSTEM AND THE HEART RATE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-07","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":458,"original_file_name":"1170400676905.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122091,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":477,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"In 1997 we demonstrated the influence of periodic workload on heart rate, pupil diameter and light reflex amplitude of the pupil in some cases. The aim of this study was to analyse the time relations between variations of those parameters. The present paper continues these investigations and presents the results of 15 subjects.\n\nBy a weak workload the activity of the sympathetic system was raised periodically. In intervals of two minutes our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer twenty times during 20 seconds. At this work the force was constant (10 N) and the distance was adjusted between 20 and 40 mm depending on the constitution of the subject. The total duration of each experiment was 660 s. In intervals of 10s a weak, threshold-near 0.1s light stimulus was given to the left eye. The influence of the pupil diameter of this eye on the reflex amplitude was eliminated pharmacologically. The pupil diameter of the right eye and the ECG were recorded continuously. From the records the pupil diameter, the light reflex amplitude, the heart rate and their power spectra and cross correlation functions were calculated. \n\nThe results of this calculation show that the three investigated parameters are to be influenced in a characteristic manner. The heart rate and the pupil diameter increase, the light reflex amplitude decreases periodically as a result of the increase of the sympathetic activity by the work load. The results concerning the analysis of the time co-ordination between the parameters did not meet our expectations. To our astonishment the time shift between work load and the investigated functions shows strong inter-individual differences.\n\nThe investigation was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to national and local Human-Subjects requirements.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Franz Thoss","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Dirk Sandner"]},{"item_id":478,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-08","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"ACCOMMODATION AND PUPILLARY NEAR RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH TONIC PUPILS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-08","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":459,"original_file_name":"1170400677874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124275,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":478,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The tonic pupil is characterized primarily by pupillary abnormalities. Results of studies investigating accommodation in tonic pupils are contradictive. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the differences between the affected and the normal eye concerning pupillary near response and accommodation.\n\nMethods By means of real time (25 Hz) infrared video retinoscopy and simultaneous pupillography, refraction and pupil diameter were recorded during fixation of a target at distances of 2, 3, 4 and 5 diopters in 11 patients, aged between 15 and 38, with tonic pupil. Measurements were performed with monocular fixation. The diagnosis of tonic pupil was based on the clinical examination and pharmacological testing with pilocarpin (0.1%), i.e. cholinergic hypersensitivity.\nMeasurements of the affected eye and the normal eye were compared and analysed by paired t-test. Parameters of evaluation were the amplitude of accommodation, the initial pupil size and the pupillary near response.\n\nResults Amplitudes of accommodation were smaller in tonic pupils (mean difference 0.78 dpt, t-ratio 2.54, DF 10, p<0.05). The initial pupil size showed no significant effect whereas the pupillary near response was significantly smaller in tonic pupils (mean difference 0.55 mm, t-ratio 1.48, DF 10, p<0.01).\n\nConclusions For the first time changes in pupil size and accommodation could be investigated simultaneously in a group of patients with tonic pupils. The expected effects of decreased accommodation and pupillary near response as a consequence of the parasympathetic deficit compared to the healthy eye were shown to be significant.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen\nCommunicating author: Constantin Kriegbaum MD, Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, Pupil Lab, Schleichstr. 12-16, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Constantin Kriegbaum","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":479,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-09","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIAS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-09","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":460,"original_file_name":"1170400678843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123258,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":479,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose To evaluate the effect on the pupillary light reflex in patients with homonymous hemianopias.\n\nMethods Pupil responses to a dim hemianopic were measured in 28 normal and 13 hemianopic patients with occipital lesions. An algebraic model of the pupil light reflex pathway was used to calculate the percentage of crossed and uncrossed fibers from each eye in the chiasm and from each pretectal nucleus in the midbrain. We derived a measure of the hemianopic pupillary defect (HPD) by taking the ratio of the percentage of crossed fibers from the contralateral eye to that of the ipsilateral eye. HPD's in symmetric crossings would be 1 and in a total hemianopic defect would be zero. Patients were divided into two groups based on MRI's. Group 1 consisted of 6 patients with additional midbrain or optic tract involvement while the 7 patients in group 1 appeared to have isolated occipital cortex involvement. Most defects were total hemianopias and were similar in the two groups.\n\nResults The mean HPD was 1.0 (std = .11) in normals. This differed significantly from both group 1 (0.4 std .25 p < 0.003 ) and group 2 (0.72 std = 0.26, p < 0.05), but group 1 and 2 were not different from one another (p = .052). Midbrain calculations suggested abnormalities in 4\/6 patients of group1 but only 1\/7 in group 2. Dividing the patients into acute and chronic lesions showed a much more striking difference between the HPD's of the two groups ( means 0.39 & 0.85 p = 0.005).\n\nConclusions The HPD decreased as the chance of an optic tract or midbrain problem increased, independent of visual field changes. This suggests that associated optic tract\/midbrain damage is common, especially in acute lesions, and explains most of the pupillary changes seen in hemianopic patients. A mild pupillary effect from isolated cortical damage cannot be ruled out.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Rosenberg","M. Sobol","R. Clarke","N. Borden"]},{"item_id":480,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-10","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EVALUATION OF STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS IN PUPIL PERIMETRY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-10","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":461,"original_file_name":"1170400679796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":125354,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":480,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The pupil reaction to focal light stimuli can be used for an objective evaluation of the visual field. Obtaining reliable PLR for all subjects may be dependent on conditions of stimulation and measurement. We tried to evaluate the best stimulus conditions to obtain reproducible pupil reactions for each stimulus location for each subject tested.\n\nMethods We performed pupil perimetry in 26 young normals. An infrared video-pupillography device was used for PLR registration and the stimuli were generated on a computer screen at a distance of 30 cm to the subject's eye. We presented 25 stimuli within the central 21 degree visual field and ran four trials of a fixed sequence of stimuli (stimulus duration 200 ms, interval 2.5 sec). Three different stimulus sizes were used (2, 3 and 4 degrees of diameter) with two different luminances (26 and 54 cd\/m2) on a background of 1 cd\/m2 (i.e. 3 dB difference between both luminances). \n\nResults Pupil responses increased with increasing stimulus size and luminance. Stimulus size and luminance amplified the effect of each other. Within the central 15 degrees, a PLR could be evoked with most stimulus intensities and sizes, whereas at 20 degrees of eccentricity, in several individuals, the dim and small stimuli did not elicit a response. The slope of retinal sensitivity from the centre to the periphery was steeper with larger stimuli than with smaller stimuli, and with brighter stimuli compared to dimmer stimuli. The amount of PLR amplitudes was very similar for the 3 degree, 26 cd\/m2 stimuli and the 2 degree, 54 cd\/m2 stimuli.\n\nConclusions In pupil perimetry, light stimuli need to be more intense than in visual threshold perimetry. Stimulation over threshold often risks causing stray light and thus blur the focal retinal response. In our study, we obtained focal pupil responses with all stimuli used. The very small and dim stimuli however proved not to be suitable to obtain a PLR at every testing location for all subjects tested.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen. Communicating Author: R\u00fcdiger Schmid, University Eye Hospital, Dept of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany. \nGranted by fortuene F. 1222350.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["R\u00fcdiger Schmid","Per Ceurremans","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":481,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-11","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX DURING THC IMPAIRMENT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-11","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":462,"original_file_name":"1170400680812.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122818,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":481,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The effect of THC (Cannabis) to the pupillary reaction is discussed controversially. In some police training manuals wide and sluggish pupils are described as valuable signs of the influence of THC. On the other hand some authors had measured the pupilsize during THC-impairment and had observed reduced pupillary diameters.\n\n13 healthy volunteers inhaled a joint containing 40 mg THC within 10 min. The experiments were carried out before the THC consumption, as well as 40 min and 80 min after smoking. Pupil size, and the pupillary light reflex after a short light-stimulus (4 different intensities), were registered by the IR-videopupillography-device CIP 8.00 (AMTech, Weinheim).\n\nLatency of pupillary constriction remained unchanged by THC. The pupil diameter tended to decrease during THC-impairment as well as the amplitude of pupillary constriction after the light stimulus. In accordance with Hepler et al. (Am. J. Ophth. 74: 1185-90, 1972) THC caused effects like reduced amplitude of pupillary constriction, increased heart-rate and decreased lacrimation as well as salivation can be characterised as atropine-like or parasympatholytic effects.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F.G. Priemer","A. Gappmaier"]},{"item_id":482,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-12","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A HUMAN MODEL OF HORNER'S SYNDROME AND ITS PUPILLOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-12","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":463,"original_file_name":"1170400681968.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146989,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":482,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose In Horner patients the sympathetic pathway to the dilatator muscle is damaged. To mimick a Horner's syndrome we inhibited the sympathetic in healthy people and tried to show the pupillographic effect of this inhibition\n\nMethods\nSubjects. In 15 healthy people the sympathetic was inhibited pharmacologically in one eye (Pholedrin on the evening before the measurement, Dapiprazol 1 hour before the measurement in the morning). \nPupillography. The Procyon, a binocular pupillograph, was used for the pupillographic measurements. Three different stimuli (stimulus 1 [1.7 cd\/m2], 2 [17 cd\/m2], 3 (94 cd\/m2]) were presented for about 4s. Both pupils were measured for 6.4s with a frequency of 5Hz. The number of measurements per stimulus was varying.\nEvaluation of pupillograms. The maximum difference in anisocoria (absolute in mm and relative in %) before and during the redilation was defined by a special computer program. \nStatistics. An ANOVA with subjects as random factor and stimulus intensity as fixed factor was calculated for both types of anisocoria.\n\nResults Two of 15 subjects were eliminated because of incomplete measurements. The remaining 13 subjects (age: median 24 years, range 23-50 years) showed a highly significant effect between the different light intensities. This effect was seen in absolute and relative anisocoria (absolute difference in anisocoria: F=17.6, DF=12, p<0.0001; relative difference in anisocoria: F=10.9, DF=12, p<0.0001). For larger intensities the difference in anisocoria was larger (absolute difference in anisocoria: stimulus 1: mean 0.67mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.72mm; stimulus 2 mean 0.95mm, 95%CI 0.91-0.99mm; stimulus 3: mean 1.10mm, 95%CI 1.06-1.14mm; relative difference in anisocoria: stimulus 1: mean 8.5%, 95%CI 7.6-9.4%; stimulus 2 mean 14.3%, 95%CI 13.6-15.1%; stimulus 3: mean 18.3, 95%CI 17.5-19.0%). \n\nDiscussion The pharmacological inhibition of the sympathetic could be shown clearly by pupillography. In a further study in patients with Horner's syndrome the results of pupillography will be compared to those of commonly used cocaine testing. Possibilities to replace cocaine testing by pupillography will be proofed. \nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.\nCommunicating author: Holger L\u00fcdtke, Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, Pupil Lab, Schleichstr. 12-16, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Miriam Schelling","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":483,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-13","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE SWINGING FLASHLIGHT TEST IN NORMAL SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-13","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":464,"original_file_name":"1170400682984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145590,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":483,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose Objective testing of visual function is a strong demand not only in ophthalmology. Because the pupillary light reflex is usually equal in both eyes, interocular differences in the light reflex can be used to detect even subtle damage of the prechiasmal visual pathways. The swinging flashlight test is clinically widely used for this purpose. An interocular difference in the direct light reflex or a difference between the direct and consensual reaction of the same eye indicates relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) if no efferent defect or marked contraction anisocoria is present. A RAPD is only found in neuroretinal damage, never in disturbacies of the optic media. Therefore a RAPD is an important sign in differential diagnosis of an unexplained visual loss. It may be measured by balancing the light reflexes with neutral density filters. Although a RAPD is a very strong indicator of neuro-retinal pathology, it is occasionally seen in subjects without any obvious disease. Therefore we studied the occurrence of a RAPD in normal subjects.\n\nMethods 101 subjects were first examined clinically and then by means of pupillography. The swinging flashlight test was carried out using neutral density filters in 0.15 log-unit steps for measurement. Pupillographically, light emitting diodes were placed in front of each eye, alternately flashing for 2 s and a binocular realtime pupillometer recorded the direct and consensual pupillary response. After artifact detection and removal, the amplitudes of pupillary responses were determined. The mean of the direct and the consensual response was used for evaluation. \n\nResults Pupillographically, in 55 subjects (55%) the RAPD was 0.05 log-units or less, in 64 (64%) 0.1 log unit or less. Only 15 persons (15%) exceeded 0.15 log units and only 2 exceeded 0.3 log-units (maximum 0.39). Clinically no RAPD was found in 83 of 102 subjects (81%), in 11 subjects a RAPD of 0.15 log units and in 8 subjects one of 0.3 log units was seen. No RAPD larger than 0.45 was found clinically. All subjects with a RAPD of 0.3 log units and more underwent perimetry, but no field abnormality was detected. \n\nDiscussion A RAPD may be present even in normal subjects. However, this RAPD is very small, both clinically and pupillographically. A RAPD exceeding 0.39 log-units has not been found, even when pupillographical measures were used. The cause of this RAPD may be an imbalance of the afferent pupillary system including the connections between visual pathways and pretectal nuclei in the midbrain. In conclusion: A small RAPD may be found in normals, a RAPD exceeding 0.3 log-units is very unlikely in normal subjects.\n\nAcknowledgement: The development of the automated swinging flashlight test was granted by TOMEY.\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm","Tobias Peters","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Cyriaque Barry","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":484,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL RESPONSES TO SINUSOIDALLY MODULATED STIMULUS ATTRIBUTES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":465,"original_file_name":"1170464910796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146354,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":484,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose We introduce a new method for the rapid, automatic extraction of pupil latency and response amplitude to sinusoidally modulated stimulus attributes such as light flux, contrast and chromatic saturation. A test based on this method provides information on both the dynamic and steady state relative afferent pupil defect and is suitable for clinical use. The results obtained using this technique have been compared to those previously reported for single flashes. \n\nMethod Pupil responses were measured using the P-SCAN system (J. Psychophysiol. 5: 223 - 239, 1991), in which stimuli were presented as a sinusoidal train of 10 cycles, at a temporal frequency of 1Hz, with Hanning windows at onset and offset. Different stimulus parameters were interleaved in the same experiment and pupil response parameters were extracted from the mean of several traces. The technique combines averaging and frequency analysis to increase signal to noise ratio. Three groups of stimuli were investigated, the attributes modulated being: 1. light flux change; 2. contrast at a number of spatial frequencies for grating stimuli; and 3. chromatic saturation of a uniform field that remained photopically and scotopically isoluminant. For all stimuli the target consisted of a 7 deg disc centred on fixation and surrounded by a uniform achromatic background subtending 29ox23o. The background luminance and space and time averaged target luminance remained constant at 16 cd m-2. Discrete Fourier Transform analysis of each mean response trace was carried out automatically. This provides the information needed to compute response amplitude and phase shift (at the modulation frequency), as well as measures of signal to noise ratio and response non-linearity. \n\nResults The experimental findings suggest that the amplitude of pupil response increases monotonically with both contrast and chromatic saturation. Pupil response latencies, on the other hand, did not change with stimulus modulation depth for either luminance or chromatic saturation. For grating stimuli, the response amplitude forms a band-pass response with spatial frequency, peaking at ~ 5 c\/o. The pupil response latency decreased at low spatial frequencies and increased at high spatial frequencies, but remained relatively constant between 1 and 10 c\/ o. These latencies were of the same order as those elicited by coloured stimuli, but almost 100 ms longer than those elicited by light flux modulation. \n\nConclusion The new technique provides a rapid and accurate method for the automatic extraction of pupil response amplitudes and latencies to visual stimuli. The pattern of results reported here is consistent with single flash responses (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 265 (1998) 2321 - 2325; Vision Research, 38 (1998) 3353-3358). The phase-lag latencies measured in this study were however longer than the latency to response onset measured in previous studies. Our findings suggest that latency estimates based on phase-shift measurements at low frequencies correlate more closely with the latency to the peak of the pupil constriction, as observed experimentally with single flashes, rather than to its onset response.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Alison Finlay","J. Alister Harlow","John L. Barbur"]},{"item_id":485,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF PENTAGASTRIN ON THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":466,"original_file_name":"1170464912171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124395,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":485,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Experimental anxiety in healthy subjects, induced by the threat of an electric shock, is associated with a reduction of the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex, which can be reversed by diazepam (see Bitsios et al, this Colloquium). In this experiment we examined the effects of pentagastrin, a peptide, which has been proposed as a model anxiogen in man [1] on the pupillary light reflex in normal subjects. For comparison we also examined the effects of the cold pressor test, a procedure which has been reported to activate the sympathetic nervous system without markedly increasing subjective anxiety [2]. \n\nTwelve healthy males (18-35 years) participated in two sessions in which they received (1) pentagastrin intravenously and a control infusion (saline), and (2) cold pressor test (immersion of one hand in water at 4o C for 90 seconds) and a control immersion (37o C for 90 seconds), in a balanced single-blind design. In each session the two treatments were administered in 12-min recording periods separated by 60 min. Resting pupil diameter and constrictor pupillary responses to 15 200-ms light pulses (565 nm, 0.43 mW cm-2) delivered to one eye at 30-s intervals were recorded in darkness by infrared television pupillometry; treatments were initiated after the 7th stimulus. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded by finger plethysmography. After each recording subjects rated their anxiety retrospectively on visual analogue scales [3] and the Panic Symptom Scale [4]. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by paired t-test (criterion of significance P < 0.05). Both pentagastrin and the cold pressor test increased resting pupil diameter without any significant effect on the parameters of the light reflex response. \n\nBoth pentagastrin and the cold pressor test caused increases in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, subjective ratings of anxiety and panic symptoms score. Pentagastrin and the cold pressor test had qualitatively similar effects on the pupil and cardiovascular measures, consistent with sympathetic activation. Although both pentagastrin and the cold pressor test increased subjectively rated anxiety this was not reflected in a reduction in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response. Therefore, we can conclude that the psychological anxiogen (ie. threat of an electric shock) and the chemical anxiogen (ie. pentagastrin) evoke anxiety via different mechanisms.\nLines C et al 1995. Br J Clin Pharmacol 93, 235-242.\nMarriott I et al 1990. Clin Sci 79, 43-50.\nBond A J and Lader M H 1974. Br J Med Psychol 47, 211-218.\nVan Megan H J G M et al 1994. Psychopharmacol 114, 449-455.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S.J. Tavernor","C.M. Bradshaw","E. Szabadi"]},{"item_id":486,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGES IN OPTIC NERVE FUNCTION OVER TIME FROM UNILATERAL ELEVATIONS IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASURED BY THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":467,"original_file_name":"1170393772999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76358,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":486,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: To study the effect of unilateral high intraocular pressure (IOP) and its treatment on the asymmetry of optic nerve function over time as measured by the pupil afferent input between the two eyes.\n\nMETHODS: Eight patients who presented with acute elevation of IOP in one eye were studied over an average of 138 days (range 70-206 days) of treatment using computerized infrared pupillography. A stimulus-response function (log intensity of stimulus vs. pupil contraction of the normotensive eye) was characterized as a function of light input to the affected eye and fellow, normotensive eye using a Naka-Rushton sigmoid curve fit. The difference in the area under each curve, a reflection of the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), was quantified at each test session.\n\nRESULTS: There was a significant linear correlation between the average IOP over the time of the study and the change in the RAPD (R2=0.670, p value=.007) for the 8 patients. The slope of this line indicated that for every 10 mm Hg increase in average IOP, there was a worsening of approximately 4.4 decibels of RAPD. A significant correlation was also found between maximum IOP and worsening in RAPD (R2=0.506, p value=.048). Worsening in RAPD over time occurred from the initial test to the final test over the course of the study in 5 patients. In 4 patients the IOP was not easily controlled at the onset of the study, resulting in spiking of IOP during the study associated with a worsening in the RAPD, followed by an improvement, when the IOP was lowered. The transient change in function was delayed in 2 of the 4 patients with an IOP spike.\n\nDISCUSSION: Elevation of IOP correlated with a proportional amount of optic nerve damage, as measured by the pupil light reflex, over the course of this study. Acute, transient elevations of IOP can cause a transient worsening of function, but it may be delayed. The pupil light reflex, unlike visual field testing, is objective and may be useful in monitoring changes in optic nerve function with time.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Veteran\u2019s Administration Merit Review Grant, Zeiss-Humphrey Corp, Lew Wasserman Scholarship (Dr. Kardon), and Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["SC Anderson","RH Kardon","YH Kwon","ML Pereira"]},{"item_id":487,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE PUPIL AS A CONTROL SYSTEM","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":468,"original_file_name":"1170391372515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75074,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":487,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The pupil, because of its relative simplicity \u2013 single degree of freedom, non-invasive and easily controlled light stimulus, only a transparent surface between the iris muscle and the instrumentation, and classical reflex to light \u2013 has served as a paradigm for the introduction of quantitative control theory into physiology. \n\nElectrical engineering contributed much. Instrumentation ranged from infra-red reflection photo-cells to video cameras. Very early on-line computers with special analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog ports enabled real-time data acquisition. The bioengineering instrumentation enabled both optical and electronic manoeuvres to produce open-loop and altered gain operational modes. \n\nMathematical analysis concentrated on use of the Fourier series, and thus structured the nature of the input-output experiments. These were small, steady-state signals amenable for averaging and continuous registration as opposed to more usual transient stimuli and responses. Following Norbert Wiener\u2019s correlation and spectral analysis, early studies of both transfer function spectra and of noise outputs were accomplished. Later, these were extended to non-linear functional analysis, with white noise inputs and Volterra-Wiener series outputs.\n\nThe conceptual changes in approach were most important. Control theory required considerations of feedback, open-loop conditions, evaluations of gain and stability. Control theory also enabled one to understand the nature of oscillations as produced by instability conditions. Modelling may be considered as important conceptually. Linear lumped parameter models derived from transfer functions were structured so as to be \u201chomeomorphic\u201d models. This means that the elements of the model had one-to-one relationships with the anatomical and physiological elements of the system being studied. Eventually these models were run on digital computers using rapid matrix multiplication techniques. \n\nThus we were able to not only determine the pupil transfer function, but also to demonstrate how operational changes of gain produced oscillations. A series of noise studies also pioneered many physiological endeavours.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":488,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"ANTERIOR SEGMENT PHARMACOKINETICS \u2014 HOW THINGS MOVE AROUND","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":469,"original_file_name":"1170391486421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75875,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":488,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Earlier work suggested an important role for aqueous convectional flow in anterior segment transport, including pharmacokinetics (J Oc Pharm Therapeutics, 1996; ARVO 1997; ARVO 2000; J Oc Pharm Therapeutics, in press). In the context of such flow, the present work considers drug entry into the anterior chamber, and the subsequent pathway to an anterior segment target. \n\nMETHODS: Convectional flow was modelled in a simplified anterior chamber. The model employed principles of fluid flow, and drew on experimental results and on a theoretical analysis of anterior chamber convection by Canning, Dewynne, Fitt & Greaney. Drugs were \u201capplied\u201d at a single corneal location in the model, and subsequent drug movement was treated as a sequence of steps, each step either by diffusion or by transport in the convectional flow (\u201cbulk flow\u201d). Model results were compared with experimental data from studies using focal application of mydriatics.\n \nRESULTS: From \u201cthree-dimensional\u201d pupil data (shape as a function of time), it is possible to determine a \u201cprimary latency\u201d (earliest effect, occurs on the same side of the iris as the application) and a \u201csecondary latency\u201d (effect appearing on the side of the iris opposite to the application). Estimates of initial latency were in reasonable accord with experimental observations, but secondary latencies showed dramatic discrepancies. For example, with the head upright, modelling predicts that a drug should reach superior iris a few minutes after it reaches inferior iris; however, experimental focal applications to inferior limbus often produced near-zero effect in superior iris (phenylephrine) or an effect with much longer latency than predicted (tropicamide). This discrepancy generalized to some cases with head tilt; e.g., if an eye was tilted temporal-side-down, and phenylephrine was applied focally at the temporal limbus, little effect was observed in nasal iris. A related phenomenon was observed in the data for pupil elongation and center-displacement: \u201cWith-gravity\u201d applications (e.g. at inferior limbus with the head upright) caused pupil elongation and pupil-center displacement; however, \u201cagainst-gravity\u201d applications (e.g. at superior limbus with the head upright) caused pupil elongation but not center displacement. In keeping with the latency results, this seemingly-paradoxical finding is due to drug arriving on both sides of the iris after \u201cagainst-gravity\u201d applications, but primarily on one side after \u201cwith-gravity\u201d applications. \n\nDISCUSSION: Inclusion of secretory flow in the pattern of anterior chamber fluid flow may help to reconcile modelling and experiment. Although secretory flow is slow compared to convectional flow, for some locations \u2014 in particular, near the pupil and near the angle \u2014 it can be significant. One implication of these considerations is that localized application of a drug (e.g. with a sustained release device) might be surprisingly ineffective at reaching certain target locations.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":489,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RABBIT IRIS SPHINCTER AND DILATOR MUSCLES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":470,"original_file_name":"1170391494577.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":91228,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":489,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: After the first work done by Lawrence Stark (1957), several mathematical models of the pupil have been developed. However, due to lack of the physiological evidence, each model uses assumptions for determining its structure or function. In this study, mechanical properties of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles were experimentally examined in order to develop bio-physiologically plausible model.\n\nMETHODS: Iris sphincter and dilator muscle specimens were prepared from male albino rabbits. Two kinds of experiments were performed: Exp.1: isometric contraction experiment and Exp.2: isotonic quick release experiment. In Exp.1, passive and active tensions at several steps of muscle length were recorded under the isometric condition. Active tension of the sphincter was induced by acetylcholine 10mM and of the dilator was induced by phenylephrine 0.1mM. In Exp.2, first, the muscle was fully contracted by drugs previously described, and then quick release was performed under different load conditions. Tension and displacement of the muscle were simultaneously recorded.\n\nRESULTS: The tension-length relationship was obtained from the Exp.1. The result indicate that, for example, passive tension of the sphincter increases as a function of the length at which the active tension is maximized, however, passive tension of the dilator increases as a function of the relatively shorter muscle length. Comparison of these properties allows us to understand the contribution of each muscle in determining the pupil size at steady state. In Exp.2, load-extension and load-velocity relationships were obtained. The load-velocity curve could be described by Hill\u2019s equation. Moreover, it was shown that viscous-like force, which is obtained from the load-velocity curve, is a function of not only the velocity but also the contractile force.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Tension-length, load-extension and load-velocity properties provide the information for parallel elastic, serial elastic and viscous component of the model, respectively. Our next step is to combine the each component to complete the model, and compare the model response with the pupillary response in vivo to confirm the accuracy of the model.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kazutsuna Yamaji","Takeshi Yoshitomi","Shiro Usui","Yoshitaka Ohnishi"]},{"item_id":490,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"BIOMECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE PUPIL","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":471,"original_file_name":"1170391496765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":73972,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":490,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"In this paper, a computational model for iris structure is proposed, implemented and visualized in matlab environment. The model employs a network of elements based on the Huxley sliding filament model for striated muscle. A simplified concatenation of these active muscle elements, based on symmetries of the iris structure is arranged radially and circumferentially to represent dilator and sphincter of the iris. Passive elasticities are similarly arranged.\n \nSimulations successfully recreated overall non-linear 'length-tension' curve. It also reproduces experimental results from our lab of pupil deformations due to non-uniform application of pupil dilator drugs. These experiments produced oblately-shaped pupils that were captured on a video pupillometer. \n\nA major extension of the model would be to convert the current version to a complete two-dimensional finite element model for greater homeomorphic correspondence. This actuator model is itself a component of an overall pupil model (consisting of both light and distance stimuli and their sensor operators, central nervous system noise generators, cross-connections to the triadic system) that exhibits non-linear behaviors matching real pupillary responses.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yeuk Fai Ho","Corina VandePol","Claudio Privitera","Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":491,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-05","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES MEDIATING SYMPATHETICALLY EVOKED MYDRIASIS IN RATS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-05","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":472,"original_file_name":"1170391498765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74624,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":491,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"In previous work from this laboratory, we reported that the alpha-adrenoceptors of the cat iris dilator were pharmacologically distinct in that they could not be simply classified as either of the alpha1 or alpha2 subtypes. This study is an extension of that project and was undertaken to determine the alpha-adrenoceptors and subtypes that mediate sympathetically evoked mydriasis in rats. \n\nReproducible frequency-response curves of pupillary dilation were generated by electrical stimulation of the cervical preganglionic sympathetic nerve (1-32 Hz). Systemic administration of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, phenoxybenzamine (0.03-3.0 mg\/kg), prazosin (0.01-1.0 mg\/kg) and phentolamine (0.3-10 mg\/kg), dose-dependently inhibited electrically evoked mydriasis. These drugs also antagonized norepinephrine (1.0-100 ug\/kg, i.v.) induced pupillary dilation. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, rauwolscine (0.1-1.0 mg\/kg), shifted the frequency-response curve leftward, while having no effect on norepinephrine induced pupillary response. Intravenous administration of subtype selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, WB4101 (0.1-1.0 mg\/kg) and chlorethylclonidine (1.0-15 mg\/kg) dose-dependently inhibited electrically evoked mydriasis. The alpha1D subtype selective antagonist, BMY 7378 (1.0 \u20133.0 mg\/kg) had no effect on sympathetically evoked mydriasis but it significantly shifted the norepinephrine evoked pressor response curve rightward. \n\nThese results suggest that both alpha1A and alpha1B subtypes, but not alpha1D adrenoceptors, mediate sympathetically evoked mydriasis in rats. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors do not mediate postsynaptic mydriatic effect, and are located pre-junctionally, inhibiting norepinephrine release during sympathetic nerve stimulation.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael C. Koss","Yongxin Yu"]},{"item_id":492,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-06","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION: AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE OF OPIOID EFFECT?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-06","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":473,"original_file_name":"1170391500859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74806,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":492,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The human pupil constricts with low doses of intravenous opioids. A recent report suggests that pupillary constriction can be observed even in the absence of subjective symptoms such as sedation or euphoria. We hypothesized that a low dose (7.5 mcg\/kg) of intravenous alfentanil would constrict the pupil but not produce any alteration of mood. \n\nMETHOD: After institutional approval and informed consent, patients scheduled for elective surgery were administered an intravenous bolus of alfentanil 7.5 mcg\/kg. Pupil size and light reactivity were measured before and for every min for 10 min following injection. Each subject was instructed to report any subjective feelings of dizziness, sedation, euphoria, nausea, or light-headedness. \n\nRESULTS: Thirteen patients were studied. All patients except one reported feeling some subjective sensation. The pupil constricted in all cases. Peak effect on pupillary constriction was at 3 min. At this time pupil size was 54% +- of preinjection size (P <.05). Recovery of initial size was observed in only one subject 10 min after injection. Because we did not exclude any subject because of disease condition or use of concurrent medication, some unusual pupillary responses were observed. Unusual pupillary responses following alfentanil were observed in 2 patients on dopamine 2 antagonists, 1 patient with advanced diabetes, and in one patient taking methadone for heroin addiction. One subject exhibited an exaggerated response to alfentanil and subsequently became apneic following a second small dose of opioid. \n\nCONCLUSION: There is clearly a use for an objective measure of opioid effect that is not dependent upon a subjective report by the person receiving the drug. Other measures of opioid effect such as end tidal CO2 and CO2 response curves are relatively insensitive and are cumbersome to measure. The large mean pupillary constriction that we observed suggests that even smaller doses of alfentanil might have pupillary effects with no subjective symptoms. The unusual responses we observed in this small sample may have relevance during studies examining the pharmacodynamic properties of mu active opioids.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Claus Niemann","Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":493,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-07","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF TROPICAMIDE ON MYDRIATIC RESPONSE AND LIGHT REFLEX IN ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-07","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":474,"original_file_name":"1170391502749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74546,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":493,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The study objective was to advance our ability to diagnose patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) early in the disease process using a relatively simple, noninvasive, less-expensive, diagnostic test involving the pupillary light reflex and tropicamide blockade of ocular cholinergic functions. Previous studies have not consistently supported the use of these diagnostic tests. \n\nMETHOD: AD patients (n=15), Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n=15) and normal control (NC) participants (n=15) were studied. Pupillographic methods were used to measure changes in pupil diameter and the pupillary light reflex during double-blind ocular administration of tropicamide (0.01%) and saline solutions. \n\nRESULTS: All three groups showed similar pupillary dilation with tropicamide. Tropicamide also reduced the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex to a similar extent for all three groups. The amplitude of the pupillary light reflex with saline and tropicamide was abnormally small in both AD and PD, but AD and PD patients did not differ significantly from each other. \n\nDISCUSSION: Tests involving tropicamide blockage of oculomotor functions are not reliable diagnostic tests for AD. \n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: NIMH grant MH56014 to the first author.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Eric Granholm","Shaunna Morris","Erin Rogers","Boris Vukov"]},{"item_id":494,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-08","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CIRCADIAN CHANGES IN EEG THETA POWER BY YOSS PUPIL STAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-08","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":475,"original_file_name":"1170391504593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75790,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":494,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Significant increases in EEG theta power (increases in theta activity in awake EEG) by Yoss pupil stage (percent of maximum diameter, Stage 1 \u201cawake\u201d = 95-100% to Stage 4 \u201csleepy\u201d = 64-75%) have been found in sleep disorder and normal subjects when pupil diameter and EEG data were collected concurrently at 1400 hours (about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period). The purpose of this study was to determine if theta increased by pupil stage and time of day in a sample of normal subjects (9 F, 6 M, 21-58 years of age) who underwent one day of pupillographic Alertness Level Test (ALT) with concurrent EEG polysomnography (PSG) at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours.\n\nPupil diameter and PSG data were collected concurrently at 256 Hz for 15 minutes with the subjects seated in a quiet, dark room. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and C3\/A2 EEG data to 64 Hz. Power spectral density functions (FFT) were calculated on 2 sec epochs for minutes 5-11, and standardized for each individual by dividing each 2 sec epoch by the mean theta power obtained for the first minute of dark recording. The mean pupil diameter for each 2 sec EEG window was calculated, divided by the largest pupil diameter found for each subject during the fourth minute of dark recording, and classified according to the appropriate Yoss pupil stage. The 2 sec theta values for each Yoss stage were aggregated for each subject regardless of when they occurred during the 5-11 minute period. \n\nANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in theta power ratios by time of day (4 times) and pupil stage (4 stages) [F (15) = 17.66, p .000]. Post Hoc Least Significant Difference testing with Bonferroni correction (critical p .008 or <) revealed there were significant differences in the amount of theta activity both within and between testing times by pupil stage. By time of day statistically significant differences in theta power ratios were as follows: 1000 hr \u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1-3; 1200 hr \u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1-3; 1400 hr\u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1 & 3; 1600 hr \u2013 Stage 2 < Stage 1 and > Stage 4. Between testing periods, the theta power ratio tended to be significantly greater for the afternoon testing periods and the sleepier pupil Stages 3 and 4. \n\nThese data replicate earlier findings which suggest that the pupillographic ALT, like the EEG-based physiologic sleepiness measures (the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test), is a measure of increasing sleepiness in awake individuals, and is a sensitive measure of a lowered level of alertness at mid-afternoon in normal subjects.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by Mr. J. A. Piscopo.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Minu Patel","Maureen Smith"]},{"item_id":495,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-09","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CAN'T SHAKE THAT FEELING: PUPILLARY AND FMRI ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINED PROCESSING IN RESPONSE TO EMOTIONAL INFORMATION IN DEPRESSED INDIVIDUALS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-09","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":476,"original_file_name":"1170391506562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":78249,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":495,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Cognitive clinical research suggests that depressed individuals engage in elaborative processing of emotional information long after it is presented. Affective neuroscience suggests that there are distinct physiological and brain correlates of such emotional information processing styles, potentially involving increased activity in brain structures responsible for recognizing emotional information (e.g., the amygdala) and decreased activity in areas responsible for shutting them off (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in response to emotional information. We examined whether pupil dilation could be used as an on-line index of cognitive and physiological aspects of sustained processing of emotional information in depressed individuals, and whether this index was related to self-reported rumination.\n\nMETHOD: Depressed and control participants responded to a task comprised of alternating emotional processing (valence identification) trials and non-emotional processing (Sternberg memory) trials during two testing sessions. At the first session pupil dilation was measured during the tasks. The second involved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment on a 1.5T GE scanner. Predictions for pupil dilation and fMRI were generated using a computational neural network model of attention to emotional information.\n\nRESULTS: As predicted, compared to controls, depressed individuals displayed sustained pupil dilation in response to trials requiring emotional processing up to 15 seconds after an emotional word was presented, especially when it was personally relevant. fMRI data revealed that depressed individuals displayed sustained bilateral amygdala activity, particularly in response to negative words, as well as decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity in response to negative information up to 30 seconds after words were presented. Together, sustained amygdala and DLPFC activity to negative vs. positive words predicted 52% of the variation in sustained pupil dilation to negative vs. positive words, after controlling for depression. Moreover, differences in both sustained pupil dilation and amygdala activity to negative vs. positive words were moderately correlated with self-reported depressive rumination.\n\nDISCUSSION: Together, these data suggest that depressed individuals engage in sustained processing of emotional information, characterized by increased amygdala activity and decreased prefrontal cortical activity. This sustained processing is related to self-reported rumination. This research supports the use of pupil dilation as a non-invasive measure for detecting these cognitive and brain disruptions in emotional information processing.\n\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by MH55762, MH30914, MH01306-05, MH16804, & the Veterans Administration","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase","Cameron Carter"]},{"item_id":496,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-10","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE \u2018FEAR-INHIBITED PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX\u2019 AND THE \u2018FEAR-POTENTIATED ACOUSTIC STARTLE RESPONSE\u2019: COMPARISON OF TWO LABORATORY MODELS OF HUMAN ANXIETY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-10","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":477,"original_file_name":"1170391508343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":102317,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":496,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The acoustic startle response consists of the contraction of the skeletal and facial musculature in response to a sudden loud sound, and this response can be conveniently recorded in man by measuring the electromyographic (EMG) response of the orbicularis oculi muscle (startle eyeblink response). The EMG response can be enhanced by exposure to \u2018threatening\u2019 stimuli: for example, cues signalling the imminent delivery of an electric shock (\u2018fear-potentiated acoustic startle response\u2019) [1]. We have shown recently that the pupillary light reflex is attenuated by exposure to cues signalling the threat of an electric shock (\u2018fear-inhibited light reflex\u2019). We have also reported that the inhibition of the light reflex by threat can be antagonised by the anxiolytic drug diazepam [2]. In the experiments reported here, we compared the effects of the threat of electric shock and a chemical anxiogen, pentagastrin, on the two laboratory models of human anxiety.\n\nIn Experiment I, 12 male volunteers participated in three weekly sessions in which they received oral treatment with placebo, diazepam 5 mg and diazepam 10 mg, according to a balanced crossover double-blind design. One hour after ingestion of the treatments, miotic responses to light pulses and EMG responses of the orbicularis oculi muscle to sound pulses were elicited during alternating periods in which the threat of an electric shock (electrodes attached to the subject\u2019s wrist) was present (THREAT) and absent (SAFE). The THREAT condition was associated with a significant increase in the amplitude of the EMG response, a significant reduction of the miotic response amplitude, and an increase in self-rated anxiety. Diazepam attenuated all these effects of THREAT. Diazepam did not affect the amplitude of the miotic response under the SAFE condition, but did suppress the EMG response under this condition.\n\nIn Experiment II, the effects of pentagastrin were compared with those of the cold pressor test, a procedure known to elicit sympathetic activation in 12 male volunteers. The experiment consisted of two parts, each comprising two sessions in which they received (1) pentagastrin (0.3 \uf06dg\/kg, i.v.) and a control infusion (saline), and (2) cold pressor test (90 s hand immersion at 4 C) and a control immersion (37 C), using a balanced single-blind protocol. EMG responses of the orbicularis oculi to sound pulses (Part 1) and miotic responses to light pulses (Part 2) were recorded before, during and after the infusions and hand immersions. The startle response was not significantly affected by pentagastrin, but was reduced during the cold pressor test. Resting pupil diameter increased during both pentagastrin infusion and the cold pressor test, but neither procedure altered the amplitude of the light reflex. The anxiety induced by these treatments, unlike anxiety induced by the threat of electric shock, was not accompanied by potentiation of the startle response or reduction of the miotic response. \n\n1. Grillon C et al., Psychophysiol, 28, 588-595.\n2. Bitsios P et al., Psychopharmacol, 135, 93-98.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E Szabadi","C M Bradshaw and P Bitsios"]},{"item_id":497,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-11","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"DILATION OF THE PUPIL VIA SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS DURING A CONTINOUS PROCESSING TASK","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-11","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":478,"original_file_name":"1170391510734.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74600,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":497,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Recording of pupil diameter during performance of demanding tasks offers a window on cognitive function. Central mechanisms invoked during continuing processing demands must involve brain regions having the ability to sustain attention and information. Frontal cortical regions have been implicated as subserving such functions , as indicated by neuropsychological deficits in patients with frontal damage, and by neuroimaging studies. Activation of frontal cortical regions has inhibitory effects on the parasympathetic center of the pupil, resulting in relaxation of the pupil sphincter. Change in pupil diameter was used to examine effects of sustained processing related to direct sympathetic stimulation of the dilator muscles, compared with dilation due to inhibition of the parasympathetic pathway. Pupil diameter was recorded in 22 (11 female) normal volunteers who performed arithmetic tasks which were difficult (subtract 7) and easy (add 1). Recordings were obtained both in darkness (to maximize the sympathetic component) and in light (to maximize dilation due to parasympathetic inhibition). Baseline diameter was marginally increased prior to verbalization during the difficult compared to easy task across lighting conditions. There was a significant interaction of task by lighting condition during the period of verbalization: pupil diameter was increased more for the hard relative to easy task in the light than in darkness. For a subgroup of 12 volunteers, recordings were repeated at three additional sessions at which temporary blockade or either the dilator or sphincter of the pupil was accomplished pharmacologically (using dipaprizole or tropicamide, respectively), or placebo was instilled. This allowed activity in the final autonomic pathways to be isolated. The smallest task effect was observed after blockade of the parasympathetic pathway (sphincter blockade), while an enhanced effect of task was observed after blockade of the sympathetic (dilator) pathway, especially for recordings in light rather than darkness. The findings indicate that the greatest contribution to pupillary change for the demanding task was associated with inhibition of the parasympathetic system. This is consistent with the notion of a significant active inhibitory input at the midbrain from descending cortical pathways.\t\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Annette Kasparek","Ruth Condray","Greg J.Siegle"]},{"item_id":498,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-12","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"SLEEPINESS OUTCOMES OF NARCOLEPSPY SUBJECTS ON TRADITIONAL STIMULANTS VERSUS MODAFINIL","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-12","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":479,"original_file_name":"1170392396546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76321,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":498,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Modafinil is a novel Schedule IV wake-promoting compound that is FDA approved to treat the sleepiness of narcolepsy. This add-on study was conducted as part of a Cephalon-sponsored Phase IV open trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of switching narcoleptics from traditional stimulant medications (cylert, methylphenidate, or dextroamphetamine) to 200 or 400 mgs of modafinil [Provigil (TM)] once daily upon arising in the AM. The purpose of this Cephalon-approved add on study was to determine if changes in subjective sleepiness and pupillographic outcome measures could be detected in the sample (6 M, 5 F, 25-68 yrs of age). All subjects met the ICSD criteria for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Data were collected over a period of 8 weeks when subjects were 1) on their traditional stimulant (screen visit), 2) after stimulant medication wash out that was verified by a urine drug screen (baseline) and 3) after 6 weeks of treatment (1 subject was on 200 mgs and 10 were on 400 mgs of modafinil at the 6 week visit).\n\nOn subjective measures the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction (p .017 or <) revealed significant differences in mean rank for ratings on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) between the 3 time periods [Chi-Square (2) = 8.5, p .014]. An ESS score of 0-9 is considered normal, 10-15 moderately sleepy and >15 severely sleepy. At screen the mean (SD) rating was 15.5+\/-4.4, baseline 17.6+\/-5.3 and on modafinil 11.9+\/-5.7. On the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Friedman results approached significance [Chi-Square (2) = 6.7, p .035]. On the FOSQ a lower rating on items associated with the 5 scales denote more difficulty with performing everyday activities (1 = extreme difficulty to 4 = no difficulty, scores are obtained by multiplying the average rating for each scale by 5). The mean (SD) FOSQ scores for the respective time periods were 13.3+\/-2.4, 12.5 +\/-3.6 and 14.6+\/-2.9.\n\nThe 15 minute pupillographic Alertness Level Test (ALT) was conducted at midafternoon with the subjects seated in a quiet, dark room at all three time periods. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and the pupillary unrest index (PUI) was calculated for the 4-11 minute time period of the ALT. Higher scores represent a greater amount of pupil unrest and increasing sleepiness in awake individuals. A mean of 4.9+\/-1.98 has been reported by Wilhelm et al. for normally sleeping, alert individuals. Friedman PUI results revealed no significant differences between the 3 time periods [Chi-Square (2) = 2.2, p .34]. The respective mean (SD) for the 3 time periods were 8.5+\/-4.9, 11+\/-6.1 and 11.1+\/-5.1. Finally, on ratings of medication effectiveness, subjects rated modafinil as equally effective as their prior stimulant in controlling sleepiness (Wilcoxon Z = -1.34, p .18), but indicated greater satisfaction with their prior stimulant (Wilcoxon Z = -2.05, p .04).\n\nVarious reasons that need further investigation but might explain the inconsistencies found between subjective ratings and pupillography findings include 1) the placebo effect, 2) subjective difficulties in assessing their level of sleepiness, 3) residual rebound sleepiness after taking traditional stimulants and 4) inadequate dosing with modafinil.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by Mr. J. A. Piscopo.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Boris Vern","Barbara Berger","Anna Stone","Fang Fang"]},{"item_id":499,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-13","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE FEAR-INHIBITED LIGHT REFLEX: IMPORTANCE OF THE AVERSIVENESS OF THE ANTICIPATED EVENT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-13","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":480,"original_file_name":"1170392397921.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94537,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":499,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"We have shown previously that the threat posed by the anticipation of an electric shock increases the initial diameter of the pupil and decreases the amplitude of the light reflex response compared to periods when subjects are resting. We termed the threat-induced decrease in light reflex amplitude the \u201cfear-inhibited light reflex\u201d and proposed that it could be a potential laboratory model for human anxiety [1]. It is not clear, however, whether the observed changes in the pupillary measures are specific to the anxiety with which the threat of a shock is presumably associated, or whether they could be caused by the anticipation of any external, not necessarily harmful, event. To address this question, we examined the effects of the anticipation of an electric shock (putative aversive event) and the effects of anticipation of an acoustic stimulus (putative neutral event) on the light reflex.\n\nTwelve healthy volunteers [6 male, 6 female] aged 18-35 years participated in a training session and a few days later in an experimental session. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infra-red binocular television pupillometer. The light stimuli were flashes generated by a light-emitting diode (0.43 mW cm-2, 200 ms, peak wavelength 565 nm). A constant current square pulse (1.5 mA, 50 ms) was delivered twice to the skin overlying the median nerve of the left wrist. Acoustic stimuli (2 kHz, 100 dB, 200 ms) were delivered via headphones over a 70 dB background noise. Mood and feelings were self-rated on visual analogue scales.\n\nThe experimental session consisted of two parts, and each part comprised seven identical blocks of three light stimuli of the same intensity and duration. In each part, responses in each block were recorded under either relaxation (R) or anticipation (A) condition; the two conditions alternated regularly. \u201cA\u201d blocks were associated with the anticipation of an electrical stimulus (\u201cshock\u201d) in Part 1, and with the anticipation of an acoustic stimulus in Part 2.\n\nThe anticipation of the electrical stimulus was associated with significant increases in initial pupil diameter and subjectively rated \u201canxiety\u201d and \u201calertness\u201d, and a decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response, whereas anticipation of the acoustic stimulus was associated with increases in initial pupil diameter and subjective \u201calertness\u201d only.\n\nThese results show that the increase in initial pupil diameter is related to the anticipation of any stimulus, whereas the decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response is associated with the aversiveness of the anticipated stimulus. Furthermore, the increase in subjective anxiety in association with the anticipation of the electric shock indicates that the anticipation of the aversive stimulus was anxiogenic.\n\n1. Bitsios P et.al., Psychopharmacol, 135, 93-98.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P Bitsios","E Szabadi","C M Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":500,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE LATENCY TIME OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX: INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING RATE, STIMULUS INTENSITY AND STIMULUS DURATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":481,"original_file_name":"1170392399155.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76317,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":500,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Variability of the pupil latency time and sensitivity to changes in input are the primary determinants of its clinical usefulness. It is uncertain whether higher sampling frequency during recording of the pupil light reflex would provide any greater accuracy in analyzing the latency time from the tracing of the pupil.\n\nPURPOSE: The variability of the latency time of the pupil light reflex in normal subjects was compared under conditions of changing stimulus intensity and duration by simultaneous recording of the pupil at 60Hz and 1000Hz.\n\nMETHODS: Computerized binocular infrared pupillography was performed on 8 eyes of 4 healthy subjects, recording both pupils at 60 Hz and 1000 Hz, simultaneously. Each eye was stimulated 8 times for 50msec duration every 2.5 seconds at 5 stimulus intensities, increasing by 0.5 log units over a 2.0 log unit range. The effect of stimulus duration on latency time was also measured by stimuli of the following lengths: 16.8 msec, 50 msec, 100 msec, and 200 msec. The beginning of the pupil light reflex was defined as the time where maximal acceleration occurred. Three sampling frequencies were compared: 1) 60 Hz (video of bright pupil diameter), 2) 60 Hz velocity interpolated to 300 Hz using a cubic spline method, and 3) 1000 Hz (photodiode of bright pupil image).\n\nRESULTS: the 1000 Hz recording gave a significantly smaller standard deviation (S.D.=4.94 msec) compared to the 60 Hz (S.D.=6.57 msec) and 300 Hz interpolation (S.D.=6.27 msec). Most of the variability in latency time from reaction to reaction appeared to be represented by biological variability of input and not measurement variability or output variability, since the right and left pupil latency times for each pupil light reflex showed less variability. The latency time became shorter in a highly predictable manner with increasing stimulus intensity and duration. The change in latency time was as great as 20 msec\/0.5 log unit at the dimmest range of intensity and as short as 10 msec\/0.5 log unit at the brightest intensity. The relationship between log intensity and latency time and stimulus duration and intensity time were highly correlated between the input to the right and left eyes of an individual, but varied between subjects.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The 1000Hz data collection is a promising tool in obtaining more precise latency measurement of the pupillary light reflex. In addition, the four-point interpolation of the 60 Hz velocity (to yield 300 Hz data) might improve the diagnostic power of data collected at 60 Hertz. Most of the variability of latency time appears to be due to biologic variability of the pupil light reflex. The non-linear change in latency with changes in intensity and duration appear to make it more sensitive over the dimmer and shorter duration stimulus range.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California, and a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon","Oliver Bergamin"]},{"item_id":501,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"LATENCY OF REFLEX PUPILLARY DILATION DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":482,"original_file_name":"1170392400280.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75095,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":501,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Noxious stimulation in awake subjects produces dilation of the pupil with a latency of between 300 and 400 msec. Preliminary studies have shown that during general anesthesia, the latency of pupillary dilation is much longer than 400 msec. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that the delay in pupillary dilation following noxious stimulation during general anesthesia is longer than 400 msec and is caused by slowly conducting afferent nerve (C) fibers that transmit nociceptive information.\n\nMETHOD: After Human Research Committee approval and informed consent, 8 volunteers were anesthetized with a propofol induction and maintained with 5% end-tidal desflurane. Vecuronium bromide infusion was used to maintain paralysis. Noxious stimuli were provided by 3 sec 100 Hz 60-80 mAmp electrical current every 5 min, alternating between an upper (C5) and lower (L4) dermatome. Infrared pupillary scans at 20 Hz were taken before and during each stimulus. Latency to pupillary dilation was measured by analyzing these initial pupillary scans to determine the time of onset for the first sustained dilation above the baseline diameter. Estimated additional conduction distances in peripheral nerves arising from the L4 stimulus (leg) compared to the C5 stimulus (shoulder) were estimated from body height. Comparisons between the latency of pupillary dilation between the L4 and C5 stimuli were made with unpaired t tests P<.05 was considered significant.\n\nRESULTS: Mean latency of pupillary dilation following stimulation of the C5 dermatome was 900 msec and from the L4 845 msec P < .05. Estimated additional peripheral nerve conduction length for the 8 volunteers was 72 cm.\n\nDISCUSSION: This report demonstrates that pupillary dilation following noxious stimulation has a long latency, approximately twice the latency that has been previously reported during the awake state. It is unlikely that delays in synaptic conduction brought about by desflurane could account for this effect, and suggests that pupillary dilation during anesthesia is brought about by a different mechanism compared to the dilation observed in the awake condition. C fibers, conducting at a rate of 1 meter\/sec would expect to add over 500 msec to the latency of pupillary dilation arising from the L4 dermatome, compared to the C5 dermatome. We observed only a 55 msec delay which would be consistent with the theory that this reflex is generated by the more rapidly conducting A delta pain fibers. The prolonged latency of 800 ~ 900 msec suggests that pupillary dilation is part of the efferent arm, perhaps the motor component of the nociceptive reflex.\n\nReference: 1. Anesthesiology 87:849-855, 1997","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P Berry","MD Larson"]},{"item_id":502,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS BALANCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON PUPIL DIAMETER AND LIGHT SENSITIVITY OF THE PUPIL - A RE-EVALUATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":483,"original_file_name":"1170392401421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74238,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":502,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The light sensitivity of the pupil shows spontaneous oscillations. These oscillations could be due to the oscillations of the visual sensitivity we have described earlier. On the other hand, fluctuations of the sympathicovagal balance could contribute. As a first step of a discrimination between these possibilities, we investigated the influence of forced oscillations of the sympathicovagal balance on light sensitivity and pupil diameter. We generated these oscillations by a weak periodic work load and measured them by the heart rate. We expected to determine the temporal relations between connected parameters by means of a correlation analysis with the heart rate. In the analysis presented in 1999, we related the different parameters to the time shape of the workload itself. Following discussion with Harry Wyatt we realized that the individual physical and psychological load are very difficult to describe by a common mathematical relation and that therefore our analysis had a weak basis. \nAs the workload, our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer twenty times during 20 seconds in intervals of two minutes. The total duration of each experiment was 660 s. During this time the ECG, the pupil diameter, and the reactions of the pupil on constant, threshold near light stimuli were recorded. As well as the current diameter, the light reflex amplitudes and the heart rate were calculated from the records. \nThe results show that the investigated parameters are influenced in a characteristic manner. The heart rate and the pupil diameter increase, the light reflex amplitude decreases periodically as a result of the increase of the sympathetic and decrease of the parasympathetic activity due to the workload. The time shifts between heart rate and pupil diameter respectively reflex amplitude were determined by cross correlation. The medians for 11 subjects show a significant earlier decrease of light sensitivity (2.4 s) related to the increase of the heart rate. Between pupil dilatation and increase of the heart rate no significant time shift results.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F. Thoss","B. Bartsch","H. Luedtke","D. Sandner"]},{"item_id":503,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"VIDEO-BASED RECORDING SYSTEM FOR THREE OCULAR FUNCTIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":484,"original_file_name":"1170392402702.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":77420,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":503,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Three ocular functions, namely pupillary reflex, lens accommodation and eye movement, control the retinal image by functioning co-operatively. To investigate the mechanism of the co-operative behaviour, we developed a video-based recording system which can measure them simultaneously.\n\nMETHODS: In the system developed, the subject sits with his head in a chin-rest, and observes various visual stimulus through the dichroic mirror. The images of right and left eye are taken by CCD cameras respectively. Each eye image consists of two fields: one for a black pupil image (BPI) obtained by illuminating the iris, the other for a white pupil image (WPI) produced by the knife edge optics (KEO). They are captured by a personal computer and then processed in real-time. The BPI is binarized to detect the pupil area using an oval fitting. The pupil diameter and the eye position are measured from its major axis and center co-ordinate respectively. The torsional eye movement is calculated as the angle that takes the maximum value of correlation function of the iris pattern extracted. In the WPI, the fundus reflection is inclined in proportion to the accommodative state by the KEO. The lens accommodation is measured as a slope of the reflection, provided that the slope is normalized by square of pupil diameter. Because of the KEO, it is necessary to keep one eye on the line of sight for measuring accommodation. Therefore the convergence is measured from the other eye position.\n\nRESULTS: The precision of the system is evaluated using schematic eyes. \nThe results are as follows: 1) 0.08mm for pupil diameter, 2) 0.3 and 0.2deg for horizontal and vertical eye position, 3) 0.4deg for torsion, and 4) 0.1D for accommodation.\n\nBy using this recording system, we are now studying the characteristics of triadic ocular function induced by an apparent depth cue based on linear perspective.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: A part of this study has been supported by NTT Cyber Space Laboratories, Japan.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroyuki Sakai","Yasuo Ishigure","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":504,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-05","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL STUDIES IN A PATIENT WITH PARINAUD\u2019S SYNDROME \u2013 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ORGANISATION OF CENTRAL INHIBITION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-05","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":485,"original_file_name":"1170392403890.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":86577,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":504,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Parinaud\u2019s Syndrome (PS) is associated with lesions to the dorsal midbrain\/pretectal area. Classically the pupillary near reaction is preserved, while the pupil light reflex (PLR) is largely absent. Studies in patients with PS syndrome may provide answers to a number of questions concerning the organisation of pupil pathways. In this study we test for:\nA. The existence of pupil response components that may be elicited directly through the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nuclei in the absence of signal processing in the pretectum, and \nB. The hypothesis that the central sympathetic inhibition of the pupil is mediated directly via the EW nuclei and does not require the pretectum.\n\nMETHODS: Clinical and pupillographic examination of a 23 years old patient with Parinaud\u2019s Syndrome who in childhood underwent several operations for a large pretectal tumor. The patient was examined at the Applied Vision Research Centre, City University London and at the Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen. Different pupillographic set-ups were used with modification of stimulus intensity, duration, colour and pattern. In addition, the pupillographic sleepiness test was also applied during sleep deprivation to test for pupil sleepiness waves as a sign of preserved central sympathetic inhibition.\n\nRESULTS:\n\u2022\tThe pupil light reflex response was largely absent. A small pupil response could however be elicited when the subject was presented with long duration stimuli of high retinal illuminance. On the other hand, pupil reactions to colour and pattern stimuli were found to be normal. These findings suggest that pupil colour and pupil grating responses involve central visual pathways and may well be caused by a transient reduction in central inhibition. \n\u2022\tThe PS patient we have studied shows the characteristic pupil sleepiness waves that are normally observed during sleep deprivation. This observation also suggests that central inhibition is preserved even when the pretectum is damaged sufficiently to abolish the PLR response. \n\nCONCLUSIONS: Transient weakening of the steady-state inhibition that controls the response of the pupil may provide the mechanism for the generation of the pupil response to gratings and chromatic stimuli. The sparing of these responses and the preservation of sleepiness waves in our PS patient suggest that the central inhibition of the pupil response is mediated directly via the EW nuclei and does not require the pretectum.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This study was supported by The Royal Society, London","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":505,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-06","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE TIME COURSE OF INTEROCULAR INHIBITION IN THE PRETECTAL NUCLEI","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-06","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":486,"original_file_name":"1170392405093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74395,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":505,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: We have observed evidence of interocular inhibition of the pupillary response in humans after alternating monocular stimulation. Data from sequential hemifield stimulation studies suggested that this inhibition takes place in the pretectal olivary nuclei, where inputs from each eye converge. This study evaluates the temporal characteristics of this inhibition by systematically changing the time of the interstimulus intervals. \n\nMETHODS: Six normal subjects were tested using monocular hemifield stimulations. The hemifield stimulations were given every two seconds and the interstimulus interval varied from 1.95 to 0.016 seconds. Such a cycle was repeated from 4-6 times per test and each test repeated 2-4 times for each subject at each interstimulus interval. Each hemifield was stimulated twice during each cycle, first preceded by stimulation of the contralateral nonhomonymous hemifield (control) and then preceded by stimulation of the contralateral homonymous hemifield (test). The degree of inhibition was taken as the amplitude of the test response divided by that of the control response. We then modelled the pattern of inhibition as a decreasing exponential. \n\nRESULTS: Each hemifield of every subject showed greater inhibition for the smallest interstimulus interval compared to the longest. All but three of the 24 hemifields had data that fit well with a model using a second order exponential decay (each p < 0.05). The initial time constant ranged from 10 to 748 msec. with a median of 116 msec. (std 195 msec.).\n \nCONCLUSION: All subjects showed evidence of inhibitory interactions between homonymous hemifields of the two eyes. In most hemifields the temporal characteristics of the inhibitory interactions could be represented with a second order decaying exponential function.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.L. Rosenberg","R. Clarke"]},{"item_id":506,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-07","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE PUPIL OF BRAIN DEAD SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-07","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":487,"original_file_name":"1170392406390.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74779,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":506,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The presence or absence of mydriasis is often used as a rough guide to the adequacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The most common explanation for this dilation is that inadequate delivery of oxygen to the midbrain leads to failure of neuronal activity within the pupilloconstrictor nucleus. However, there are scattered reports of successful resuscitation even after prolonged mydriasis. The brain dead organ harvest patient presents a unique opportunity to study pupillary activity in the absence of an intact midbrain and to examine the effects of asphyxia on the pupil. Because the midbrain is dead in these subjects, the pupil has no autonomic control and following aortic cross clamp, no blood can be delivered to the orbit. \n\nMETHOD: After institutional review and approval, 7 brain dead patients scheduled for organ harvest were studied. Pupil size, light reactivity, and reflex dilation were measured from the right eye every min for 5 min before and every 1-2 min for 20 \u00f1 30 min following aortic cross-clamp. Dapiprazole eye drops were instilled into the left eye at least one hour before cross clamp in three cases and pupillary measurements were intermittently taken before and after cross clamp. \n\nRESULTS: Pupil size was stable before cross clamp, even during changes in infusion rates of large doses of dopamine and phenylephrine. Following cross clamp, the pupil dilated in all cases, reaching 8 mm in one case, after a preclamp diameter of 5.2 mm. Mean dilation was 2.2 +- 1.1 mm, Time to peak dilation was 3.9 +- 2.0 min and latency of dilation was 0.8 +- 0.5 min. After the pupil reached maximum size, the pupil gradually decreased in size over the following 20 min. Dapiprazole eye drops prevented the pupillary dilation in contralateral eye of the three cases in which it was used. \n\nDISCUSSION: Because the pupilloconstrictor neurons are already dead in these subjects, the dilation which was observed must be due to factors other than loss of parasympathetic innervation of the pupillary sphincter. Hormonal (epinephrine) or drug delivery to the orbit must also be excluded because immediately following cross clamp, blood flow to the head stops. Because dapiprazole appears to block the dilation, it seems likely that the cause is either a short burst of neuronal activity in the peripheral system innervating the dilator muscle, or release of stored norepinephrine from the presynaptic terminals, as asphyxia intervenes.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":507,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-08","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"OCULAR AUTONOMIC INVOLVEMENT IN BOTULISM","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-08","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":488,"original_file_name":"1170392407437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74307,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":507,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Intoxication by the toxin of Clostridium botulinum is rare and difficult to diagnose if occurring as a single case.\n\nCASE REPORT: A 30 years old male patient noticed dilated pupils and blurred vision. At examination the pupils reacted sluggish to light, not at all to near and accommodation was completely absent. Additionally, after request, he reported gastrointestinal pain and diarrhoea after having eaten vacuumed ham and conserved meat. Lab testing proved botulinus intoxication. The patient survived without further complications. We were able to obtain complete pupillary and accommodation testing including pupillography, pilocarpine 0.1% test and infrared video retinoscopy.\n\nRESULTS: Accommodation paralysis in combination with an absent near reaction of the pupil was the dominating sign. Pupils were somewhat dilated but light reaction was preserved. Both pupils constricted clearly to pilocarpine 0.1%.\n\nDISCUSSION: Botulism is a rare occasion where near reaction of the pupil and accommodation are more impaired than light reaction, probably because of specific high affinity of the toxic protein to the ciliary ganglia cells serving accommodation. The \u201cNear-light dissociation\u201d of the pupil is hardly to understand with our knowledge of the pupillary innervation. There is little doubt that the site of the lesion has to be the ciliary ganglion. However, if it is possible to block the near reaction completely with a partial preserved light reaction, the final common pathway of the light and near reaction has to be reconsidered.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":508,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-09","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGES IN PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX AFTER BOTULINUM TOXIN THERAPY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-09","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":489,"original_file_name":"1170392408546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97024,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":508,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: Systemic side effects on the autonomic nervous system induced by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT\/A) injections have been reported. The effect of BoNT\/A on the pupillary light reaction is discussed controversially.\n\nMETHODS: By means of an infrared pupillograph (250 Hz) (CIP Version 8.00 by AMTech Weinheim, Germany) the pupillary light reflex and pupil diameter were recorded during fixation of a target at a distance of 2.50 m in a dimmed room (4 cd\/m\u00b2) in 11 patients with spasmodic torticollis (age 43 to 63) and 17 normals (age 50 to 64). Stimulation was performed with 78, 157, 627 and 1255 cd\/m\u00b2 light stimuli. In each case 4 pupillograms were recorded. Parameters of evaluation were amplitude, latency, relative amplitude and pupil diameter.\nThe patients were examined immediately before a new injection, and 7 and 14 days later. All patients received reinjection between 10 and 14 weeks after their last injection.\n1. Measurements of the patients before injection therapy were compared with those of normals.\n2. Measurements of patients from the moment just before BoNT\/A injection were compared with their own values of 7 and 14 days later.\nAll results were analysed by means of ANOVA.\n\nRESULTS: 1. Amplitudes, latencies, relative amplitudes and initial pupil diameter in patients before BoNT\/A reinjections were not significantly different than in normals.\n2. After the injection of BoNT\/A the amplitudes decreased. The decrease was small but significant (mean difference 0.05 mm, p<0.0001) and also the latencies became longer (mean difference 4 ms, p<0.001). The relative amplitude decreased significantly, too (mean difference 0.87 % of the initial pupil diameter, p< 0.0001). The pupil diameter showed no significant difference.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: In contradiction to another study (1) our investigations show significant subclinical changes in the pupillary light reflex in patients after injections with BoNT\/A. Decreased amplitude and increased latency seem to be a consequence of a parasympathetic deficit of the iris sphincter muscle caused by blocked acetylcholine release after botulinum toxin A treatment.\n\n1 Schnider et al.: Pupillometry after botulinum A toxin treatment. Neuro-ophthalmology 17 (1997) 5-7","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Esther Bulang","Rolf F\u00f6tzsch and Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":509,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-10","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETINAL NERVE FIBER LOSS, RELATIVE AFFERENT PUPIL DEFECT, AND VISUAL FIELD LOSS IN OPTIC NEUROPATHY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-10","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"conference_id":509,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Permanent loss of axons in optic neuropathy causes thinning of the inner layer of the retina containing the ganglion cells. The amount of functional loss of the eye that is associated with a certain degree of thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer is not known for different causes of optic neuropathy. This information may be useful in understanding how much damage is present and whether recovery of vision is possible in a patient.\n\nPURPOSE: Structural damage of the retinal nerve fiber layer, measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), functional damage, measured by automated perimetry and the relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD) were compared in patients with different causes of optic neuropathies.\n\nMETHODS: 55 patients with different causes of optic neuropathy were studied and included compression, ischemia, optic nerve hypoplasia, optic neuritis (recovered), and glaucoma. Each patient was tested by automated perimetry (Humphrey 24-2 SITA algorithm), and had asymmetry of pupillomotor input measured using neutral density filters to quantify the relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD). The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured in each eye by optical coherence tomography. The inter-ocular asymmetry was compared in all subjects and in each diagnostic category. \n\nRESULTS: A significant linear correlation was found between the interocular difference in nerve fiber layer thickness and the RAPD (correlation coefficient, R2=0.59). A similar linear correlation with the same slope was found comparing the nerve fiber layer asymmetry with the visual field asymmetry (R2=0.58). The correlation between the visual field asymmetry and the RAPD for the entire group of patients was also highly significant (R2=0.70). In compressive optic neuropathy and ischemic optic neuropathy the relationship of nerve fiber layer asymmetry with RAPD and with visual field asymmetry was similar. In recovered optic neuritis, the amount of RAPD per nerve fiber layer asymmetry was almost twice the functional loss measured by visual field asymmetry.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The overall structural-functional relationship of the retinal nerve fiber layer seems to be well correlated in patients with optic neuropathies in this study. Patients with visual dysfunction exceeding the amount predicted from their nerve fiber layer thickness may be showing a reversible component of visual loss or nerve fiber layer atrophy may not have had enough time to occur. Patients showing better visual function than predicted by the nerve fiber layer thickness, may be exhibiting a compensatory mechanism in the visual pathway. Correlation of structure with function in patients with optic neuropathy gives new information that can help classify disorders of the optic nerve, reveal the extent of reversible damage, and may point to compensatory mechanisms that in some cases help to maintain function in spite of structural loss of nerves.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. (Dr. Kardon), and a grant from Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY). Dr. Bergamin is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, and the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon","Oliver Bergamin","Susan Anderson"]},{"item_id":510,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-11","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF HORNER'S SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-11","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":490,"original_file_name":"1170393744327.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":111286,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":510,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: For the clinical diagnosis of Horner\u2019s syndrome the cocaine test is commonly used. The aim of this study is to investigate an alternative method to diagnose Horner\u2019s syndrome by measuring the redilation of the pupils with the Procyon pupillometer. Therefore Horner patients were compared with patients with physiological anisocoria. \n\nMETHODS: \nSubjects. 11 patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome and 7 patients with physiological anisocoria participated in the study. The diagnosis of Horner\u2019s syndrome or physiological anisocoria was defined by the result of the cocaine test.\nPupillography. The Procyon, a binocular pupillograph (CMT International plc, London), was used for the pupillographic measurements. Three different stimuli (1.7, 17, 94 cd\/m\u00b2) were presented for about 4s. Both pupils were measured for 6.4s with a frequency of 5Hz. The number of measurements per stimulus and patient was varying.\nEvaluation of pupillograms. We analyzed two parameters, the maximum difference in absolute anisocoria in mm and the maximum difference in relative anisocoria in % (relative anisocoria means the absolute anisocoria divided by the mean of both pupil sizes). The minimal and maximal anisocoria were determined before and during the redilation by a special computer program. \nStatistics. The measurements were averaged for each patient and stimulus condition. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test for differences of absolute and relative anisocoria for the two groups. For diagnostic purposes a ROC curve was calculated for each parameter and stimulus. The area under the ROC curve is given.\n\nRESULTS:\nThe absolute and relative anisocoria show significant differences between the two groups except the absolute anisocoria at 1.7 cd\/m\u00b2 (table 1). \n\nDISCUSSION: There are clear differences concerning the redilation of pupils with Horner\u2019s syndrome in comparison with physiological anisocoria. The ROC curve of the relative anisocoria at 94 cd\/m\u00b2 shows a sensitivity and specificity of more than 80% for a certain cut-off value. In this study the results of the cocaine test were used as a gold standard, although this standard has known limitations. Pupillography may be used as a substitute for the cocaine test to diagnose Horner\u2019s syndrome. The best pupillographic results were obtained for the brightest stimulus.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We thank Dan Taylor from CMT who put the Procyon pupillometer at our disposal. holger.luedtke@med.uni-tuebingen.de","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Miriam Schelling","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":511,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"FUNCTION OF THE PUPIL IN VISION AND INFORMATION CAPACITY OF RETINAL IMAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":491,"original_file_name":"1170393763687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":91456,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":511,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Walter Cannon (1932) and Nobert Wiener (1947) mentioned in their book that the pupil was controlled so as to maintain a constant amount of light impinging on the retina. However, because the movable range of the pupil is about 2 to 8 mm (10^1.2 times in terms of the pupil area) their assumption is not plausible when considering the luminance change in external world which sometimes reaches 10^10 times. \n\nCampbell and Gregory (1960) have demonstrated that the size of the human pupil is controlled to maximize visual acuity (VA) under a given light intensity. VA is determined by multiple factors including quality of the retinal image, and signal processing in retina and the cortex. Of these, the retinal image is closely related to the pupil since spatial frequency properties of the eye optics depend upon the pupil diameter (PD). Our hypothesis was that a function of the pupil is to optimize retinal image quality to maximize VA. \n\nWe tested this hypothesis by quantifying the retinal image quality in terms of its information capacity (IC). The IC is a quantity similar to Shannon\u2019s entropy, and it is a logarithm of the number of images that the retinal photoreceptor array can reconstruct or distinguish. The IC is a function of PD, density of the retinal photoreceptor array, and characteristics of visual scene. We demonstrated by computer simulations that 1) there is an optimum PD which maximizes the IC under each light intensity when using the photoreceptor array with anatomically plausible density, and viewing natural scenes, 2) the optimum PDs are quantitatively in good agreement with experimental data of the light intensity\u2013PD curves, 3) but these do not hold when using other photoreceptor arrays (either too sparse or too dense) or\/and seeing other visual stimulus such as a white noise image. \n\n These results support our hypothesis and suggest that the human pupil optimizes the IC of the retinal image under natural visual environments. Supported partially by the Japan science society grant, and the Naito research grant (YH).","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yutaka Hirata","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":512,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"ADIE'S SYNDROME - TWO OBSERVATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":492,"original_file_name":"1170393765046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74766,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":512,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The tonic pupil or Adie\u2019s syndrome is a frequent and mysterious disorder. In many patients it occurs as an idiopathic phenomenon, in about half of the cases associated with hypo- or areflexia. This presentation comprises two cases that might add some new information.\n\nCASE 1: The first case is a 20-year old man with metastatic osteosarcoma thigh diagnosed at the age of 18 and treated by amputation and chemotherapy. After development of metastasis after chemotherapy he was treated with Gd2 antibodies. Those are combined from humans and mice and directed against gangliosides. During the first iv treatment this patient realised worsening of his near vision and the nurse saw his pupils maximally dilated and unreactive to light. Because of additional renal problems the ophthalmological examination had to been delayed until two days after this first treatment. He showed maximally dilated pupils (8 mm), not reacting to light and near. Accommodation was completely paretic. His pupils constricted strongly to 0.1% pilocarpine (2.75 mm) and dilated slightly to pholedrine (8.75 mm) indicating a functional sympathetic innervation. One year later he showed partially restored accommodation and pupillary near reaction and did not longer need reading glasses.\nThis case gives a hint that auto-antibodies may play a role in the development of a tonic pupil.\n\nCASE 2: The second case deals with areflexia and tonic pupil. Adie summarised under his eponym not only the combination of a tonic pupil and areflexia but also isolated tonic pupil and areflexia. The latter was later put into question. Usually the pupillary abnormality is detected at the same time as the reflex abnormality. We report a 55 year old man who presented with the typical symptoms of a recently acquired tonic pupil (dilated pupil not reactive to light or near vision but reactive to 0.1 % pilocarpine). He reported that he had been hospitalised in the neurology department because complete loss of deep tendon reflexes had been found during a routine examination. There were no other pathologic findings. Pupils were described as being normal at this time. Adie may have been right: Areflexia can precede pupillotonia for many years.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":513,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"GREATER PUPILLARY ESCAPE DIFFERENTIATES CENTRAL FROM PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD LOSS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":493,"original_file_name":"1170393766593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75810,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":513,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: To test whether pupil escape observed during a constant light stimulus was greater in eyes with central visual field loss compared to eyes with peripheral visual field loss and normal eyes.\n\nMETHODS: 27 normal subjects, 5 patients with central field loss, 11 patients with peripheral field loss, and 8 patients with combined loss (central and peripheral visual field loss) were tested.\nA dual-channel infrared pupillograph was used to simultaneously record the right and left pupil diameters at a rate of 60 Hertz in order to characterize the initial, phasic pupil contraction, and the sustained, or prolonged pupil contraction in response to a 5 second duration light stimulus. Full field light stimuli with a diameter of 60 degrees were presented to each eye at 7 different intensities. \nThe amplitude of the phasic pupil contraction was compared to the amplitude of the sustained pupil contraction at the four brightest intensities (slope of phasic versus sustained contraction) in the normal eyes and in eyes with visual field loss in the center and the periphery.\n\nRESULTS: The sustained pupillary contraction showed a statistically greater reduction in proportion to the phasic component in eyes with central field loss compared to those with peripheral field loss, combination central and peripheral field loss and normal eyes.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Afferent neurons from the central retina normally contribute a substantial component to the sustained pupil response. Eyes with central field loss can be distinguished from eyes with peripheral field loss by a relatively greater loss of the sustained response, causing greater pupil escape.\nThis study showed that pupil movements in response to a non-perimetric full-field light stimulus may provide some degree of mapping of retinotopic sensitivity. This information may be of use in interpreting the pupillary movements during the swinging flashlight test and may help predict the pattern of visual field loss.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, New York, a grant from Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California, and a Merit Review and Career Development Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. (Dr. Kardon). Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness).","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":514,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"LOSS AND RECOVERY OF CHROMATIC AND ACHROMATIC SENSITIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE OPTIC NEURITIS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":494,"original_file_name":"1170393767952.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74649,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":514,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A new pupil perimetry test has been developed to extract small pupil response amplitudes and latencies in response to periodic modulation of stimulus luminance or chromatic contrast. The aim of this investigation was to establish how pupil responses to colour and light flux modulation alter in patients with acute, unilateral optic neuritis (ON) and the extent to which stimulation of the unaffected eye also yields abnormal responses.\n\nMETHODS: A radial pattern was employed to stimulate one of 24 locations in the visual field. The stimulus contrast was modulated sinusoidally at 1 Hz for 10 cycles with a minimum of 8 averages. The coloured stimulus was generated by modulating its chromatic saturation against the neutral background. Each stimulus remained photopically isoluminant throughout and had zero rod contrast. 15 normal subjects and 17 patients with optic neuritis were investigated in this study.\n\nRESULTS: Pupil responses to light flux modulation yield significantly shorter latencies in the normal subject group. The difference in latency between colour and luminance triggered pupil responses can be as large as 80 ms with small inter-subject variability. Optic neuritis patients show significantly longer latencies and much reduced response amplitudes in the affected eye for both luminance and chromatic modulation.\n\nDISCUSSION: Both light flux and colour responses are affected in patients with optic neuritis with much increased latencies. Pupil colour responses are affected most. Some patients also show significantly smaller pupil response amplitudes and increased latencies in the unaffected eye. Recovery of visual acuity correlates well with recovery of the pupil colour response.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sancho Moro","Alister Harlow","Byron Lam","M. Liu","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":515,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"TRANSIENT AND SUSTAINED MECHANISMS DRIVE THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX RESPONSE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":495,"original_file_name":"1170393769187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75082,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":515,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: It has long been established electrophysiologically that the pupillomotor nucleus receives input from both transient and sustained neurones. These neurones have different temporal and spatial properties and therefore respond preferentially to different stimulus attributes. In this perimetric study we have investigated how the different spatio-temporal characteristics of visual stimuli can be used to isolate the transient and sustained components of the pupil light reflex response.\n\nMETHODS: We measured pupil responses, elicited either by sinusoidal or square-wave temporal modulation of luminance contrast. Our pupil perimetry program tests 24 stimulus locations, or any combination of these discrete stimuli in the visual field. Each pupil response measurement is based on the average of 8 traces. Pupil constriction amplitude and latency were computed from the first Fourier harmonic of each averaged trace. \n\nRESULTS: Much larger responses were found for square-wave as compared to sinusoidal modulation. This difference cannot be accounted for simply as a contribution of higher harmonics present in the square-wave modulation or the non-linear response properties of the pupil when sinusoidally modulated stimuli are employed. \n\nDISCUSSION: The results are consistent with two mechanisms driving the pupil light reflex response, a sustained and a transient mechanism. The sinusoidal and square-wave modulations favour the sustained and transient mechanisms. The sustained mechanism has a more linear contrast gain, integrates the input signal over large areas of the visual field and is therefore appropriate to control the steady state size of the pupil in response to changes in ambient illumination. The transient mechanism has a non-linear contrast gain and responds preferentially to rapid, spatially localised luminance contrast changes. This component shows much reduced spatial summation. Isoluminant coloured stimuli, on the other hand, produce the same response for both types of stimulation. These findings can be used to explain why in some cases of retinal or optic nerve disease, the transient component of the pupil light reflex response can be spared in patients that exhibit a large RAPD","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur","J A Harlow","Sancho Moro"]},{"item_id":516,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"WHICH PART OF THE SHAPE OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IS MOST DIAGNOSTIC?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":496,"original_file_name":"1170393770452.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76263,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":516,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The waveform of the pupil light reflex contains four well-defined landmarks: A) maximal acceleration during contraction (latency time point, or base line pupil size), B) maximal contraction velocity, C) pupil size at time of peak contraction, and D) maximal dilation velocity. Change of neuronal firing rate during specific time windows of the pupil light reflex can be quantified as change of pupil size between these landmarks.\n\nPURPOSE: We evaluated changes in pupil size (neuronal firing) between different time windows of the pupil light reflex in patients and normal subjects to understand which regions were most susceptible to disease.\n\nMETHODS: Binocular infrared computerized pupillography was performed on 49 healthy subjects and on 30 patients with known unilateral or bilateral visual field damage. 30 degree diameter light stimuli were presented alternatively to the right and left eye for 200 ms duration every 3 seconds. Ten different stimulus intensities were given and each was repeated 4 times. Right and left pupil diameters were recorded at 60 Hz. The change in pupil size from the start to the end of each of the following time windows was determined: (1) latency time point to peak velocity, (2) latency time point to minimum pupil size, (3) latency time point to peak dilatation, (4) peak velocity to minimum pupil size, (5) peak velocity to peak dilatation, and (6) minimum pupil size to peak dilation. For each time window, the change in pupil size for right eye stimulation was plotted against the result from the left eye stimulation for the 10 intensities. A linear regression of this plot was used to determine slope, offset (y-intercept) and regression coefficient (R2) for each normal subject and each patient. These parameters of the linear regression were used as an indicator of symmetry of input between the two eyes. Each patient was then compared to the normal group for each time window of the pupil light reflex.\n\nRESULTS: The time window of the pupil light reflex that showed the greatest difference from normal subjects was peak velocity to minimum pupil size, followed by latency time point to peak velocity, and latency time point to minimum pupil size. 27 of the 30 patients could be identified as having an abnormal amount of asymmetry between the inputs of the two eyes using this technique. The remaining 3 patients had symmetric input.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The most diagnostic part of the pupillary light reflex starts at maximal contraction velocity and ends at minimal pupil size. During this window of time, the input of each eye is very symmetric in normal subjects and is very sensitive to the effects of disease over the intensity range tested.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Roche Research Foundation, Research to Prevent Blindness, Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, and a Merit Review and Career Development Award from the Veterans Administration.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":517,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE EFFECT OF STIMULUS INTENSITY ON CONTRACTION AMPLITUDE IN SEPARATING PATIENTS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS USING COMPUTERISED RECORDING OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":497,"original_file_name":"1170393771687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75726,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":517,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: To determine how stimulus brightness can influence the ability to differentiate normal subjects from patients with asymmetric visual loss when contraction amplitude is the parameter being measured.\n\nMETHODS; Computerized infrared pupillography was performed on 50 normal subjects with normal visual field testing and 30 patients with asymmetric visual field loss. A light stimulus consisting of a 0.2 second duration light flash subtending a 30 degree radius visual field was alternately presented to the right and left eye every 3 seconds. Ten different stimulus light intensities were used, covering a range of 4.5 log units (3 stimulus cycles per test). The pupil contractions, recorded by computer, were plotted as a function of log stimulus intensity for each of the two eyes to ascertain patterns of damage caused by disease. At each intensity, the asymmetry in pupil contraction (right eye stimulation vs. left eye stimulation) was compared between the normal group and each patient using percentile rank. Patient scores were considered to be outside of normal limits if their inter-eye difference score exceeded the 95th percentile of normals.\n\nRESULTS: There was a highly significant effect of stimulus brightness on the separation of the normal and patient groups. The most common pattern, caused by disease, showed that brighter stimulus intensities were able to more effectively identify a patient as lying outside of the 95th percentile.\n\nCONCLUSION: A brighter stimulus light of short duration allows for greater ease in identifying a patient with unilateral or asymmetric visual dysfunction from normal subjects. This may have implications on how optic nerve and retinal disease affects the ability of ganglion cells to respond to light intensities near threshold (low neuronal firing rate) vs. supra-threshold (high firing rate). The objectivity of contraction amplitude difference between the two eyes, as measured by the pupil light reflex, may prove to have a significant ability to identify \u201csuspect\u201d patients as having truly abnormal optic nerve function better than the subjective measures employed by such tests as the Humphrey Visual Field. Classification of a patient\u2019s pupil response as a percentile score compared to normal subjects provides a useful clinical measure of the extent of disease and change over time.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C and Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy H. Kardon","Leigh Bassman"]},{"item_id":518,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-S-01","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Previous Colloquia:8-14th","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-S-01","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":498,"original_file_name":"1170472170484.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":304719,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":518,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. STANLEY THOMPSON"]},{"item_id":519,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-S-02","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillographic Instruments","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-S-02","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":499,"original_file_name":"1170472171640.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":322413,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:10","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":519,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":520,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-01","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The One Minute Automated Test for Quantifying the Relative Afferent Pupil Defect (RAPD)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-01","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":500,"original_file_name":"1170468293421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138466,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":520,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: A 60 second stimulus protocol was developed to accurately quantify the log unit RAPD using a dual channel computerized pupillometer. The protocol was validated by comparison with the clinical method of RAPD quantification using neutral density filters.\nMETHODS: 40 patients seen in a neuro-ophthalmology clinic and comprehensive ophthalmology clinic had their RAPD quantified by an eye care specialist using the clinical method with neutral density filters and also by automated, computerized pupillometry. For computerized pupillometry, a diffuse light stimulus subtending 30 degrees in radius, was alternately presented to each eye. A CRT display within the pupillometer was divided by a septum to facilitate independent stimulation of the right and left eye. The stimulus was software controlled and had the following characteristics: 0.1 second duration every 1 second, 5 stimulus steps decreasing by 0.5 log units per step, each cycle consisting of 5 intensities was repeated 6 times. For each stimulus, the average pupil contraction of the right and left pupil was tabulated and then the average of all 6 cycles was used to determine the average pupil response for each intensity given to the right and left eye. The stimulus-response line of log intensity vs. pupil contraction for right eye stimulation and for left eye stimulation was fit to a linear function and this was used to calculate the log intensity difference or RAPD.\nRESULTS: The resulting stimulus-response functions for each eye\u2019s input were highly linear with the linear regression coefficient, R2, usually greater than 0.9. The correlation R2, between the computerized log unit RAPD and the clinically determined RAPD was 0.87 (R. Kardon, examiner, 20 subjects), 0.63 (other examiners, 20 subjects) and 0.79 (all examiners combined, 40 subjects).\nCONCLUSION: The one minute computerized RAPD test provided a very accurate means of quantifying the log light sensitivity difference between the two eyes and was highly correlated with the clinically determined log unit RAPD using neutral density filters. This new stimulus and analysis protocol coupled with a portable dual channel pupillometer should provide a means for widespread measurement of the RAPD in a busy clinic.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Susan Anderson","Kalene Fix","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":521,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-02","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Size Variations are Predominantly a Rod Function at Photopic Light Levels","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-02","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":501,"original_file_name":"1170468688827.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":135175,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":521,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Pupil size variations were measured by remote infrared pupilometry (sampling rate 60 Hz) for 17 adult subjects ranging in age from 23 to 47 years (12F, 5M) in response to changes of spectrum and illuminance. The measurement conditions were natural binocular vision in full field of view with subjects seated in a comfortable chair in a 2.6m by 3.4m room while watching a B-grade movie presented on a small TV. These conditions simulate those of an office environment with a person working at a computer. There were 8 different spectral changes accomplished by combining light from indirect lighting supplied by a bundle of 2 types of commercially available fluorescent lamps of different spectral power distributions mixed with 4 different colour walls. The differing wall colours were accomplished via computer-controlled-fabric rolladen placed on the 2 side and front walls each containing 4 different fabrics. Vertical photopic and scotopic illuminance was measured at the eye position. Evaluations were made for 2 photopic vertical illuminances of 64 and 108 Lux thus giving a total of 16 principal data points. The vertical illuminance at the eye coming from the TV was less than \u00bd % of the illuminance supplied by the ambient lighting. A typical subject session lasted about 3 hours including rest periods and each subject produced several thousand values of pupil area for each principal data point. \nAn analysis of covariance showed that the overall subjects mean pupil areas were in almost perfect correlation with the changes in vertical scotopic illuminance and with any possible additional contribution from photopic illuminance as not significant. This result supports the original studies of Bouma (1962) who employed entoptic pupilometry as well as the conjecture of Alpern & Ohba (1973).\nSubsequently the pupil size changes of 4 children of ages 10 and 11 years (3F, 1M) were measured at their school in Bay City MI in a room outfitted with 2 differing spectral fluorescent lamps. During testing the children viewed a small spot on the forward wall of the room while the vertical photopic illuminance was maintained at about 165 Lux. Video photography was used to measure pupil size for the children at 30 frames \/sec with data collected over several 5-second data intervals following a several-minute adaptation period to the 2 lighting conditions.\nThe mean pupil size variation of the children was compared with previous measurements of adults under similar viewing conditions. The children\u2019s pattern of pupil size variation was in close agreement with that of the adults.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sam M. Berman"]},{"item_id":522,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-03","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Light Reflex - Decreased Parasympathetic Inhibition under Repetitive Stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-03","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":502,"original_file_name":"1170468690093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":148580,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":522,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to address the question if there is an altered pupil light reflex under repetitive stimulation.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study 14 healthy subjects were investigated. Respective to their age they were separated in two groups (older age: 57 to 76, 62.6 \uf0b1 8.5 mean \u00b1 SD; younger age: 19 to 30; 26.3 \uf0b1 5.1 mean \u00b1 SD). A repetitive investigation of 40 times of the pupil light reflex (PLR) was performed. Pupil size, amplitude, relative amplitude (amplitude\/pupil diameter) and latency were measured. The stimulus was elicited and the data recorded by a Compact-integrated pupillograph (CIP; AMTech, Weinheim, Germany). \nStatistical analysis was performed with SPSS. Intragroup changes between the first 5 and the last 5 measurement were analysed with a paired-sample t-test. Group differences were analysed with student\u2019s t-test. \nRESULTS: During repetitive stimulation a systematic change could be observed in both groups such that the pupil diameter decreased (p=0.034), while relative amplitude increased (p=0.001) and latency became shorter (p=0.003). Amplitude didn\u2019t show a significant change over the measurements. Concerning the changes under repetitive stimulation there were no significant differences in pupil diameter, latency or relative amplitude between both age groups.\nDISCUSSION: Although the pupil light reflex is widely used it is a rather unstable diagnostic tool. Besides influences of emotion, alertness and respiration, age is a confounding factor. This is best proven for the pupil where with increasing age a decreasing diameter was demonstrated. Data concerning latency and amplitude are more controversial. In our sample we observed age differences between a group of older and one of younger age regarding latency and amplitude. \nUnder repetitive investigation we found a systematic change of pupil light reflex parameters, that were on one hand a decreasing pupil size and latency and on the other an increasing (relative) amplitude. The changes of pupil size could be related to dark adaptation effects, to a capture behaviour or to augmented tiredness. Tiredness is modulated by a decreased sympathetic activation and therefor less pronounced inhibition of the parasympathetic system. The disinhibited parasympathetic arc results in a more pronounced PLR. Thus under consideration of the more intensive reflex response, e.g. larger amplitude and smaller latency only tiredness can explain the changes of the PLR under repetitive stimulation. Our data demonstrate a non-pharmacological and comfortable way to control experiments for parasympathetic influences. \nFinally it remains to be concluded that the changes under repetitive stimulation are less influenced by age than the simple way of PLR measurement. Thus to control for age in an experiment repetitive stimulation might be more appropriate and reliable than a single measurement.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["D.M. Bittner"]},{"item_id":523,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-04","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Benign Alternating Anisocoria","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-04","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":503,"original_file_name":"1170468691187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134073,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":523,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"AIMS: To characterise and compare the variability of anisocoria measurements in normal healthy subjects and patients with alternating anisocoria. \nMETHODS: Using flash photography or infra-red pupillometry, serial measurements of pupil diameter were made in two patients presenting with alternating anisocoria, both daughters of patient 2 and eight normal subjects. In each subject the distribution of anisocoria measurements was compared with a Gaussian normal distribution using a Chi-squared test. \nRESULTS: The distribution of anisocoria measurements was Gaussian in all control subjects but bimodal in both patients. The elder daughter of patient 2 showed a bimodal distribution which weakly departed from normality (P=0.101) and her younger sister showed a unimodal distribution. In all cases the pupils reacted normally to a light stimulus or an accommodative effort, and visual function, ocular and neurological examination were normal. \nCONCLUSION: Alternating anisocoria is a discreet entity not found in normal subjects but which may be present in more than one member of a family. Because it occurs in otherwise healthy individuals we recommend it should be called benign alternating anisocoria. The neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Fion Bremner","Stephen Smith"]},{"item_id":524,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-05","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A Non-Invasive Method for Studying Visual Performance and an Index of Pupil Diameter in the Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-05","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":504,"original_file_name":"1170468692437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":142580,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":524,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A method has been developed to measure gaze direction, an index of threshold contrast sensitivity and relative pupil diameter, by non-invasive means in minimally restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Such a model was required in order to investigate the effects of low doses of cholinergic compounds which could potentially affect visual performance. Conventional methods of monitoring visual parameters in rhesus monkeys generally use scleral coils and implanted head posts and the aim of this development was to avoid any such invasive procedures.\nMETHODS: A human based eye-tracking system (Eyelink\u2122) was modified for use by the rhesus monkey and a visual task was generated using \u2018Cortex\u2019 software (NIMH). \nAnimals were trained to enter a transport box from their home environment and to place their heads outside of the box in such a way that the Eyelink\u2122 cameras could detect and record their eye movements. All training was achieved by positive reinforcement, using a fluid reward, and was voluntary at all times. The animals were then trained to carry out a visual tracking task. This task aimed to determine the lowest contrast stimulus that the animals could detect and respond to. They were required to fixate upon a target of an inwardly moving spiral positioned centrally on a television screen and then to shift their gaze to a secondary target when it appeared in one of the four corners of the screen. This secondary target was a series of ever-decreasing circles, chosen because it was an attractive object, and its apparent inward motion gave a more stable gaze position. The grating used for the secondary target was a modified Gabor, a concentric circular grating with a radial sinusoidal intensity profile and under a gaussian blob, which had an apparent motion towards the centre of the stimulus at 1 cycle.sec-1. \nThe effects of 4% w\/v pilocarpine nitrate eyedrops upon visual parameters and on the minimum detectable contrast (MDC) were investigated in this model. \nRESULTS: Preliminary findings (from n = 4 animals) showed that, as expected, pilocarpine induced a significant reduction in pupil diameter at 1.5 (72%) and 3 (58%) hours post-exposure. Pre-dose pupil sizes were not recovered until between 24 and 48 hours. There was a significant decrease in the total number of correct responses in the presence of pilocarpine at 1.5h, both compared to saline controls at the same time point (72%, p = 0.036) and when compared to pre-exposure performance (74%, p = 0.04). A non significant trend in an increase in MDC was noted.\nCONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results using this method of studying the visual effects of compounds administered directly to the eye in a non-human primate show that measurements of pupil diameter, MDC and response attempts can be monitored in minimally restrained animals who have a choice of whether or not to take part. This will lead to improved animal welfare and hence, to improved quality of data. \nKEYWORDS: behavioural training, minimum detectable contrast, miosis, pilocarpine.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sarah Fairhall","Peter Pearce","Richard Jones","Carol Dickson","Leah Scott"]},{"item_id":525,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-06","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A New Video-Pupillography Measuring Pupil Change Evoked by Accommodative Stimulus","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-06","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":505,"original_file_name":"1170468693499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":344200,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":525,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A new binocular video-pupillography (TriIRIS, C9000, Hamamatsu) which measures pupil changes evoked by accommodative stimuli is introduced. \nMETHOD: The method of accommodative stimulus was innovated. The test was moved in front of eyes from 50cm till the near point of accommodation with a constant target velocity of 0.3 dioptres per second and moved back to the 50 cm. This stimulus was repeated 3 times. The velocity of stimulus can be changed, for example 0.15, 0.2 dioptres per second. Simultaneous recordings of pupil and accommodative convergence of both eyes can be made. \nRESULTS: One demonstration of the typical recordings of pupillary movement of the right and left eyes obtained from 20 years old healthy female subject is shown in Figure 1. \nHer point of accommodation was 8.0cm (12.5 Dioptres). From the top to bottom, Target movement from 2 .0 D to 12.5D, convergence movement of the right and left eyes, and pupillary movements of the right and the left eyes(superimposed), respectively. \nA total of 48 normal subjects with the age ranging 20-50 years old were studied. The rate of pupillary constriction against age will be presented. In addition, a few subjects over 60 years old were added. If the time is allowed, a few pathological cases will be presented.\nCONCLUSION: This pupillography combined with a new method of stimulus to accommodation will enable to study especially patients with the difficulty of accommodation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Naotoshi Hakamata","Satoshi Ishikawa","Mari Hiraoka","Taketoshi Suzuki","Hitoshi Ishikawa","Takahiro Wakabayashi"]},{"item_id":526,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-07","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Fear-inhibited light reflex: Effects of Peripheral Sympathetic Blockade with Dapiprazole Eye-drops","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-07","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":506,"original_file_name":"1170468694609.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":163605,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":526,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Background: Fear conditioning (e.g., by the threat of an electric shock) causes an increase in initial pupil diameter, and a decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\"). There is evidence for dissociation between the two responses to threat, suggesting that while the effect on the light reflex response involves central inhibition of the parasympathetic, the effect on initial pupil diameter may reflect more preferentially, the activation of the sympathetic. We examined the effects of peripheral sympathetic blockade with the \u03b11-antagonist dapiprazole on both responses to threat on the basis of the hypothesis that only the response of the initial pupil diameter will be affected, while the response of the light reflex will remain unaffected. \nMETHODS: 12 healthy volunteers (6 male, 6 female) aged 20-25 years participated in one experimental session. Dapiprazole (2 x 20 \uf06dl of a 0.5% solution, repeated 3 times at 5 min intervals) was instilled in subjects\u2019 right or left eye while the contra lateral eye was treated with placebo eye drops (artificial tears) according to a single blind, balanced, cross over design. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infrared binocular television pupillometer (PROCYON 2000D). During the 105 - 120 min window following instillation, the light reflex was elicited with weak (0.35 cd\/m2, 200 msec) light stimuli on the placebo-treated eye only, and the response was recorded from both eyes. There was a total of 6 blocks of 3 light stimuli each, and the average of the 3 elicited light reflexes was taken as the response of a block. Responses in each block were recorded under either safe (S) or threat (T) condition; the two conditions alternated regularly. \"T\" blocks were associated with the anticipation of an electric shock, although no such shock was in fact administered at any point during the session. At the end of each S and T block, subjects self-rated their mood and feelings on Visual Analogue Scales. \nRESULTS: Dapiprazole caused a significant miosis evident at 30 min from instillation and reaching its peak at 90 to 105 min. Threat of shock was associated with significant increases in subjectively rated \"anxiety\" and \"alertness\", significant increase in initial pupil diameter in both eyes and a significant decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response in both eyes. The dapiprazole- and placebo-treated eyes differed significantly only in the levels of initial pupil diameter in the safe as well as the threat conditions. Between-eye comparisons (dapiprazole- vs placebo-treated) of the effect of threat (Safe-Threat subtractions) on the pupillary measures, showed that dapiprazole treatment did not change the effect of threat on any of the two pupillary measures. It is possible that the effect of threat on initial pupil diameter was reduced by dapiprazole, but this reduction was masked by the removal of a ceiling effect due to reduction in baseline pupil diameter. To address this possibility, we repeated the experiment with 8 subjects with smaller pupils than those of our first group. In this group of subjects, dapiprazole showed indeed, a significant suppression of the threat-induced increase in initial pupil diameter.\nCONCLUSIONS: The effect of threat on the light reflex response is unlikely to involve the peripheral sympathetic innervation of the iris. The threat-induced increase in initial pupil diameter reflects both parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation. The latter might be one reason for the previously observed dissociation between the two pupillary responses to threat.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jenny Hourdaki","Stella Giakoumaki","Vangellis Grinakis","Panos Bitsios"]},{"item_id":527,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-08","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Fear-inhibited light reflex: Effects of Conditioned Stimulus Light Intensity and Fear Stimulus Modality","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-08","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":507,"original_file_name":"1170468695687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139205,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":527,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Fear conditioning (e.g., by the threat of an electric shock) causes an increase in initial pupil diameter, and a decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\"). Studies of the fear-inhibited light reflex have always assumed that the conditioned stimulus (a low intensity acoustic tone) has no effect in itself, on any of the two pupillary responses to threat. Furthermore, these studies have uniformly employed a standardised light intensity as the unconditioned stimulus while for fear conditioning, they have always employed the association of the conditioned stimulus to a potentially painful tactile electric shock. The aim of this parametric study was to examine the role of conditioned stimulus, light intensity and fear stimulus modality in the mediation of the fear-inhibited light reflex. \nMETHODS: 16 healthy male volunteers aged 20-25 years participated in one experimental session. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infra-red binocular television pupillometer (PROCYON 2000D). The experimental session consisted of three parts, and each part comprised six identical blocks of four 200 ms light stimuli (0.35, 5, 50 and 140 cd\/m2). In Part 1, responses in each block were recorded under either the presence or the absence of a continuous low intensity acoustic tone, in an alternating fashion. In this part, the presence of the acoustic tone was not associated with any threat. In Parts 2 and 3, responses in half the blocks were recorded under the presence of the same continuous low intensity acoustic tone, which was associated with the anticipation of an electric shock (threat of shock \u2013 \u201cTsh\u201d blocks) in Part 2, and with the anticipation of a sound blast (threat of sound blast - \u201cTsb\u201d blocks) in Part 3. The remaining half of blocks in Parts 2 and 3, were recorded under the absence of the acoustic tone (safe condition - \u201cS\u201d blocks); \u201cS\u201d and \u201cTsh\u201d blocks in Part 2 and \u201cS\u201d and Tsb\u201d blocks in Part 3 alternated regularly. No shocks or sound blasts were in fact administered at any point during the session. At the end of each S, and Tsh or Tsb block in Parts 2 and 3, subjects self-rated their mood and feelings on Visual Analogue Scales. \nRESULTS: Part 1: the presence of the acoustic tone did not affect the light reflex response amplitude across all four light intensities but it was associated with a trend for an increase in initial pupil diameter. Parts 2 and 3: \u201cTsh\u201d and \u201cTsb\u201d blocks were associated with significant increases in initial pupil diameter and subjectively rated \"anxiety\" and \"alertness\", and a decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response across all light intensities, the threat of shock being more potent in effecting the pupillary results. Calculation of the effect of threat (safe-threat subtractions) on light reflex amplitude and subsequent analyses of these derived data with 2-way ANOVAs (fear stimulus modality and light intensity as the within-subject factors), revealed a significant main effect of light intensity but no significant interactions. \nCONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the conditioned stimulus per se does not modify the light reflex response unless it is associated with a fear stimulus (threat). The fear-inhibited light reflex is independent of the modality of the fear stimulus and may be sensitive to variations in the amount of fear induced by different fear stimuli (threats). Finally, these results suggest that the manifest effect of threat on light reflex amplitude is greater, with increasing light intensity.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jenny Hourdaki","Stella Giakoumaki","Athina Armenaki","Vangellis Grinakis","Panos Bitsios"]},{"item_id":528,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-09","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Discomfort Glare and The Pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-09","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":508,"original_file_name":"1170468696796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":135964,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":528,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether an individual\u2019s sensitivity to discomfort glare is influenced by the lightness or darkness of the iris. The iris is not completely opaque, and as a lighter iris should transmit more light than a darker iris one would expect to find individual differences in discomfort glare susceptibility amongst people with different coloured irides. \nMETHOD: The matt-white interior of a \u201cglare box\u201d was illuminated from above by fluorescent tubes which provided an even illumination of approximately 500 lux. The glare source consisted of a set of variable-luminance halogen lamps, positioned together and facing the participant. \n50 volunteers (25 males and 25 females) completed the study. Participants rested their chin on a chin rest and fixated a cross positioned below the glare source. Participants made repeated discomfort glare assessments with the aim of establishing a threshold value, the Borderline between Comfort and Discomfort (BCD). \nThe glare source was presented to participants for a duration of 1.5 seconds. Following each presentation, participants rated the glare as either comfortable or uncomfortable. A double staircase technique was employed and the presentations of the glare source continued until 10 reversals had been reported. For each participant a digital photograph of one eye was taken and the mean luminance of a section of their iris was calculated in Paint Shop Pro 5. \nRESULTS: Linear regression revealed no relationship between iris darkness, and the threshold at which discomfort was reported from a glare source. \nCONCLUSION: The results are consistent with the idea that all irides transmit the same amount of light, which is surprising given the large individual differences in pigmentation within the sample measured.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter A. Howarth","Stacy A. Clemes"]},{"item_id":529,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-10","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship of the Relative Afferent Pupillary Deficit and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness During and Following Acute Visual Loss in Leber\u2019s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-10","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":509,"original_file_name":"1170468697999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138543,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":529,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: LHON is a maternally inherited disorder that typically causes severe, bilaterally symmetric visual loss in young adults. Some clinical and pupillographic studies have demonstrated a visual-pupillary dissociation in patients with LHON, suggesting a relative sparing of retinal ganglion cell bodies or their projections that convey afferent pupillomotor input. Other studies have shown significant deficits in pupillary afferent input. No information currently exists about the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in LHON and its relationship to afferent deficits in either visual or pupillary function. \nPURPOSE: The interocular asymmetry of optic nerve function (visual field and pupil light reflex) and structure (retinal nerve fiber layer thickness) were studied during the course of visual loss in a patient with monocular visual loss due to LHON.\nMETHODS: One patient with acute unilateral visual loss due to LHON was examined every two weeks over a 4 month period. Visual field testing was performed with the Octopus 301 automated perimeter (G1 30 degree). This patient and 40 normal control subjects had pupil recordings with a dual-channel infrared pupillometer. A light stimulus of 30 degree radius was presented alternately to each eye for 0.2 seconds every 2 seconds over a 2.5 log-unit range of light intensities (4 cycles per intensity). The RAPD of the patient was calculated from linear regression lines showing the difference in pupil contraction amplitude from right-eye vs left-eye stimulation. The peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Several patients with other types of unilateral optic neuropathies, selected by similarity of their visual acuity and field deficit, also underwent similar testing for comparison.\nRESULTS: Two months after symptomatic onset of visual loss, the RNFL showed increased thickening in the affected eye while the visual threshold, acuity, and RAPD showed progressive worsening, a structural-functional dissociation not seen with other types of optic neuropathies. In addition, the RAPD (9.5 decibels interocular asymmetry) was unexpectedly greater than the visual threshold loss (3.9 decibels interocular asymmetry), in comparison to other reported patients with Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy.\nCONCLUSION: The increase in RNFL thickness may be an indicator of axoplasmic flow stasis, resulting from diminished cellular energy production caused by the mitochondrial genetic defect in LHON. In this patient with LHON, interocular differences in retinal ganglion cell dysfunction was better detected by pupil dysfunction (computerized pupillographic RAPD determination) than by standard visual threshold perimetry.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Aki Kawasaki","Randy Kardon","Sylvain Crippa","Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Borruat"]},{"item_id":530,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-11","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pharmacological Studies of 8-OH-DPAT Induced Pupillary Dilation in Anesthetized Rats","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-11","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":510,"original_file_name":"1170468699093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146520,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":530,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonists have been reported to produce mydriasis in mice, and miosis in rabbits and humans. This study was undertaken in an attempt to explore the mechanism by which 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the modulation of pupillary size in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.003-3 mg\/kg), elicited dose-dependent pupillary dilation, which was not affected by section of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve. 8-OH-DPAT elicited mydriatic responses were attenuated by the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.3-1 mg\/kg, i.v.), as well as by the selective \uf0612-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.). However, mydriatic responses elicited by the \uf0612-adrenoceptor agonist, guanabenz (0.003-0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), were not antagonized by WAY 100635 (0.3-1 mg\/kg, i.v.). \nTo determine whether 5-HT1A receptors, like \uf0612-adrenoceptors, are involved in reflex mydriasis, voltage response curves of pupillary dilation were constructed by the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of WAY 100635 (1 mg\/kg) did not antagonize the evoked reflex mydriasis, which, however, was blocked by RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.). Taken together, these results suggest that 8-OH-DPAT produces pupillary dilation in anesthetized rats by stimulating central 5-HT1A receptors, which in turn triggers the release of norepinephrine, presumably from the locus coeruleus. The latter reduces parasympathetic neuronal tone to the iris sphincter muscle by the stimulation of postsynaptic \uf0612-adrenoceptors within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Unlike \uf0612-adrenoceptors, 5-HT1A receptors are not a constituent of the pathway that mediates reflex mydriasis evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael C. Koss","Yongxin Yu"]},{"item_id":531,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-12","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Photomechanical Response of the Rat Sphincter Pupillae","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-12","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":511,"original_file_name":"1170468700202.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139360,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":531,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Sphincter pupillae smooth muscle cells of most, if not all, vertebrates contract when light is shined on them. It was reported early that the action spectrum of the photomechanical response is similar to the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin and that activating Ca++ comes from intracellular stores[1]. It was also found that the frog photomechanical response can be predicted by a relatively simple biochemical model[2], but that the response of the rat sphincter pupillae is kinetically more complicated[3]. Recently melanopsin has been found[4] to be present in the mouse iris. \nIn the work reported here pharmacological interventions were used and in most experiments intracellular Ca++ and muscle tension were measured simultaneously during photomechanical responses. We found: 1) that the opsin ribosylating toxins, cholera and pertussis, inhibit the photomechanical response, 2) G-protein agents, AlF4 and GTP, elicit contractions, 3) that IP3 elicits contraction and heparin blocks the photomechanical response, and 4) that Ca++-calmodulin blockers block the mechanical portion of the photomechanical response but not the rise of intracellular Ca++ portion. \nOn the other hand, cGMP or cGMP specific agents have no effect on the photomechanical response. Moreover, although cAMP attenuates the photomechanical response, it concomitantly increases the rate constant of force decay while decreasing light intensity or intracellular Ca++ release do not. This appears inconsistent with a role for cAMP in the activation pathway. Therefore, we conclude that the signal cascade includes at least: an opsinC> a G proteinC>phospholipaseCC>IP3C>IP3 activated Ca++ release channelsC> intracellular Ca++ C>Ca++ calmodulinC>MLCKC>PMyosinC>contraction.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tBarr, L. and Alpern, M. (1963). J. Gen. Physiol. 46:1249-1260.\n2.\tBarr, L. (1989) CRC. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 4:325-366.\n3.\tKrivoshik, A.P. and Barr, L. (2000) Amer. J. Physiol. 279: C274-280.\n4.\tProvencio et al. (1995) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95:340-345.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Andrew P. Krivoshik"]},{"item_id":532,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-13","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Artefact Management in Pupillometry Recordings","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-13","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":512,"original_file_name":"1170468706140.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179583,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":532,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: When alert individuals sit in a low-stimulus environment (e.g., a dark, quiet room), their pupils remain dilated and relatively stable in size. Pupil activity in sleepy persons becomes characterized by spontaneous, large amplitude fluctuations in size, called \"fatigue waves\". The changes can be numerically quantified by the Pupil Unrest Index (PUI)[1].\nWe are currently using a computerized pupillometer manufactured by AMTech GmbH, which monitors the subject's pupil using infrared video and digitally records pupil diameter at a rate of 25 Hz. Pupil size recordings are subject to artefact and measurement errors. Obviously, complete eye blinks or closures prevent data collection. Accurate measures of pupil diameter can be made during closures when the eyelid partially occludes the pupil by less than fifty per cent of its diameter [1]. However, partial occlusions of greater than fifty per cent can cause the system to erroneously report a reduced pupil diameter. Loss of focus on the pupil image can result when the subject makes a sudden eye movement followed by an eye blink, or when the subject abruptly changes head position. Until the focus can be re-established by a new search for the video image, no data are collected.\nIt is desirable to maximally conserve valid data while removing artefact and measurement errors. The AMTech pupillometer computer program implements an automatic data-cleaning algorithm similar to the one described in Ludtke et al[1]. This system effectively eliminates isolated eye blinks and other rapid eye closures from the data before calculating PUI's. However, examination of graphs comparing raw data with offset cleaned data suggested that the system might be less accurate in correcting compound events such as slower partial eye closures, or loss of focus events that are more common when testing very sleepy subjects. For our research the accuracy of the PUI's computed by the AMTech system immediately upon completion of data collection needed to be examined.\nMETHOD: Programmers at the CNR developed a Pupillometry Processing computer system (PupPro) for reviewing the pupil data. The program reads raw and cleaned pupil data created by the pupillometer and performs an initial cleaning to remove artefacts from the raw data using an algorithm (CA) somewhat different from the one (AT) used by the AMTech system. Graphs of raw data, CA cleaned data, and AT cleaned data are then displayed. The program also provides for synchronous display of the digitized video images of pupil movements with the data graphs. Manual review of the data and video image of the pupil are possible to evaluate the accuracy of the automatic AT and CA cleaning algorithms, and to perform manual cleaning (CM) when necessary. Manual cleaning is performed using methods similar to those previously developed at the CNR[2]. The program was tested with fifteen subjects (5 untreated narcoleptic, 5 untreated OSA, and 5 controls) who underwent 11 minute pupillometry sessions at approximately 900 and 1300 hours, following an all-night polysomnography. The PUI's were computed for each subject at both time periods following each of the cleaning methods: AT, CA, and CM.\nRESULTS: Correlations were computed across all subjects between the resulting PUI's. All correlations were statistically significant at p<.01.\t\t\t\nCONCLUSIONS: Correlations between the PUI's obtained following the AMTech and the CNR manual cleaning procedures were acceptably high for recordings at both time periods although somewhat lower at 1300 hrs. This may reflect a larger numbers of artefact events due to greater sleepiness resulting from afternoon circadian rhythm effects. With the help of experience obtained in manual cleaning with the PupPro system, we anticipate that it may be possible to improve the accuracy of the automatic CA algorithm to reduce the amount of manual review required. Based upon initial findings, it would seem that optimal PUI measurement accuracy will be realized by graphically surveying raw and cleaned data produced by the AMTech system, and submitting problematic recordings to further review and manual cleaning.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tLudtke, H., Wilhelm, B., Adler, M., Schaeffel, F., and Wilhelm, H. (1998) Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Res. 38: 2889-2896.\n2.\tMerritt, S., Keegan, A., and Mercer, P. (1994) Artefact management in pupillometry. Nursing Res. 43: 56-59.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by NIH, RO1 NR04959. \nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen R. Lloyd","Sharon L. Merritt","Boris Vern","Christopher Olopade","Abhinav Singh","Munaga","Rajkumar"]},{"item_id":533,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-14","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Is There Something Better Than The PUI?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-14","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":513,"original_file_name":"1170468708452.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138673,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":533,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The pupillographic sleepiness test (PST by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness and automated data analysis. The standard metric for the detected sleepiness is the pupillary unrest index (PUI) which has been used in many studies. Are there better concepts of a measure of sleepiness with the data of the PST? \nMETHODS: Subjects: Because of a missing gold standard for sleepiness, data with a clear expectation of the difference in the groups was used. The used data was:\na) Reference values (N=314) and data of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (N=321) \nb) Sleep deprivation data at 21:00h and 5:00h the following day (26 measurements, 13 subjects)\nProcedures: Different parameters were evaluated. Fourier parameters, evaluated after detailed analysis of the fast fourier transformation over the entire recording time, autocorrelation, correlation dimension, blink parameters and of course the PUI and the continuous PUI weighted with time were analysed. \nStatistics: For each group and each parameter a logistic regression was calculated. A model was calculated with several parameters for each group. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves and area under curve (AUC) are presented. A cross validation of the models with data a) and b) was performed: model a) in group b) and vice versa and vice versa. \nPRELIMINARY RESULTS: a) A model could be calculated with 6 parameters with an AUC of 0.94. It has a sensitivity and specificity of 87% both. All parameters in the model are significant. b) A model could be calculated with 3 parameters with an AUC of 0.90. It has a sensitivity and specificity of 85% both. All parameters in the model are significant. The cross validation of the model a) with data of b) results in an AUC of 0.82, while application of model b) in the data set a) gives an AUC of 0.54. \nCONCLUSIONS: Obviously, a combination of parameters may increase the differentiation between groups. To ensure the robustness of the models the best way will be testing these models in a prospective study. It may be possible that sleepiness in sleep deprivation and in OSAS patients have different emphases.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":534,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-15","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Role of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Pupillary Light Reflex of Mice","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-15","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":514,"original_file_name":"1170468710796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":136726,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":534,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"In mice, a number of non-image forming light responses, including the pupillary light reflex survive the complete loss of rod and cone photoreceptors. The non-rod non-cone photoreceptors that drive these responses employ an opsin photopigment with a \uf06cmax around 480nm and reside in the inner retina. Their cellular identity has recently been addressed. It seems that a subset of retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the site of the primary circadian clock in mammals, are intrinsically photosensitive. These cells contain the putative photopigment melanopsin. Melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells also project to the oliviary pretectal nuclei.\nDisrupting the melanopsin gene provides an opportunity to study the role of this protein in pupillary responses. Although the survival and targeting of the melanopsin class of retinal ganglion cells are not affected by melanopsin loss, their photosensitivity is abolished. Despite this effect, melanopsin knockouts retain a pupillary light reflex. However, combining the melanopsin knockout with lesions of both rod and cone phototransduction cascades renders mice unresponsive to light. Thus, either the melanopsin or rod\/cone systems alone can drive pupil responses, but in the absence of both no other photosystem can perform this function. \nThe finding that both classical and novel photoreceptors can drive pupil responses establishes a challenge to elucidate the interaction between these pathways. Studying both melanopsin knockouts and mice lacking rods and cones has allowed us to explore the role of outer and inner retinal photoreception in the regulation of pupil size. Our findings to date confirm that the information provided by the rod\/cone and melanopsin systems is complementary. Rods and\/or cones are responsible for pupil responses under relatively dim light, while the melanopsin system drives constriction under bright light conditions (>1012 photons\/cm2\/s). The activity of both inner and outer photoreceptors is required to produce a normal pupil response to all intensities.\nA combination of rod\/cone and melanopsin photoreceptors is also involved in other light responses including circadian photoentrainment and the regulation of the neuroendocrine axis. Nevertheless, the quantifiability, reproducibility and ease of measurement of the pupil light reflex make it a powerful tool for establishing the characteristics and functions of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J Lucas"]},{"item_id":535,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-16","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Unrest in Sleepy Versus Non-Sleepy Healthy Subjects","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-16","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":515,"original_file_name":"1170468707187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":158354,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":535,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: In behaviorally and subjectively sleepy individuals the size of the pupils has been observed to oscillate significantly more than in alert individuals. The pupillary unrest index (PUI) has been proposed as a mathematical way of quantifying this oscillation. However, little information is available about how the PUI compares as an objective measure of sleepiness to the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), the current \u201cgold standard\u201d for measuring physiologic sleepiness. The purpose of this study was to compare the PUI and sleep latencies in sleepy (7 M, 8 F, 20-53 years of age) versus non-sleepy (8 M, 14 F, 22-55 years of age) healthy subjects who underwent health screening as well as all night polysomnography (PSG) with pupillometry alertness level testing (ALT) and the MSLT conducted the next day.\nMETHODS: The extensive health screening included: 1.) a review of prior medical records; 2.) completion of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory and a Sleep Log; and 3.) a clinic visit that included a urine drug screen (UDS), selected blood tests, a urinanalysis, an EKG and a complete medical history and physical examination. Further testing was conducted about two weeks after screening data were determined to be within normal limits. The sleep study (PSG) was conducted the night prior to daytime testing. The MSLT was conducted at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours following standard procedures for administration. The ALT was conducted at 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 hours with the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test\uf0d4(PST) AMTech GmbH pupillometer. During ALT testing subjects were comfortably seated in a quiet, dark room with instructions to keep their eyes open and try to stay awake without doing anything special to do so. Between the MSLT and ALT sessions, another UDS, and four subjective (introspective) sleepiness measures were administered (order varied between subjects for questionnaires).\nRESULTS: Controls with a mean sleep latency (SL) of < 10 minutes across the four MSLT nap opportunities were classified as sleepy (mean SL of sleepy and non-sleepy subjects were 6.5\uf0b12.4 versus 15.1\uf0b12.7 minutes, t35 = 9.8, p \uf0a3 .01). Analyses of group socio-demographics, subjective sleepiness ratings and amount of sleep revealed the following non-significant statistical results: 1.) no differences between groups in age and gender were found; 2.) no significant difference in mean scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was found (mean of sleepy subjects = 6.4\uf0b13.2 versus non-sleepy = 5.2\uf0b12.5); 3.) no significant difference in total scores on the Functional Outcomes of Sleepiness Scale was found (the mean of sleepy and non-sleepy subjects was 18.3\uf0b12.3 versus 18.9\uf0b11.7); 4.) mean minutes of sleep the night of PSG testing was not significantly different between groups (436.8\uf0b182.9 versus 421.9\uf0b145.9).\nAnalyses of objective measures revealed the following: 1.) the mean PUI (9.2\uf0b1 3.1) and SL (11.6\uf0b15.0) for the 4 testing sessions across groups were moderately and significantly correlated (Pearson r = -.51, p < .01); 2.) MANOVA for the mean PUI and SL between groups revealed significant differences across the four testing periods (F4, 32 = 5.0, p < .01 and F 4, 32 = 22.79, p < .01 respectively); 3.) repeated measures ANOVA for the mean PUI and SL between time periods across the groups revealed significant differences at selected testing periods (F6, 208 = 4.6, p <.01) although the pattern of differences did not necessarily reflect currently hypothesized circadian daytime patterns of sleepiness.\nCONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the PUI is capable of distinguishing between sleepy and non-sleepy healthy subjects. Since ALT testing is more convenient and easier to conduct than polygraphic measures, it could be useful in situations where level of sleepiness is the outcome of interest. Further research is needed to establish PUI norms for healthy non-sleepy subjects by age and gender.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by NIH, RO1 NR04959.\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Stephen R. Lloyd"]},{"item_id":536,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-17","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Effectiveness of Pupil Size Estimation during Eye-Blink","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-17","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":516,"original_file_name":"1170468703827.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143066,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":536,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Pupillary change can be used as a measure for various phenomena such as assessing emotion and task difficulty. The measure is based upon an evaluation of pupil size or frequency spectrum pupillogram readings. Most methods of analysis are based upon images of the eye, however the problem of 'eye blinks' can affect the data that is collected due to the eye being obscured by the eye lid during 'blink periods'.\nPURPOSE: In order to counter the effects of incomplete data due to 'eye blink' an estimation model of pupil size has been developed which is based upon a multi layer perception (MLP) with a hidden layer that acts as a simple neural network. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation technique was assessed using a task-evoked pupillography form of analysis.\nMETHOD: The estimation model was calibrated through the analysis of pupil responses that were generated either naturally or as a result of subjects being told to blink on cue 'artificial blinks'. It was found that the pupil size during the 'blink period' could be estimated. \nIn order to study task-evoked pupillography, a group of subjects were asked to undergo a series of tests that required them to solve and verbally report either a 1 x 1 or a 1 x 2 digit calculation while being asked to follow a switching visual target; the control condition was an ocular following task with no calculation. The rate of blinks, mean pupil size and the power readings generated by the power spectrum density (PSD) for pupillography were compared and an estimation of the 'blink period' was either applied or not applied. \nRESULTS: The estimation model was applied to pupillary changes during the experiment. It was found that the amount of missing pupil data was reduced from 8.4% to 0.0%. There were no significant differences recorded in the average pupil size once smaller pupil sizes had been omitted using a threshold.\nIn addition, inappropriate power spectrums were also removed by the estimation in the frequency analysis for temporal pupillary change. Pupillography differences in the two task types were found. The PSD in the area of 1.6 - 3.5Hz was significantly affected across the three experimental conditions as well as the generated averages of pupil size. Both PSD and average pupil size were seen to increase with task difficulty. Comparing PSD results of pupillography readings for data that had the 'blink period estimations' and those that did not have the 'blink period estimations' revealed that the removal of the 'blink period' from the data set using the MLP estimation model allowed for the variable 'task solving' and pupil size to be observed.\nCONCLUSION: This result demonstrates that pupil size measured using an MLP estimation model during 'blink periods' is effective for pupillography observation data such as frequency analysis.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Yasutaka Shimizu"]},{"item_id":537,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-18","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Can Peppermint Oil Really Reduce Daytime Sleepiness? A Pupillographic Assessment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-18","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":517,"original_file_name":"1170468704999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":137608,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":537,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: There seems to be, within popular literature at least, some consensus as to the benefits and effects of various essential oils. In particular, peppermint oil is thought to be both \u2018stimulating\u2019 and \u2018invigorating\u2019. Others make even more specific claims as to its effectiveness in reducing sleepiness, including reviving and stimulating junior doctors while on a night shift or counteracting after lunch sleepiness in the workplace. In contrast to these widely held beliefs about the effects of peppermint oil there are comparatively few empirical studies into these \u2018invigorating\u2019 effects.\nMETHOD: The study incorporated a mixed factorial design with time during the recording as the within group factor and presence or absence of peppermint oil as the between groups factor. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by calculating the pupillary unrest index (PUI) from pupillary fatigue oscillations. Twenty participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental conditions. A bench-mounted monocular infrared video pupillometer (PM_SCAN system) was used to record the pupillary responses, at 50 Hz and with a resolution of 0.01mm. A fixed concentration of undiluted peppermint oil, Mentha x piperita, was used. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) was used as an indicator of initial subjective sleepiness. \nRESULTS: There was no difference in initial subjective sleepiness between the two experimental groups, t = 0.59 (d.f.=16) p = 0.56. During the first minute of the recording the mean pupillary unrest indices for the peppermint and control groups were similar. However, the expected increase in sleepiness during the 11-minute recording was less in the peppermint condition than in the control condition. A two-way mixed factorial ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time, F(1,16) = 52.5, p<0.01 and a significant interaction between time and whether or not peppermint was present, F(1,16) = 11.2, p<0.01. Independent samples t-tests revealed that this interaction was the result of a significant effect of the odour towards the end of the recording (t = 2.64, df=16, p<0.05). \nDISCUSSION: The expected increase in sleepiness during the 11-minute recording was found in both the peppermint and control groups, however this increase was significantly diminished in the peppermint condition. This effect is not a result of individual differences in initial sleepiness. It seems that several of the oft-quoted assertions about the ability of peppermint oil to ward off sleepiness now have some evidential support.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Norrish","K. Dwyer"]},{"item_id":538,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-19","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) Parameters Identification","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-19","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":518,"original_file_name":"1170468701343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":171264,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":538,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The examination of the PLR provides valuable diagnostic information about properties of the anatomical systems, which are connected with the reflex way, both in normal and pathological conditions. The parameters of the PLR reflex in response to different types of stimulation are strong quantitative indicators of specific anatomic system pathology. The obtaining reliable PLR also depend on conditions of stimulation and measurement. \nAuthors have designed the experimental set-up and methods to analysis of PLR parameters (in response to a single pulse and periodic light stimulations).\nMETHOD: In described the experimental set-up the left eye is stimulated and the consensual response of the right eye is recorded. The system of two CCD linear sensors is used as the detection element. It allows to record and digitize the right pupil diameter at the rate of 90 times\/ second, with the accuracy of 0.005 mm. The parameters of the light stimulation i.e. amplitude and time duration of a single light pulse, amplitude, frequency and pulse duty factor of rectangular periodic light pulses are adjustable. The system permits an accurate determination of the time characteristic of the PLR dynamic response. The analysis of the PLR response in time domain recorded for 5 healthy subjects has been performed. \nIn this paper we present two methods to analysis of the PLR. The first method depends on modeling of the PLR pathway as the second order inertial system with response time delay. The response of that system to pulse stimulation with given amplitude and time duration using Laplace transform has been determined. The method enables to calculate two time-constants describing constriction ( ) and dilation ( ) processes, time delay reaction ( ) and amplification coefficient ( ). The accuracy and repeatability of the PLR parameters obtained using proposed method has been investigated. The analysis and the comparison the velocity parameters of the PLR time characteristic recorded for different stimulation shapes have been carried out in the second method. The stimulation parameters in the form of rectangular periodic light pulses or a single pulse light have been adjusted. \nRESULTS: The variability of the model parameters ( ) as a function of time duration (0,1s \u2013 3 s) of the light pulse has been studied. The example parameters obtained for chosen subject are following: (0,253 - 0,607), (0,357 - 4,127), (0,241 \u2013 0,258), (0,943 \u2013 1,250). The most important parameters analyzed in the second method were: maximal contraction and dilation velocity; time of peak contraction; pupil size at the time of peak contraction and dilation; contraction amplitude and time delay reaction. Those parameters were analyzed as a function of stimulation shape. \nThe local minimum effect appearing in the PLR response to periodic stimulation approximately 100 ms after beginning of stimulation has been observed. The explanation this phenomenon has been proposed. \nCONCLUSIONS: We proposed easy and fast quantitative methods to the determination of the PLR parameters. They can be used for diagnostic estimation of the anatomic systems connected with the PLR pathway function.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wioletta Nowak","Andrzej Hacho\u0142","Henryk Kasprzak"]},{"item_id":539,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-20","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Some Important Mechanisms in Iris Responses to Drugs","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-20","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":519,"original_file_name":"1170468702515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":158222,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":539,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"The classical neuronal cholinergic and noradrenergic receptor mediated functional control of mammalian iris muscles is well established. Some unique mechanisms, which control pupillary changes were investigated. The standard quantitative pharmacologic methods were used in vitro or in vivo to measure iris muscle responses.\nI.\tImplications of chemical deposits in pigment cell: Atropine, ephedrine and cocaine dependant slow onset of pupillary dilatation and the long duration of the action was co-related to the drug deposits in the pigment cell. The pigment-bound drugs are released locally onto neuroeffector junctions to influence the kinetics of the pharmacological response. Even other liposoluble molecules like pilocarpine, physostigmine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, \uf038-adrenoceptor blockers, nicotine, chloroquine and organophosphate pesticides were accumulated in the pigment cell melanins. Accordingly, the local pharmacological and\/or toxicological reactions in ocular structures were influenced. Quarternary charged molecules, acetylcholine or carbachol, which are less likely to be transported across the pigment cell membrane for the binding, produce equal miotic-contractions of the iris sphincter in vitro of the tissue either obtained from albino or nonalbino rabbits. The systemic administration of morphine, which produces miosis through activation of oculomotor neurons, exhibited equal miosis in the dog with a hypopigmented and the pigmented iris. Unequal deposits of morphine in such bicoloured irides if any, are irrelevant for explaining the equal pupillary reaction to the drug.\nII.\tSome neuronal drug mechanisms of iris and its functional implications: Physostigmine in a concentration-dependent manner develops slow contraction of the human isolated iris sphincter, indicating the local indirect effect of the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. In such a preparation, residual cholinergic neurons must release some acetylcholine. At the low concentration of physostigmine when the sphincter contractions are small, the effects of exogenous acetylcholine are potentiated. Huperzine-A a new inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase is 2-3-fold more potent than physostigmine in the iris sphincter for such a potentiation of the transmitter.\nThe neuronal norepinephrine content of albino and non-albino rabbit iris was nearly equal. In albino iris dilator muscle, cocaine potentiated (-) norepinephrine mediated contractions. The potentiation at EC50 was 100-fold, while that in pigmented iris dilator of rabbit & human was 37- and 17-fold respectively. The loss of cocaine in the pigment cell partly explains the low potentiation of (-) norepinephrine in the muscle from dark irides. Neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake of (-)-norepinephrine was studied in rabbit iris. The pigment cell accumulates some hydrophilic (-)-norepinephrine but does not metabolize it. The accumulation lacks stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the rates of extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of isoproterenol to o-methylated product were nearly equal in two types of irides. The metabolites can be accumulated in the pigment cell.\nIsolated human iris sphincter obtained from donors with Parkinson\u2019s disease or diabetes potentiated responses to carbachol, a muscarinic agonist. There appears to be some increase in sensitivity in the iris sphincter to the cholinergic agonist in the pathologically denervated iris. In those patients who received antimuscarinic medication before the donation, the iris sphincter was hyposensitive to the muscarinic agonist.\nIII.\tReceptor mechanisms for the pupillary response: Mammalian iris sphincter produces miosis to the muscarinic cholinergic receptor activator. Maximum contraction of the muscle to pilocarpine relative to carbachol (100%) varies greatly 80% in human iris sphincter to only 12% in rabbits. In the latter species pilocarpine acts as a competitive blocker at the muscarinic receptor. The affinity of pilocarpine to the receptor in both human and rabbit appears to be the same. The intrinsic transduction mechanism in the latter must be deficient for the drug.\n\tDo human iris sphincter contain \uf038-adrenoceptor? The answer is \u2018yes\u2019. Isoproterenol, the receptor agonist relaxes the muscle. The 30% relaxation is sensitive to blocking by the antagonist Timolol. Data imply that circulating epinephrine, to a small extent, may produce mydriasis by this mechanism. The activation of the dilator muscle \uf061-adrenoceptor for mydriasis by the hormone is well known. The topical Corneal Barrier Index in humans for pupillary dilation by hydrophilic \uf061-adrenoceptor activator (-) phenylephrine may be as high as 40,000. Thus the cornea provides a major barrier for the drug effect at the iris receptors. \n\tBovine iris sphincter develops tone in vitro. Isoproterenol completely relaxes the muscle. In this species, the pupillary dilatation is mainly via \uf038-adrenoceptor mechanism. In vitro, lowering the temperature of the medium increases the functional response of iris sphincter to cholinergic stimulants in various mammalian species, including that of the human eye. The equilibrium dissolution constant KB of atropine ~1nM either at 17.5\u00b0C or at 37.5\u00b0C is not altered. The concentration (IC50) of atropine, however, to antagonize or reverse the cholinergic receptor-mediated contraction is significantly higher. These facts explain that miotic pupillary response is difficult to antagonize by atropine. The role of co-transmitters and receptors in pupillary homeostasis remains to be explored.\nREFERENCE: Popat N. Patil and Vishambhar N. Puri (editors) Frontiers of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Allied Publishers PVT Limited. New Delhi. 2002.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":540,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-21","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses to Coloured Stimuli, Chromatic Afterimages and Rod Contrast Signals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-21","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":520,"original_file_name":"1170468709687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":141952,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":540,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Pupil responses to isoluminant chromatic stimuli and the corresponding colour afterimages have been investigated in previous studies (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 96 (20):11637-11641, 1999). Although evidence for the existence of separate visual pathways (Brain 125:2296-2307, 2002) that can mediate pupil colour responses has emerged from a number of studies (see The Visual Neurosciences, MIT Press, 2003: Cambridge, MA, eds. L. M. Chalupa and J. S. Werner, for review), considerable controversy remains as to whether pupil responses to the offset of chromatic stimuli reflect the activity of colour mechanisms. The aim of this study was to understand how chromatic afterimages are generated and whether the pupil constrictions recorded at the offset of an isoluminant coloured stimulus reflect the activity of colour mechanisms. \nMETHODS: Pupil responses were elicited with either luminance changes or the onset \/ offset of isoluminant, chromatic stimuli. Two stimulus colours that were photopically isoluminant and also had zero rod contrast were selected for the study. In addition, pupil responses to coloured stimuli that were only photopically isoluminant and varied in scotopic luminance contrast were also measured. The stimuli were either presented briefly for a specified duration, or the stimulus strength (i.e., luminance or chromatic contrast) was modulated sinusoidally at a frequency of 0.8 Hz. These tests enabled us to examine how rod contrast signals drive the pupil response when the eye is presented with coloured stimuli that are photopically isoluminant. The visual stimuli were then buried in dynamic luminance contrast (LC) noise. The properties of the LC noise were varied systematically and the corresponding pupil responses examined. The aim was to establish whether pupil responses to colour afterimages were also independent of dynamic LC noise. \nRESULTS: Pupil responses can be elicited both at the onset and the offset of isoluminant, chromatic stimuli, even when rod contrast signals are absent. The corresponding pupil response latencies are in general longer than those elicited with luminance contrast signals, even when of larger amplitude. \u201cRed\u201d afterimages generated by a \u201cgreen\u201d stimulus that is photopically and scotopically isoluminant turned out to be particularly effective in driving the pupil response. Pupil responses to chromatic afterimages caused by sinusoidal modulation of chromatic signal strength were found to lag behind the primary stimulus by exactly half a cycle, following the generation of the colour afterimage. In the case of flashed chromatic stimuli, the pupil responses generated, both at stimulus onset and offset remain unaffected by the presence of dynamic LC noise. This was not however the case when the stimulus was defined by luminance contrast or the coloured stimulus was only photopically isoluminant. \nCONCLUSIONS: The results reveal significant pupil responses triggered by both the onset and offset of coloured stimuli that are both photopically and scotopically isoluminant. When the coloured stimulus is buried in dynamic LC noise, the presence of the noise has no significant effect on pupil response amplitudes, either at stimulus onset or offset. This finding is in marked contrast to the large reduction in pupil response amplitude observed with luminance contrast defined stimuli under the same conditions. The generation of chromatic afterimages and the corresponding pupil responses are therefore mediated by colour mechanisms that remain unaffected by the presence of LC noise. The results also show convincingly that rod contrast signals present in coloured stimuli that are photopically isoluminant can drive the pupil response. When such stimuli are employed, the corresponding pupil responses can be affected significantly by dynamic LC noise, even when the light adaptation level is normally considered to be photopic.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M Rodriguez-Carmona","J A Harlow","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":541,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-22","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Hippus: A Collection of Different Types of Oscillations, Some of which Emanate from the Pretectal Nuclei","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-22","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":521,"original_file_name":"1170471477359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":205308,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":541,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: We have shown that the relative input from each pretectal nucleus to the two Edinger-Westfall nuclei can be evaluated in humans. Most normal subjects have asymmetric crossings such that stimulation of a pretectal nucleus results in a mild contraction anisocoria with the contralateral eye contracting more than the ipsilateral eye. In this study we assumed that spontaneous oscillations generated by a pretectal nucleus would show a similar contraction anisocoria. \nPURPOSE: To determine whether or not one can manipulate the pattern of hippus by stimulation of the individual pretectal nuclei and identify some oscillations as originating from the pretectal nuclei.\nMETHODS: Eleven normal subjects underwent binocular infrared video pupillography. A constant dim illumination from a single hemifield in one eye was used while recording several one to two minute segments of spontaneous oscillations. All subjects had recordings during stimulation of both the left and right nasal hemifields. Seven of the subjects had recordings during unilateral temporal stimulation as well. For each spontaneous oscillation, a computer program identified the relative amplitude of constriction of each eye. The number of contractions slightly larger in the right eye was compared to the number of contractions slightly larger in the left eye. Larger contraction anisocorias were ignored as it we felt these were likely to be from the pretectal nuclei\nRESULTS: For all but one of the subjects the number of oscillations with a mild right-sided contraction anisocoria increased during right nasal stimulation. Most showed the reverse pattern with left nasal stimulation. Stimulation of the temporal fields did not have any consistent influence on the type of oscillations generated. The ratio of the number of oscillations slightly greater in one eye compared to the other during nasal stimulation correlated well (R2= 47.7; p < 0.001) with values of the midbrain crossings calculated by previously reported methods. \nCONCLUSIONS: Some spontaneous oscillations originate from the pretectal nuclei and result in a small contraction anisocoria. The effect of single hemifield stimulation on hippus is proportional to the anatomic asymmetry of crossing fibers from the pretectal nuclei to the Edinger-Westfall nuclei. Nasal and temporal stimulations do not have the same effect on hippus.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael L. Rosenberg","Harsheel Desai"]},{"item_id":542,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-23","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Still Drowsy in the Morning? Objective Investigation of Hang-over Effects in Valerian\/Lemon Balm Tablets","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-23","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":522,"original_file_name":"1170471478828.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153633,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":542,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Well-known disadvantages of classical hypnotics are drowsiness and sleepiness in the morning hours after application in the evening before. Although the effects of benzodiazepines upon night sleep parameters have been well investigated by polysomnographic studies, there is a lack of objective evidence by any physiological measure concerning the existence and amount of such a hang-over. In the present study the PST (Pupillographic Sleepiness Test) was used as a measure of daytime sleepiness to determine the presence of a hang-over effect in healthy volunteers the day after the administration of tablets containing 120 mg Valerian and 80 mg Lemon balm (Songha\uf0d2 Night, Pharmaton SA, Lugano, Switzerland) compared to 10 mg Oxazepam and placebo.\nMETHODS: Pupillography. The PST (by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness. Parameter of evaluation is the natural logarithm of the pupillary unrest index (ln PUI). Higher values of this index express increased daytime sleepiness. Design. A randomised, double-blind, double-dummy placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Subjects and procedures: 54 subjects (21 m, 33 f, mean age 34.9, SD 11) were randomised and treated. Each subject was tested 6 times: baseline I \/ treatment I, baseline II \/ treatment II, baseline III \/ treatment III. The treatment periods lasted one week each followed by one week wash-out. Placebo, the herbal combination and Oxazepam were given in a randomised order. Pupillary examinations and subjective scales [visual analogue scale (VAS) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)] took place at 8:00, 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. 53 subjects were closed per protocol and evaluated for the efficacy analysis.\nAnalysis: The hypotheses of non-inferiority of the valerian\/lemon balm combination to placebo, followed by non-inferiority and superiority of the herbal combination to oxazepam, respectively, were analysed in an a priori fixed order for the ln PUI. The margin for decision was set to 0.2. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to detect differences of treatments minus baseline in ln PUI and VAS. SSS and global assessments of efficacy and tolerability were analysed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Correlations of differences from baseline in ln PUI and subjective scales were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.\nRESULTS: The non-inferiority hypothesis of valerian\/lemon balm compared to placebo and Oxazepam was confirmed by the results while the superiority hypothesis to Oxazepam was not (n=53, least square means for effect of treatment minus baseline: valerian\/lemon balm combination 0.0609, Oxazepam -0,0190, placebo \u20130,0064). The subjective perception of sleepiness by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) showed no increase in sleepiness after the three treatment periods either. The differences from baseline in PUI and VAS\/SSS by medication correlated closely at all three conditions (total, n=53, average Pearson corr. coefficient for PUI\/VAS 0.44, significant at 8 of 9 time-points).\nCONCLUSIONS: Valerian\/lemon balm reveals no hang-over during the first half of the day neither in objective measures nor in subjective perception. In contradiction to the results of an open pilot study with 10 mg Oxazepam, the same treatment did not cause the expected hang-over either in the main trial. Issues such as differences in subject selection, sample size and design may be considered as possible reasons for this contradiction.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Rainer Schnell","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Hubertus Peil","Alberto Vignutelli"]},{"item_id":543,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-24","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Concurrent Pupil Dilation and fMRI Assessment: Applications to Understanding Information Processing in Healthy and Depressed Individuals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-24","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":523,"original_file_name":"1170471480250.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":142862,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":543,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"The use of concurrently acquired pupil dilation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was examined as a way of understanding how healthy and depressed individuals process emotional and non-emotional information. Pupil dilation, as a correlate of cognitive load, can be used to describe the time course of cognitive and emotional processing on a quick time scale. fMRI can be used to provide greater specificity regarding the brain areas used in this processing. \nStudy 1: To introduce the method, sixteen healthy participants completed a working memory task (digit sorting) during measurement of pupil dilation outside the fMRI environment and during concurrent 3T fMRI assessment. Pupil dilation increased parametrically with task difficulty inside and outside the scanner, on a similar time-course suggesting that task demand was similar in both environments. The time-course of pupil dilation during digit sorting was similar to the time course of the fMRI signal in the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggesting that activity in this brain area indexed the engagement working memory processes. Incorporating individual differences in pupil dilation improved the sensitivity and specificity of analyses of activity in this region, above and beyond standard analytic techniques. Results suggest concurrent pupil dilation during fMRI assessment can help to 1) specify whether task demand is the same inside and outside the fMRI environment, 2) resolve the extent to which fMRI signals reflect different cognitive processes that happen in quick succession, and 3) explain variation in fMRI data due to individual differences in information processing \nStudy 2: Depressed individuals historically display impairment on working memory tasks and increased engagement in emotional processing. fMRI can be used to investigate brain activity associated with these phenomena, but hypothesized differences in the time-course of cognitive activity during cognitive and emotional tasks for depressed and never-depressed individuals suggest that incorporating independent measures of individual differences in cognitive and emotional reactivity, such as pupil dilation, into analyses could be useful. \nIn addition to the healthy sample described above, 13 unmedicated clinically depressed participants underwent concurrent assessment of fMRI and pupil dilation during the digit-sorting task. Pupil dilation increased parametrically with cognitive load in both groups but was lower in the high cognitive load condition in depressed than healthy participants. Using pupil dilation as a regressor for fMRI data revealed an area in the left DLPFC in which activity was consistent with pupil dilation in each group, and in which activity was decreased for depressed individuals. Thus, pupil dilation and fMRI data suggested that depressed individuals engaged in less task-relevant cognitive and brain activity associated with executive control on the task. Depressed individuals also experienced increased amygdala activity for difficult items, potentially suggesting that for them, the task became affective. Thus, we suggest that depressed individuals experience decreased executive control and potentially, increased affective engagement when confronted with difficult items. Inhibition of PFC by the amygdala is one explanation for decreased DLPFC activity in depression. \n To understand whether the observed patterns of activity generalize to explicitly emotional contexts, the same participants completed a task in which they identified the emotional valence of words in alternation with digit sorting. Pupil dilation in depressed individuals was increased and sustained in response to the emotional words on this task. Amygdala activity was also greater in the depressed individuals. Decreased activity in the previously identified DLPFC region was observed during the valence identification task. These patterns carried into subsequent digit sorting trials. These data are consistent with the idea that depressed individuals engage in more emotional processing, and less specifically cognitive processing than healthy individuals.\n To understand the extent to which pupil dilation reflects activity in multiple relevant brain regions, activity both the DLPFC and amygdala were regressed against pupil dilation data. Results suggested that activity in both brain regions independently contributed to pupil dilation, consistent with the notion of pupil dilation as an additive measure of brain activity.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase","Cameron Carter."]},{"item_id":544,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-25","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Strategies to Investigate Pupillomotor Receptive Fields","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-25","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":524,"original_file_name":"1170471482171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":160132,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":544,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: It is believed that in the human visual field there are circumscribed areas called receptive fields consisting of two response zones, a central summation zone and a larger surrounding inhibiting area. The pupillomotor sensitivity of the retina has proved to be remarkably similar to the visual sensitivity with a difference in thresholds. Pupil campimetry is an objective method of visual field testing. The aim of our study was to analyse how different characteristics of the light stimulus influence the pupil light reaction. We wanted to find out whether it is possible to define pupillomotor receptive fields and by that specify the properties of the stimulus used in pupil campimetry more accurately in order to improve the method. \nMETHODS: Infrared video-based pupillography was performed in 11 healthy persons (mean age 26,9 years) with no eye pathology and a normal pupil light reaction. In all persons only the right eye was tested. Light stimuli were generated on a computer screen with a constant background luminance of 1 cd\/m2 at a distance of 20 cm from the subject\u2019s eye within a visual field of 30 degrees. The stimuli were presented in upper temporal and lower nasal quadrants at 20\u00b0 eccentricity. The stimulus periodically changed between these two quadrants in order to avoid adaptation processes. The diameter of the stimulus varied from 1 to 10\u00b0 starting with the smallest diameter. Each stimulus was repeated four times and for each stimulus size mean amplitude of the pupil reaction was calculated. Other qualities of the stimulus (stimulus interval, stimulus duration) remained constant. Each stimulus size was tested at four light intensities. Mean amplitude of the pupil light reaction was analyzed in relation to different stimulus qualities. \nRESULTS: When plotting amplitude of the pupil light reaction in all subjects against the area of the light stimulus very similar curves can be observed for higher intensities, showing a steep increase in pupil reaction for smaller diameters and a sudden change to a much slower increase for the larger diameters. Comparing logarithm of the mean amplitude with the logarithm of the stimulus area a linear two-phase curve can be observed. The gain of the stimulus-response curve is much higher for smaller stimulus sizes than for larger stimuli. There is a sudden transition between the two linear parts of the stimulus response curve. This transition relates to a stimulus size of approximately. 3 degrees. There is probably a naso -temporal difference: whereas the slope is identical for large stimuli, i.e. for the 2nd linear part of the curve, the slope is steeper on the side of the nasal field. \nDISCUSSION: The curves remind of the transition between Ricco\u2019s and Piper\u2019s law as known from psychophysical examinations. This is usually considered as the point of stimulus saturation for the on-centre perceptive field. The slope of the stimulus response curve decreases if the surrounding inhibiting areas are covered by the stimulus. Applied to our results this means that the on-centre size of the pupil receptive field would be about 3 degrees at an eccentricity of 20 degrees. The method applied here seems to be promising for mapping the on-centre of the pupil receptive fields.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Karolina Skorkovska","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":545,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-26","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil in Harlequin Syndrome","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-26","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":525,"original_file_name":"1170471486562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":131194,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":545,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"In Harlequin syndrome the normal skin changes associated with exercise and body heating are partly disrupted. The condition most commonly affects the face but may involve also the neck, arm, hand and upper trunk. The condition is thought to be associated with a sympathetic lesion on the affected side, in which the skin fails to redden or sweat.\nWe report 16 cases on whom we have performed pupillography in between attacks. Rather surprisingly, only 10\/16 patients had relative miosis on the affected side; of these six had frank Horner\u2019s syndrome. One other patient had bilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome. \nWe will discuss the pathophysiology with special reference to the sympathetic nerve supply of the facial circulation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen Smith","Fion Bremner"]},{"item_id":546,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-27","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Cognitive and Motor Inhibition of the Pupillary Light Reaction in Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorders: Evidence for Effortful Processing in the Parasympathetic Pathway","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-27","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":526,"original_file_name":"1170471487875.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":141723,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":546,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Performance in a number of cognitive domains is reported to be deficient in schizophrenic disorders. A generalized deficit has often been assumed to underlie the failure of information processing operations. This assumption was challenged by recording the pupillary reaction to light, which is sensitive to both effortful and cognitive influences. We hypothesized that measures of effortful processing should be intact in neuropsychiatric patients who were actively attending to task requirements. This should be revealed in activation of parasympathetic activity from central sources, having the effect of inhibiting activity at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Secondly, we sought to determine the time course of interference in the parasympathetic pathway by the performance of motor responses at varying delays before and after light onset.\nMETHOD: Subjects included 12 healthy controls, 9 schizophrenia patients, and 12 alcoholic patients. In both experiments, a 1000 msec light stimulus was repeated every 4000 msec. In Experiment 1, the light reaction was recorded to 11 light presentations under each of three conditions: 1) no task (Light Only), 2) an easy task requiring a simple verbalization (Add 1 to successive numbers), and 3) a difficult task requiring successive subtraction of 7 from a seed number. In Experiment 2, involving 49 light presentations, the subject was required to press a button whenever a 100 msec tone was presented. The tone occurred randomly in 250 msec steps beginning 1000 msec before and up to 500 msec after light onset, or omitted entirely. For both experiments, average responses to light stimuli were computed. \nRESULTS: Experiment 1: Across groups, prestimulus pupil diameter was smallest in the Light Only condition, larger for Add 1, and largest in the Subtract 7 condition (p < .001). That is, all of the groups showed the same increasing diameter with increasing task difficulty. Light reaction amplitude did not differ for Light Only and Add 1, but was reduced by the Subtract 7 operation for all groups (p = .047). \nExperiment 2: The light reaction was inhibited beginning 750 msec before light onset, was maximally decreased during the \u2013250 to +250 msec window, but showed recovery at +500 msec. The pattern of inhibition was more tightly distributed in the schizophrenia patient group.\nDISCUSSION: Increased diameter with greater demand has been linked to reticular activation. Reduction of the light reaction appears indicative of cortical activation. Both physiological pathways inhibit central parasympathetic activity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that effortful processing reflected in the parasympathetic pathway is intact in schizophrenia patients. The findings are incompatible with a generalized deficit, but do provide evidence of appropriate physiological reactivity to task demands. However, the time course of inhibitory activities appears more disrupted in schizophrenia patients than healthy subjects.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by USPHS MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J.Siegle","Ruth Condray"]},{"item_id":547,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-28","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Noradrenergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Comparison of Modafinil and Clonidine","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-28","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":527,"original_file_name":"1170471489109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":169982,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":547,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Noradrenergic neurones located in the lower brain stem, mainly in the locus coeruleus, project to most parts of the neuraxis. The ascending projection plays a prominent role in arousal and maintenance of wakefulness, whereas projections to preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones modulate autonomic activity. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine can \u201cswitch off\u201d the activity of the locus coeruleus, thereby leading to sedation, and to a sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic effect[1]. Modafinil is a novel wakefulness-promoting agent licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy[2]. The mode of action of modafinil is not known: one possibility is that it may activate the central noradrenergic system. We have examined the effects of modafinil on pupillary function and compared them with those of clonidine. We have also investigated the possible interaction between the two drugs on the pupil.\nMETHODS: Sixteen healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions at weekly intervals in which they received (i) modafinil 200 mg, (ii) clonidine 0.2 mg, (iii) modafinil 200 mg and clonidine 0.2 mg, (iv) placebo. The four treatments were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Light reflex responses were evoked by green (peak wavelength 565 nm) light flashes (200 ms; 8.5 x 10-3, 7.0 x 10-2 and 0.43 mW cm-2), and darkness reflex responses by switching off the background illumination of 1700 Cd m\u20132. Recordings were made with a binocular infrared television pupillometer (TVP 1015B, Applied Science Laboratories Waltham, MA, USA). Spontaneous pupillary fluctuations in darkness were measured by the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (AmTech, Weinheim, Germany). The level of alertness of the subjects was assessed using both subjective self-ratings, and measurement of critical flicker fusion frequency. Cardiovascular parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) and salivary output were also recorded.\nRESULTS: The effects of the treatments are shown in the table:-\nDISCUSSION: Clonidine exerted effects consistent with its central sympatholytic and sedative properties. In contrast, modafinil had relatively little effect on most of the measures used: it increased resting pupil diameter and the initial velocity of the darkness reflex, indicating an increase in the sympathetic output to the iris. It reduced the pupillary unrest index and critical flicker fusion frequency consistent with its alerting effect; however, it failed to affect subjective alertness. Modafinil was unable to counteract the effects of clonidine on almost all the measures used. These results argue against an action of modafinil via the central noradrenergic system. \nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3):6-18.\n2.\tBroughton, R.J. et al. (1997). Neurology 49:444-451.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. Freeman","H. Hou","R. W. Langley","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":548,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-29","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Serotonergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion and Buspirone","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-29","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":528,"original_file_name":"1170471490515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153573,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":548,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: There is some evidence that serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptaminergic) mechanisms may be involved in the central regulation of pupil diameter. Thus, drugs increasing the activity of central 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT) containing neurones, such as the 5-HT releasing agent fenfluramine and some antidepressants which block the re-uptake of 5-HT (SSRIs) have been reported to cause mydriasis. On the other hand, drugs known to decrease the activity\/influence of central 5-HT neurones, such as the 5-HT depleting agent 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5-HT1A receptor agonists, such as buspirone, which can \u201cswitch off\u201d the activity of serotonergic neurones, and 5-HT2A receptor agonists evoke miosis. (For review see ref. 1). In the present experiment we examined the effects of two variables known to reduce central serotonergic activity (buspirone and acute tryptophan depletion) on pupil diameter at different levels of ambient luminance. Acute tryptophan depletion is a procedure used to reduce central 5-HT synthesis by the ingestion of a cocktail of amino acids excluding tryptophan.\nMETHODS: Fifteen healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions at weekly intervals, in which they received (i) a tryptophan-deficient amino-acid drink (-TP) and placebo, (ii) a control amino-acid drink containing tryptophan (+TP) and placebo, (iii) \u2013TP and buspirone 20 mg, (iv) +TP and buspirone 20 mg. The four conditions were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Capsules containing buspirone or placebo were given 4 h after ingestion of the amino-acid drink. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Measurements were made before and 6 h after ingestion of the amino-acid drink. Pupil diameter data were analysed by two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA (amino-acid condition x drug condition). Light-intensity dependence of the effect of each treatment was analysed by one-factor ANOVA comparing the pre- post-treatment changes in pupil diameter across the four light intensities (significance criterion, p<0.05).\nRESULTS: The four light intensities produced graded miosis. Significant reductions of pupil diameter were produced by both \u2013TP and buspirone. The effects of the treatments were additive, there being no significant interaction between the two factors. The +TP\/placebo condition had no effect on pupil diameter, compared to the pre-treatment baseline. The effects of both \u2013TP and buspirone were greater under the 6 and 91 Cd m-2 lighting conditions than in darkness.\nDISCUSSION: The results confirm the light-dependent miotic effect of buspirone[1], and demonstrate a similar effect of acute tryptophan depletion, suggesting the modulation of the pupillary light reflex by serotonergic neurones. It is of interest that the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine also evokes a light dependent miosis in man[2], probably by \u201cswitching off\u201d central noradrenergic neurones in the locus coeruleus, and thereby disinhibiting the pupillary light reflex[3]. Therefore, it is possible that the effects of serotonergic drugs\/manipulations are mediated via the locus coeruleus. Although the precise neuronal circuitry is unknown, the most parsimonious model is that the noradrenergic neurones receive a tonic excitatory input from the serotonergic neurones, which activate excitatory 5-HT2A receptors on the noradrenergic neurones\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tPhillips, M.A. et al. (1999). J Psychopharmacol. 13:391-397.\n2.\tPhillips, M.A. et al. (2000). Br J Clin Pharmacol. 50:65-68.\n3.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol. 10(Suppl 3):6-18.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","S.J. Graham","S. Patel","W.M.A. Banjar","J. Gazzaz","R.W. Langley","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":549,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-30","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Histaminergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Comparison of Diphenhydramine and Diazepam","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-30","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":529,"original_file_name":"1170471491953.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143876,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":549,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Histaminergic neurones are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and project to most areas of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum hypothalamus, and many brain stem nuclei[1]. The ascending projection exerts a powerful alerting effect on the neocortex, via the activation of H1 histamine receptors[1,2]. Indeed, the blockade of these receptors may underlie the sedative effects of a number of drugs with affinity for H1 histamine receptors (e.g. first generation antihistamines, phenothiazine antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants). Although the first generation antihistamines have pronounced sedative properties, their pupillary effects are largely unknown. It is of interest that many of these drugs also block muscarinic cholinoceptors, an effect that may also modify pupillary function. We have examined the pupillary effects of one such drug, diphenhydramine, and compared them with those of diazepam. \nMETHODS: Fifteen healthy male volunteers participated in three experimental sessions at weekly intervals in which they received (i) diphenhydramine 75 mg, (ii) diazepam 10 mg, (iii) placebo. The three treatments were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Light reflex responses were evoked by green (peak wavelength 565 nm) light flashes (200 ms, 0.43 mW cm-2); recordings were made with a binocular infrared television pupillometer (TVP 1015B, Applied Science Laboratories Waltham, MA. USA). The level of alertness of the subjects was assessed using both subjective self-ratings, and measurement of critical flicker fusion frequency.\nRESULTS: Diphenhydramine caused a significant miosis at all four illumination intensities. The degree of miosis was the same at all illumination levels. Diazepam had no significant effect on pupil diameter. The amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response remained unaffected by the two drug treatments. Both active drugs decreased subjectively rated alertness. Although both drugs caused an increase in critical flicker fusion frequency, consistent with a sedative effect, this change failed to achieve statistical significance. \nDISCUSSION: Although both diphenhydramine and diazepam reduced subjectively rated alertness, only diphenhydramine had a significant miotic effect. The diphenhydramine- evoked miosis is likely to be due to a sympatholytic effect, since there is no indication of disinhibition of the parasympathetic light reflex mechanism[3] (i.e., the miosis was not light dependent, and the amplitude of the light reflex response was not enhanced by diphenhydramine). The central sympatholytic effect of diphenhydramine is likely to be due to the blockade of H1 histamine receptors in the hypothalamus, suggesting that central sympathetic outflow is under tonic histaminergic control. The lack of effect of diphenhydramine on the light reflex response indicates that the drug did not exert any significant anticholinergic effect at the dosage used. The lack of effect of diazepam on pupil diameter is in agreement with previous reports[4]. The present results indicate that there are differences in the abilities of sedative drugs to evoke miosis.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tSchwartz, J.-C. et al. (1995). In: Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, eds. F. E. Bloom and D. J. Kupfer, pp. 397-405. Raven Press, New York.\n2.\tSaper, C.B. et al. (2001). TRENDS in Neurosci 24:726-731.\n3.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol 10(Suppl 3):6-18.\n4.\tBitios, P. et al. (1998). J Psychopharmacol 135:93-98.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. Freeman","J. Scaife","H. Hou","R. W. Langley","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":550,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-31","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Does Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis have a \u201cSleepiness\u201d Component? A Pilot Study","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-31","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":530,"original_file_name":"1170471824484.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153506,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":550,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Patients suffering from multiple sclerosis complain of fatigue and many show excessive daytime sleepiness[1]. Recently, it has been reported that the wakefulness promoting agent modafinil can alleviate fatigue and reduce sleepiness in multiple sclerosis[1]. The Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) provides an objective quantitative index of sleepiness by measuring pupillary fluctuations in darkness (\u201cpupillary fatigue waves\u201d)[2]. In a pilot experiment we examined whether a single dose of modafinil is effective in reducing pupillary fatigue waves in multiple sclerosis patients suffering from fatigue.\nMETHOD: Five patients with MS (3 females, 2 males; 4 relapsing\/remitting, 1 primary progressive), with prominent complaints of fatigue which failed to respond to treatment with amantadine were recruited. Measurements included the fatigue assessment instrument (FAI) and severity score (FSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), visual analogue self-ratings of alertness, anxiety and contentedness, and physiological tests, including the PST (pupil diameter, total power of fluctuations obtained from a Fast Fourrier Transformation, pupillary unrest index [PUI]) and the critical flicker fusion frequency test. Patients were given either modafinil 200 mg or placebo in two sessions one week apart according to a double-blind crossover design.\nRESULTS: The ESS score was 13.8 +\/- 1.5 (mean +\/- s.e.mean), and the FSS score was 5.704 +\/- 0.68, indicating severe fatigue and sleepiness. Modafinil reduced ratings of sleepiness (ESS), increased alertness, and contentedness, and decreased anxiety, compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Modafinil caused an increase (0.49 +\/- 0.37 mm) in pupil diameter, and reduced the power of pupil fluctuations and PUI. Three patients continued on modafinil 200-400 mg\/day: all showed improvement in the FSS score.\nCONCLUSIONS: In summary, measures of sleepiness co-existed with measures of fatigue in the patients studied, suggesting a contribution of sleepiness to fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Modafinil was effective in increasing measures of alertness in these patients, including pupillary fatigue waves as assessed by PST. The PST may be a useful tool for objective assessment of the sleepiness component of fatigue and the response to anti-fatigue drugs.\nREFERENCES\n1. Rammohan KW et al. (2002). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 72:179-183.\n2. L\u00fcdtke H et al. (1998). Vision Res. 38:2889-2896.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. S. Constantinescu","R. W. Langley","G .Niepel","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":551,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-32","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Directional Sensitivity of Cones: A Virtual Pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-32","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":531,"original_file_name":"1170471825765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134184,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":551,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Stiles and Crawford showed seventy years ago that the sensitivity of the retina varies with the place of entry of the light in the pupil, and thus with the direction of incidence of light upon the retina. Sensitivity is generally greatest near the centre of the pupil and progressively decreases for more eccentric entry points. This phenomenon is known in the literature as the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE I). \nAlso the term directional sensitivity is now commonly used to denote variations in visual sensitivity when stimuli enter the eye through different parts of the eye pupil and are imaged on the same retinal area. Initially Stiles and Crawford restricted themselves to measuring the effect with a 1 degree (foveal) field, in white light. They assumed that the effect must be a property of the receptors, in this case the cones, themselves. This assumption proved to be correct when it was shown that rods have a very limited directional sensitivity with a common centre of symmetry with the photopic SC-function. The peak of the SC-function is usually located near the centre of the pupil with a slight nasal bias. Wright and Nelson gave an explanation of the effect, which is based on the fact that the refractive index of the cone is somewhat higher than that of the surrounding tissue. Toraldo di Francia described this in terms of cones as dielectric antennas or, in other words, cones as waveguides.\nThe main reason for the existence of the Stiles-Crawford effect is the suppression of stray light in the ocular media. The light from, for example, the sun or the bright sky, will be scattered in the ocular media, and causes a haze over the visual scene, and thereby decreasing contrast. Thanks to the Stiles-Crawford effect, this scattered light will not be perceived. In night time conditions, the visual surround is dark, and disturbing stray light does not exist. The rods do therefore not need directional sensitivity. On the contrary, every photon is then needed, and the 8 mm size of the pupil in night time conditions, that is at the lower end of the luminance range, is very essential. Directional sensitivity of the rods would counteract the effect of the increased pupil size. At mesopic levels, the disturbing effects of a large pupil, like spherical and chromatic aberrations, will be limited for the cones, in the same way as a small pupil does at high luminance levels.\nI therefore propose to consider the directional sensitivity of cones as a virtual pupil.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Pieter L. Walraven"]},{"item_id":552,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-33","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"No Smoking \u2013 No Caffeine? Influences of Daily Life Psycho-stimulants on the Results of the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-33","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":532,"original_file_name":"1170471826984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":164847,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":552,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Neither consumption of nicotine nor caffeine has been allowed 4 hours before the pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) in any study so far. The aim of this study was to investigate if these conditions are necessary, have to be tightened or can be omitted. \nMETHODS: The PST (by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness and automated data analysis. Parameter of evaluation is the natural logarithm of the pupillary unrest index (ln PUI). Higher values of this index express increased daytime sleepiness. Subjects and procedures: Caffeine Study. 20 normal subjects were examined at four different conditions each (see table) with at least two days interval and underwent 7 PST recordings (PST 1-7) during the first half of the day. \nA standard cup of coffee (caffeine contents 100 mg) was applied at the lab for condition 1 and 3. Nicotine Study: We examined 52 normal subjects, 25 smokers and 27 non-smokers. Smokers were allowed to smoke cigarettes before the first measurement according to their usual habits. After the first measurement smokers smoked one cigarette of their usual brand. Six PST recordings were performed afterwards in time intervals of 45 minutes for both smokers and non-smokers. Subjective data collected were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and \u2013 in smokers - Craving Scale (CS). In both studies, no caffeine, nicotine (except nicotine study) or alcohol and only light meals were allowed between the recordings.\nAnalysis: The four different conditions (caffeine) \/ two groups (nicotine) were tested for equivalence (cut-off at a difference in ln PUI of 0.3). \nRESULTS: Caffeine at any time caused lower PUI values expressing a higher degree of central nervous activation. Throughout the duration of the experiment statistical equivalence between the four conditions regarding caffeine was never fulfilled. At any recording time caffeine effects were evident. After the standard coffee cup in the lab the caffeine effect showed its maximum with a delay of 1:15 h (PST 3). \nNicotine: At any time equivalence of smokers and non-smokers could be shown for the ln PUI with a cut-off of 0.3. There was also no significant difference at any time. Between the first and the second PST recording PUI values increased slightly stronger in non-smokers than in smokers. The difference of the first and second measurement (after cigarette smoking) between smokers and non-smokers was 0.16 (t-test, df=51, p=0.09) in lnPUI.\nCONCLUSIONS: Due to the fact that the recommended recording time for the PST is the first half of the day (7:30 h to 13:00 h) subjects should not consume caffeine at all in the morning before the recording. For clinical routine examinations smoking may be disregarded while for certain study purposes we recommend to keep the smoking restriction.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Gitta Stuiber","Christine Heneka","Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":553,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-34","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in Amblyopia","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-34","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":533,"original_file_name":"1170471828234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":137963,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":553,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The concept of the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is of great importance for a clinician. It would be desirable that a RAPD always indicates substantial pathology of the visual field. However, how to deal with amblyopia? May an amblyopic eye \u2013 i.e. an eye with no objectively demonstrable pathology \u2013 have a RAPD or not? Reports exists about a mild RAPD in amblyopic eye. Bias of the examiner who usually knows which eye is worse may lead to false pathologic results applying the swinging flashlight test. We therefore wanted to repeat those studies by applying an automated swinging flashlight test. The question was whether or not the RAPD of an amblyopic eye could be found beyond the range of the natural variability of the RAPD. \nMETHODS: We examined 37 adult patients with amblyopia caused by unilateral strabismus or unilateral relative hyperopia with normal optic nerve and no side difference in fundus appearance or optic media. Visual acuity of the amblyopic eye had to be 0.7 or worse. An automated swinging flashlight test using infrared video pupillography (SWIFT by Ocuserv, T\u00fcbingen, Germany) was applied additionally to the conventional swinging flashlight test with neutral density filters. \nRESULTS: In conventional swinging flashlight test 62% had no RAPD, 24% an RAPD of 0.3, 14 % an RAPD of 0.6 log units. In automated swinging flashlight test 67% ranged between an RAPD of 0.2 log units of the good eye and 0.2 log units of the bad eye (i.e. within the range of normal variability). 16% showed an RAPD from 0.2 to 0.4 log units of the bad eye and 14% above 0.4 log units with a maximum of 0.61. One subject had a RAPD of 0.23 of his good eye. There was an average RAPD of 0.17 log units (95%CI: 0.10, 0.24, t-test: p <0.0001) for the amblyopic eyes with a standard deviation of 0.21. A weak correlation between interocular difference of visual acuity and RAPD was found (correlation coefficient Pearson: 0.32). \nCONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that there is an average RAPD due to amblyopia. However, this RAPD is very mild in almost 90% of the cases without clinical significance. Our results confirm earlier studies using neutral density filters to measure the RAPD. 0.6 log units seem to be the upper limit for a RAPD explainable by amblyopia alone.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm","Hagen Scheerle","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":554,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-35","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A New Approach to Assessing Glaucomatous Damage Using Pupillometry","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-35","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":534,"original_file_name":"1170471829453.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139327,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":554,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: Standard clinical perimetry is the gold standard for glaucoma assessment; however, it is slow, demanding, and variable. New test paradigms to supplement perimetry are desirable. \nTEST DESIGN: Based on our understanding of visual testing principles, ocular anatomy, patterns of glaucomatous damage, and properties of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) we have developed a new test paradigm. \nStimulus size and test duration. Testing a large area with a single test could reduce test duration. However, the response to a threshold test may be mediated by undamaged retina near damaged areas; thus, a large-area threshold test is likely to give a \"normal\" result. This problem may be reduced by testing a suprathreshold visual function that summates over a large area; the PLR is such a function. (It is also provides an objective test, making it less demanding.) \nTest signal\/noise. A successful test of a large area requires an \"appropriate\" correlation between tested area and probable damage: probable damage must occupy enough of the area to affect the signal. The insult underlying glaucomatous damage occurs near the lamina cribrosa and often involves a restricted set of ganglion cell axons. Signal\/noise requirements could be satisfied by matching stimuli to regions supplying particular sets of axons. We designed 3 contiguous stimuli in the upper hemifield, which -- together with their reflections about the horizontal meridian -- cover much of the most vulnerable part of the visual field over an area approx 30 deg wide x 20 deg high. \nVariability. To help reduce the variability of pupil responses, a \"subtractive\" test incorporating a built-in control was devised. (The swinging-flashlight test is an example of a subtractive test.) \nPROTOCOL: One stimulus and its reflection are presented alternately to the same eye, each presentation lasting 1 sec. Data are analyzed to determine the \"contrast balance\" -- the upper\/lower stimulus contrast ratio for equal pupil responses. One trial lasts 18 seconds. An initial subject group consisted of young normal subjects (N=10; ages 25 45). Each subject was tested in two sessions, separated by at least one week, to assess between-session variability. During each session, two sets of trials were performed, separated by about 1\/2 hour, to assess within-session variability. \nRESULTS: The average contrast balance did not differ significantly from zero dB, and there was no significant effect of stimulus type or of eye tested. Within-session variability was 0.5-1.0 dB (mean magnitude of the difference between tests in a session). Between-session variability was 0.2-0.6 dB (mean magnitude of the difference between sessions). \nCONCLUSIONS: In the young normal population, pupil responses to stimuli symmetric about the horizontal meridian are approximately equal. This technique appears to be feasible, and tests are underway with patients with glaucoma patients and age-matched normal subjects.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt","Yanjun Chen","William H. Swanson"]},{"item_id":555,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-36","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Mechanism of Pupillary Reflex Dilation in Awake Volunteers and in Organ Donors","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-36","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":535,"original_file_name":"1170471830640.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145702,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":555,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The mechanism of reflex pupillary dilation was investigated in 8 patients who were declared brain dead following rupture of intracranial vascular malformations and scheduled for organ donation and in 8 awake volunteers. We hypothesized that the reflex was primarily a spinal sympathetic reflex that would be blocked by topical application of the alpha 1 adrenergic blocking agent dapiprazole and it would be present in organ donors with intact spinal reflexes and no prior history of hypoxia. \nMETHODS: In volunteers pupil size was measured with an infrared pupillometer while brief painful electric stimuli were delivered to the finger. Pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale and adjusted with each volunteer to equal 3 on a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0-10. Subjects were studied before and after topical application of the alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist dapiprazole. In organ donors we measured pupil size after high intensity tetanic electric stimulation and in dapiprazole blocked and unblocked pupils after surgically induced nociception.\nRESULTS: In volunteers, the pupil dilated 0.43 \uf0b1 0.23 mm following nociceptive stimuli. Dapiprazole eye drops blocked this dilation, confirming that the reflex in awake humans is primarily a sympathetic reflex. Baseline diameters were 5.7 \uf0b1 0.5 mm before dapiprazole and 4.1 \uf0b1 0.9 after dapiprazole and the blocked pupil failed to dilate to a phenylephrine challenge. In organ donors tetanic electric current failed to dilate the pupil, whereas the skin incision dilated the pupil 0.4 \uf0b1 0.4 mm but this dilation was not blocked by dapiprazole.\nCONCLUSION: We conclude that pupillary reflex dilation, as it is clinically performed in awake subjects by stimulating somatic nociceptors, is a sympathetic reflex. Because it is not present in organ donors, the neural pathway must require a supraspinal pathway for completion.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yang LL","Niemann CU","Larson MD."]},{"item_id":556,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-37","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Studies on Reflex Mydriasis in Rabbits","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-37","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":536,"original_file_name":"1170471831906.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143506,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":556,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"This study was undertaken in an attempt to identify receptors that mediate reflex mydriasis in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits, in which the cervical sympathetic nerve was sectioned unilaterally. \nVoltage-response curves of pupillary dilation were generated bilaterally by stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Evoked mydriatic responses were mediated mainly by efferent parasympathetic innervation, and to a lesser extent, by sympathetic innervation. The \uf0611-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), antagonized mydriasis of the neurally intact eye, but not that on the sympathectomized side. The \uf0612-adrenergic antagonist, RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), potentiated mydriatic responses of the normal eye, but was without either potentiating or inhibitory effect on mydriasis of the sympathectomized eye. \nIn addition, the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (1 mg\/kg, i.v.), inhibited elicited mydriasis of the sympathectomized eye. These results suggest that, unlike some other species (cats and rats), \uf0612-adrenoceptors do not mediate reflex mydriasis elicited by sciatic nerve stimulation in the rabbit, and support previous findings in humans that dopamine receptors may mediate this response.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yongxin Yu","Michael C. Koss"]},{"item_id":557,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-38","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses to Single and Sinusoidal Light stimuli in Diabetic Patients using Infrared Pupillography","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-38","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":537,"original_file_name":"1170472168125.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139167,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":557,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"AIM\nThe aim of our study was to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the pupillary light reflex (PLR). For this analysis we used a new compact-integrated infrared pupillograph (CIP) which operates also in closed loop. The pupillary response to a single light stimulus (200ms) and to sinusoidal stimuli with four different frequencies (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.3Hz) were examined in 52 patients with diabetes mellitus and 21 control subjects. \nRESULTS\nAs the main result the initial pupil diameter was decreased in the DM group. This was the only parameter which was highly significantly diminished, whereas the maximal contraction velocity, the maximal velocity of the first and second part of redilation, the reflex amplitude and the latency time were significantly reduced only in those patients that showed also signs of autonomic neuropathy of the cardiovascular system. However, after normalization with respect to the initial pupil diameter this reduction was not significant.\nTests of the dynamic pupillary light reflex revealed that the diabetics had a significantly reduced gain at a frequency of 0.1 and 0.3 Hz. With faster frequencies values approached those of normal subjects. The pupil phase lag was significantly increased at 0.1 and 0.3Hz, but showed an inverse trend with frequencies of 0.7 and 1.3 Hz. There was a significant correlation between the response parameters of the dynamic pupillary reflex and the responses to a phasic single light stimulus. We did not find a correlation to the duration or type of the diabetes. \nThe diminished pupillary diameter after adaptation to the dark is an early sign of autonomic neuropathy. Other, significant alterations of the PLR can be found only when symptoms of autonomic neuropathy have shown up as well. \nCONCLUSION\nWe conclude that our pupil data show that both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system seem to be effected by diabetic autonomic neuropathy, and that with pupil recordings only it is not possible to distinguish the amount of the deficit of sympathetic versus parasympathetic system.\nKEY WORDS: Pupil \u2013 infrared reflex pupillography \u2013 autonomic neuropathy \u2013 diabetes mellitus \u2013 neuro-ophthalmology \u2013 sinusoidal light stimuli to the pupil","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wolfgang H. Zangemeister","Thilo Gronow"]},{"item_id":558,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-60","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Light evoked pupillography an established tool in drug development.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-60","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":538,"original_file_name":"1170472169281.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157909,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:15","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":558,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Light evoked pupillography is a valid non-invasive method. For the last ten years, this method has been accepted as a sufficient tool in drug development, especially for CNS-active compounds. The method can easily be implemented in preclinical studies (animals), phase I studies (healthy subjects) and in phase II and phase III studies (patients). It can, therefore, be used as a biomarker. \nMany old and new CNS-active compounds were investigated by pupillography. In most cases, the results clearly indicated a pharmacodynamic effect (most neuroleptics and antidepressants showed a dose-related reduction of the initial pupil diameter); whereas in other cases, the results were discussed controversially (e.g. cannabinoids; miotic as well as mydriatic effects were observed). This discrepancy of the observed effects can most probably be explained by a dose\/concentration - effect relationship.\nFor 5-HT1A-agonists, the reduction of pupil diameter is accepted as a \u2018standard\u2019 pharmacodynamic effect which is dose\/concentration- effect related. This effect of pupil reaction is more sensitive than other pharmacodynamic parameters, such as hypothermia or QEEG. This has been demonstrated with drugs like repinotan (a novel 5-HT1A-agonist developed in the indication of acute stroke) and dihydrocodeine. As pupillography was able to clearly follow the pharmacokinetic profile of repinotan, this method even differentiated between plasma levels of different genotypes of CYP 2D6, as this is an important excretion pathway of repinotan. Differentiation is possible between extensive and poor, but not between intermediate and extensive metabolizers. In contrast, the administration of dihydrocodeine (also a CYP 2D6 substrate) in poor and extensive metabolizers showed a significant but comparable reduction of inital pupil diameter in both study populations.\nFinally, it will be discussed what the technical prerequisites are for a modern pupillograph to enhance the acceptance in clinical studies.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher"]},{"item_id":559,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY UNREST IN SLEEP DISORDERED VERSUS NON-SLEEPY HEALTHY SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":539,"original_file_name":"1170381494437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":177540,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":559,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: The Pupillary Sleepiness Test (PST), as measured by the Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI), a measure of pupil size instability, is relatively quick and non-invasive but requires additional validation as a measure of alertness. In this study, we compared PUI with MSLT sleep latencies (SL) as a measure of daytime sleepiness in subjects with Narcolepsy off treatment (n=23), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) off treatment (n=13) and in non-sleepy healthy controls (n=36).\n\nMethods: Subjects were assessed in an academic health center sleep laboratory and underwent comprehensive health pre-screening. Following overnight PSG, a MSLT was conducted at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hours while PUI testing was conducted at 900, 1100, 1300, and 1500 hours with an AMTech GmbH pupillometer. During PUI testing (duration = 11 min.), subjects were seated comfortably in a quiet, dark room with instructions to stay awake and keep their eyes open.\n\nResults: Mean PUI and SL scores across the four testing periods were compared among the three groups. Univariate Planned Contrast analyses were performed to test the specific hypotheses that the Narcolepsy and OSA groups differed from non-sleepy controls. These analyses found significant differences between the sleep disordered groups and the control group in both the mean SL (t60.0=12.23, p<.001) and PUI (t53.6=5.49, p<.001, adjusted for non-homogeneity of variances). The correlation between the SL and PUI across all 72 subjects was moderately high (r = -.506, p<.001).\n\nDiscussion: The PST\/PUI successfully distinguishes between sleep disordered and non-sleepy healthy subjects. In contrast to the MSLT, a more time consuming although current standard measure of daytime sleepiness, the PST offers a quicker determination of excessive drowsiness without the need for naps. Unlike the MSLT, the PST can detect drowsiness before a person actually falls asleep. This has implications for timely detection of excessive sleepiness, which may impair function in real-world situations.\n\nCertification and Acknowledgements: This research involved human subjects and was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the University of Illinois at Chicago and complies with U.S. federal regulations and HIPAA standards regarding privacy of medical information. It was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH, RO1 NR04959 and by Mr. J.A. Piscopo. This research project was initiated and directed by the late Sharon Merritt, EdD, RN.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen Lloyd","Fred Meyer","Boris Vern","Christopher Olepade","Joan Shaver"]},{"item_id":560,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"ARGYLL ROBERTSON\u2019S PUPIL IN 2005","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":540,"original_file_name":"1170377579343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151539,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":560,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"1) CENTRAL - in which the light reaction is impaired and the near reaction spared by a \tproblem in the midbrain, e.g. :\n\ta. a dorsal midbrain tumor such as a pinealoma.\n\tb. neurosyphilis \n\n2) PERIPHERAL \u2013 in which the nerves to the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle are damaged, resulting in a loss of pupil constriction to both light and near (an \t\u201cefferent pupil defect\u201d). The near reaction is then restored by aberrant \tregeneration of fibres into the iris sphincter - fibres that were originally destined \tfor the ciliary \tmuscle. The tonicity of the action in the re-innervated muscle is \tcharacteristic of this kind of sloppy nerve regrowth, e.g.: \n\ta. Adie\u2019s tonic pupil. Autonomic nerve damage to the cholinergic postganglionic \tfibres serving the iris sphincter and the ciliary muscle. This is an idiopathic, focal, \tciliary\tganglionopathy and\/or autonomic neuropathy that may occur in one eye or \tin both eyes sequentially.\n\tb. diffuse autonomic neuropathy such as is seen in diabetes and other peripheral \tneuropathies \u2013 usually involving both eyes\n\n3) OCULOMOTOR NERVE. Some of the damaged 3rd nerve fibres may regrow into \tthe ciliary ganglion resulting in a pupil constriction with any adduction of the eye.\n4) BLINDNESS In the absence of a visible near target a firm constriction of the pupils \tcan still be evoked by crossing the eyes, but there is little or no pupil response to \tlight because of damage to both retinas and\/or optic nerves.\n\n\tIf we set aside temporarily the patients with either abnormal eye movements or poor vision (groups 3 and 4 above) only two groups remain: the central (midbrain) \u201cArgyll Robertson\u201d group, and the peripheral (Adie\u2019s tonic pupil) group. These should be easy to separate: the central variety has a weak light reaction but the near response is spared and strong. Thus there is a clear light-near dissociation without any sector palsy of the iris sphincter, and no tonicity of the pupillary near response. Whereas the peripheral variety (most commonly seen in Adies\u2019s syndrome) has certain characteristic features: a sector sphincter palsy to light, and certain sectors contracting tonically to a near effort. These diagnostic, localizing signs can be seen with slit lamp videography, infrared video pupillography, and infrared video transillumination of the iris sphincter. \n We will present the pupil signs of the peripheral and central causes of light near dissociation using these tools; and since Argyll Robertson pupils are now relatively rare, we would like to encourage widespread study of the light-near dissociation that is seen in association with neurosyphilis, and of the light-near dissociation seen in patients with dorsal midbrain tumours with a view to confirming that they do indeed consistently lack the sectoral signs of peripheral orbital involvement.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. Stanley Thompson","Randy H. Kardon"]},{"item_id":561,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"MID-SIZE TIME FOR PUPILLODILATION : A NEW PARAMETER FOR DETECTING HORNER\u2019S SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":541,"original_file_name":"1170379024999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150936,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":561,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: A slow and delayed pupillodilation in darkness is a characteristic finding in an eye with an oculosympathetic defect (Horner\u2019s syndrome). We sought to develop a novel approach for detecting delayed pupilloidilation based on the amount of time that a pupil remains at a mid-size percentage of its maximal dilation.\n\nMethods: 13 patients with unilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome and 26 normal subjects were tested with binocular computerized pupillography. The stimulus sequence was a 1 second bright light followed by 19 seconds of complete darkness; the sequence was repeated 4 times. For analysis, each valid pupillodilation curve was partitioned into 10% increments of recovering pupil size, starting from the minimum size (point of maximal pupil contraction) to 100% of the pre-contraction (baseline) pupil size. The number of seconds that the pupil remained at each 10% interval (0-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, etc) of its baseline size was determined. We then calculated the total amount of time that the pupil remained in a mid-size state (operationally defined as between 40% and 80% of the baseline pupil size) during the 20 seconds recording. This was referred to as mid-size time. Abnormally slow dilation was defined as mid-size time exceeding the 95% upper limit of normal subjects .The inter-eye difference in the time spent in each size interval was also assessed. A comparison of methodologies was made.\n\nResults: The median mid-size time for the normal subjects was 4.83 seconds and 8.70 seconds for the Horner patients. The 95% limit of the normal group was 8.64 seconds and 11 of 13 (85%) of patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome exceeded this upper limit. The inter-eye difference of the mid-size time showed approximately the same results as the unilateral pupil analysis. When we applied a previously described method of detecting dilation lag using decreasing anisocoria between 5 and 15 seconds of darkness to our 13 Horner\u2019s patients, only 7 (54%) showed a positive dilation lag.\n\nConclusion: This novel approach to detecting abnormally delayed pupillodilation in patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome has several advantages: it allows for a monocular assessment of dilation lag, can be applied to any standard pupillogram that records pupillodilation and is relatively unhampered by artefacts. Given its relatively high sensitivity for detecting dilation lag, this approach may be particularly useful when combined with the decreasing anisocoria method which has 100% diagnostic specificity.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sylvain V Crippa","Aki Kawasaki","Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Borruat","Randy H Kardon"]},{"item_id":562,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"A RAPID TEST TO EVALUATE UPPER\/LOWER RETINAL ASYMMETRY IN GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC NEUROPATHY USING THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":542,"original_file_name":"1170379249171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150936,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":562,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction\/Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a rapid pupil test in evaluating superior\/inferior retinal asymmetry in glaucoma patients, using a small number of large retinal stimuli.\n\nMethods: Subjects sat 75cm away from a display monitor with one eye patched, and fixated a red cross on the monitor. During the test, stimuli were presented alternately at a pair of mirror locations above and below the horizontal meridian (Chen et.al, Vision Res., 2005). Pupil diameter was recorded with an infrared pupillometer (ISCAN EC-101), and analysed in terms of the \u201ccontrast balance\u201d (relative contrast of upper to lower stimulus estimated to give equal pupil responses). Two groups of subjects participated in this study: 20 normal older subjects (ages: 53.5 \u00b1 5.8) and 20 patients with POAG (ages 63.0 \u00b1 10.1). \n\nResults: It took less than five minutes to test both eyes. Patients with glaucoma found the test was less demanding to perform than conventional perimetry. The frequency distribution of contrast balance from older normal subjects centered at about zero, indicating a functional symmetry in upper\/lower retina in the normal subjects on average. (However, there were variations in individual balances, as for younger normal subjects.) Contrast balance values from retinas of patients with glaucoma differed from those of normal subjects, and were correlated with asymmetry predicted from visual field test results (linear correlation, r=0.41, p<0.001). Within-session and between-session test variability was fairly small and did not increase in areas of visual field defects. \n\nConclusion: The present test, measuring upper\/lower retinal functional asymmetry, is a promising technique for assessing glaucomatous retinal damage. \n\nCertification: The experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to Institutional Review Board (IRB).\n\nThe research was sponsored by (1) NIH\/NEI R03 EY01459. (2) Schnurmacher Institute for Vision Research, SUNY State College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yanjun Chen","Harry Wyatt","William Swanson","Mitchell Dul"]},{"item_id":563,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"USE OF RESPONSE AMPLITUDE TO COMPLEMENT RESPONSE BALANCE IN A PUPIL-BASED SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING GLAUCOMATOUS DAMAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":543,"original_file_name":"1170379250624.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150358,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":563,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: We have described a shaped-stimulus system for assessing glaucomatous damage by means of the pupillary light reflex (PLR).A pair of stimuli, mirror-symmetric about the horizontal meridian, are presented alternately for 1 sec each. The shapes of the stimuli were designed to capture territories of probable focal damage due to glaucoma. In our initial work, we concentrated on the \"response balance\", which assessed the relative sensitivity of the pair of territories. Since glaucoma sometimes causes more diffuse loss, we also wanted to know if useful information would be available from the response amplitudes to upper-field or lower-field stimuli.\n\nMethods: In the process of analysing the data to determine response balance, the separate response amplitudes to the upper- and lower-field stimuli were determined. In a single 18-sec experimental trial, there are 3 responses to the upper stimulus and 3 to the lower. The averages of the upper and lower response amplitudes were determined separately. The subjects in these ongoing experiments are recruited for two groups: GP subjects are patients with diagnosed glaucoma; ON subjects are over 45 and have no known ocular pathologies.\n\nResults: The ON data in the form of log amplitudes were reasonably well described by normal distributions, with somewhat different means for the different stimuli. (The distribution was somewhat truncated at the large-amplitude end; except for that, the shape was quite normal.) When the distributions of response amplitudes for the ON and GP groups were compared, there were clear differences. The GP data had smaller mean values and showed a low-amplitude tail. \n\nThe ability of the measures of response balance, response amplitude, and a combination of the two to discriminate glaucomatous from normal eyes was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Both response balance and amplitude had considerable power (ROC areas = 0.81 and 0.82, respectively), and a logical combination of the two was somewhat more effective than either alone (ROC area = 0.86).\n\nConclusions: When response amplitude measures are combined with response balance measures, this test shows considerable promise for fast, easy assessment of glaucomatous damage in an eye.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt","Yanjun Chen","William H. Swanson","Mitchell W. Dul"]},{"item_id":564,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-05","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"IMPACT OF PHOTORECEPTOR FUNCTIONALITY ON THE WAVEFORM OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX IN MICE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-05","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":544,"original_file_name":"1170315918671.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":162569,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":564,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction\/Purpose: To evaluate the waveform of the pupil light reflex (PLR) in CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice without outer retinal photoreception in comparison to RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 and wild type mice. \n\nMethods: Baseline pupil area, peak response amplitude (in % of baseline pupil area), maximal contraction velocity, and response duration of the PLR were measured in dark adapted eyes from RPE65\u2013\/\u2013, CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013, and wild type mice. A full field flash was used to stimulate one eye while the fellow eye was recorded with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. \n\nResults: In previous studies, the waveform of the PLR of RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice was found to be similar to that evoked by dimmer stimuli in control mice, suggesting loss of retinal sensitivity. Indeed, maximal contraction velocity and response duration of the PLR of RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice were proportionally reduced to the peak response amplitude that was reduced to 16.8% in comparison to 81.1% in wild type mice. In contrast, the peak response amplitude of the CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice was preserved (79.3%). However, the response duration was 1.5 times prolonged compared to that observed in control mice. The maximal contraction velocity was 60% lower and comparable with the maximal contraction velocity of the RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice. \n\nConclusions: Whereas the waveform of the PLR was preserved in RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice with a smaller peak response amplitude compared to wild type mice, CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice presented with a preserved peak response amplitude but the timing of the PLR was out of proportion. This time\u2013to\u2013amplitude dissociation of the PLR is presumably due to the missing image\u2013forming photoreceptors in the CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["O. Bergamin","A. Wenzel","H. Sidler","P. Humphries","M. Biel","C.E. Rem\u00e9 and M.W. Seeliger"]},{"item_id":565,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-06","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"INVESTIGATING THE ESTIMATION PERFORMANCE OF PUPIL-SIZE DURING BLINKS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-06","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":545,"original_file_name":"1170379252515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179273,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":565,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillography can be used as an index of mental activity and sleepiness. Most methods of measuring pupil-size are based upon the image-processing of the eye. Therefore any 'eye-blink' problem can affect measurement due to the eye being obscured by the eye lid during 'blink periods'. Some estimation methods for pupil-size have been developed and used, however accuracy is often an issue for discussion. \n\nPurpose: In order to improve the estimation performance of temporal pupillary change, an estimation procedure and technique were examined. Estimation performance depends on restoration accuracy therefore pupil-sizes during blinks should be defined appropriately. An estimation model of pupil-size was developed based on support vector regression (SVR) with the prototype patterns of pupillary change. The performance of pupil size was assessed using these estimation methods. \n\nMethods: To obtain periodic pupillary responses, brightness stimuli which consist of four square waves (T=4,3,2,1 sec.) and three triangle waves (T=2.2, 5.3, 10.7 sec.) in the range of 10cd\/m2 and 80cd\/m2 were used. Three subjects who have normal visual acuity took part in this experiment. The pupillary responses to the stimuli were observed using EMR-8. \nThe pupil-sizes during blinks were determined by referring to the periodical pupillary change. The training data for the estimation of pupil-size was prepared as a pair of pupillography with and without blinks. Two out of three sets of participant data were assigned as training data and the remaining set of participant data was assigned as evaluation data.\n\nResults: The performance of the optimised model was compared with test data from other methods, namely, SVR or MLP (Nakayama and Shimizu, 2001), automatic correction, and raw data. Automatic correction is the condition where pupil-size during blink keeps the latest regular size. The total sum of square error was reduced to 25% in the MLP estimation and 47% in the automatic correction. The sum of square error during the blink was reduced to 43% in the MLP estimation and 28% in the automatic correction. In addition, this estimation procedure was applied to the task-evoked pupillography (Nakayama and Shimizu, 2003), where a group of subjects were asked to undergo a series of tests that required them to solve and verbally report either a 1x1 or a 1x2 digit calculation while being asked to follow a switching visual target. The control condition was an ocular following task with no calculation. The power readings generated by the power spectrum density (PSD) for pupillography were compared across three experimental conditions. The filtering performance using estimation of the optimised model for inappropriate power spectrums was higher than that of other processing. Also pupillography differences in the two task types were found again. The PSD in the area over 2Hz was significantly affected across the three experimental conditions \n\nConclusion: The estimation method of pupil-size during blinks was developed by the use of support vector regression technique while the training data was prepared from pupillary response for periodical brightness change. The result demonstrates that the estimation is effective for pupillography observation data such as frequency analysis.\n\nAcknowledgement: This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research 16650208, 2004-2005.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama"]},{"item_id":566,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-07","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"SHAPING THE PUPIL\u2019S RESPONSE TO LIGHT IN THE HOODED RAT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-07","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":546,"original_file_name":"1170379253718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151488,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":566,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the iris musculature to steady state and dynamic response characteristics of the pupil response to light in the hooded rat.\nMethods: The consensual pupil light reflex was recorded in 20 adult Long Evans rats of either sex under Ketamine\/Xylazine anaesthesia. Six of these rats were surgically prepared for electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers in the IIIrd nerve root and pupil recording in the ipsilateral eye. The research was conducted in accordance with international standards of animal care and treatment as set out by ARVO and was approved by the institutional an animal care and use committee of Seton Hall University.\nResults: The amplitude of transient and tonic phases of the consensual pupil response to light depended on luminance intensity, stimulus size, and position of the light stimulus in the visual field. The pupil responded best to stimuli presented in the lower nasal retina and least in the upper temporal retina. The waveforms of pupillary contractions to single or brief trains of electrical impulses applied to the IIIrd nerve were virtually identical to those elicited with short duration light flashes. Individual contractions could be resolved at stimulation rates of 2Hz and below but the size of the contractions declined with increase in frequency. The pupil responded to long trains of stimuli above 2Hz with smooth tonic contractions. Steady state contraction amplitude was linearly related to log stimulation frequency. The mean time constant of pupil constriction to stimulus trains was 1.41s (SD+ 0.71s) and the shortest mean latency was 292msecs (SD + 30msecs). The fastest mean latency of pupil constriction to the brightest light flash used was 295msecs. In contrast, the time constant of pupillary dilation was 7s (SD+ 1.4s) and the latency was 485msecs (SD+ 74msecs). \nDiscussion: The intrinsic properties of the iris musculature are responsible for the asymmetries in pupil contraction, dilation, and latencies as well as low flicker fusion frequency and constriction amplitude characteristics of pupil responses to light.\n\nSupport: Fight for Sight","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J Clarke"]},{"item_id":567,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"SPECTRALLY-DRIVEN PUPIL SIZE DIFFERENCES IMPROVE NEAR ACUITY FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":547,"original_file_name":"1170379254843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":154898,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":567,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Past studies have shown that light spectrum at fixed photopic levels affects visual acuity of adults of all ages. In this study those results including the vision and energy savings implications are extended to young children.\n\nMethods: Near visual acuity, adjusted for the typical reading condition of 40 cm distance, of 27 children ages 10&11 years was measured by a licensed optometrist under lighting provided by 2 different but readily available fluorescent lamps (CCT of 3600K & 5500K). The measurements were obtained in a school-room outfitted with specially designed fixtures that simultaneously housed both lamp types whose light levels were separately controllable by a wall-mounted switch\/control. The fixtures were designed to provide equal luminance distributions for each lamp type.\nAcuities were measured under 3 lighting conditions, either both lamp types providing equal task luminance or a condition where the task luminance of the 5500K lamp was set to a 50% lower value. The equal luminance conditions had the luminance at the eye of the tested student (in the direction of gaze) adjusted to the value 85 cd\/m2.\n\nResults: For the equal lighting condition, 24 of the 27 children had better acuity under the higher CCT lamp (p<0.001, Wilcoxon sign test). There was 1 tie score while 2 scored better under the standard lamp. Paired t-tests comparing the lower luminance condition showed a significant difference for the 5500K lamps at the 2 luminances, but no significant difference when comparing the 3600K lamps at the higher luminance with the 5500K lamps at the lower luminance. (However there was a strong trend for the 5500K lower luminance condition to provide better acuity). Pupil sizes of 4 children under the 2 different lamp types for the equal luminance condition were also measured based on averaging multiple frames of calibrated video camera images of their eyes. Average pupil size was significantly smaller under the 5500K lighting as compared to the 3600K lighting for all these children consistent with prior measurements of adults. \nDiscussion: The pupil size differences suggest an explanatory mechanism of the results based on the relatively more bluish spectral content of the 5500K lighting causing comparatively greater pupil constriction and thereby improving visual optical quality. Because reading speed begins to slow when letter size is 3 to 4 times acuity size these results have practical implications for typical interior environments and also demonstrate a highly cost effective means for achieving improved vision.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sam M. Berman","Mojtaba Navvab","Matthew J. Martin","James Sheedy","William Tithof"]},{"item_id":568,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL PLATFORM ON NEUROINFORMATICS DATABASE: XooNIps","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":548,"original_file_name":"1170379256015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":180803,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":568,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Neuroinformatics (NI) is a new research tool that promotes the organization of neuroscience data and knowledge bases by means of Internet technology such as open access databases (i.e., platforms). The Visiome platform is a pioneering example of such a database in vision science realized using NI concepts [1, 2]. Similar databases in other fields will be established in near future. A customisable base platform system is necessary for the development of these databases. In this study, we present the NI base platform system XooNIps and apply it for developing the pupil platform. \n\nBASE PLATFORM SYSTEM: XooNIps was developed as one module of XOOPS [3, 4] which is a contents management system that has been most actively utilized and developed. Data in XooNIps are systematically stored in a tree-structure keyword index that allows users to keep track of the progress in their particular research fields. Several types of user authorization are supported for secure operations. In addition to the directory and keyword search within a certain database, XooNIps searches simultaneously across other XooNIps-based databases on the Internet. Reviewing systems for user registration and for data submission are incorporated to impose the quality control. XOOPS modules containing news, forums schedules, blogs and other information can be combined to enhance XooNIps functionality. These features offer better scalability, extensibility, customisability to the general neuroinformatics community. \n\nPUPIL PLATFORM: Several steps are required in the construction of the Pupil platform based on XooNIps. Based on experience with the Visiome platform [1, 2], it is not easy to create a keyword list encompassing the broad array of pupil research. In the case of the pupil, however, a handbook written by Loewenfeld [5] can be used as a starting point since the handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of pupil research. The next step is the preparation of the initial set of items. Eventually, the pupil platform will be opened to the public and digital resources will be voluntarily exchanged through the platform. Initially however, attractive features may be necessary to draw users to the platform. Thus, we will prepare appealing features in terms of literature information, mathematical models, experimental data and conference information. \n\nCONCLUSIONS: The pupil platform will be one of the first practical applications of XooNIps. We anticipate that the platform will promote knowledge sharing and advance systematic understanding of the pupil. Finally, it is an honour to be involved with the development of a tool that will facilitate the transfer of research efforts by pioneers such as Larry Stark and Irene Loewenfeld. This will enable future generations of researchers to better understand and appreciate their great achievements.\n\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tS. Usui, Visiome: neuroinformatics research in vision project, Neural Networks., 16, 1293-1300 (2003).\n2.\tVisiome Platform, .\n3.\tXOOPS official site, .\n4.\tSourceForge.jp site of XooNIps project, .\n5.\tI. E. Loewenfeld (Ed.), The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, (1999).","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Yoshihiro Okumura","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":569,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"USING PUPIL DILATION AND fMRI OF EMOTIONAL INFORMATION PROCESSING TO PREDICT RECOVERY IN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (CBT) FOR DEPRESSION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":549,"original_file_name":"1170379257187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155019,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":569,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Unipolar depression is characterized by automatic sustained ruminative and elaborative processing of emotional information, particularly negative information. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) depends on depressed patients learning to use strategies that interrupt automatic and sustained emotional processing with more controlled processing. Having the ability to interrupt sustained emotion-related cognitions when subsequent alternate, non-emotional cognitions are required has been proposed as a pre-requisite for response to cognitive therapy. As CBT is effective for ~60% of depressed patients, being able to predict recovery in this therapy could increase treatment response and decrease unnecessary cost. \n Pupil dilation indexes the time course of cognitive and emotional processing on a quick time scale; the pupil remains dilated during sustained cognitive processing. Similarly fMRI indexes the time course of activity throughout the brain on a coarser time scale. We have shown in multiple studies that compared to never depressed individuals, depressed individuals display increased and sustained pupil dilation as well as sustained limbic reactivity measured using fMRI in response to emotional stimuli, and that these patterns of reactivity are related to self-reported rumination. Many depressed individuals continue to display sustained pupil dilation even during a non-emotional information processing task that follows the presentation of emotional stimuli. Thus, sustained pupil dilation and limbic reactivity in response to emotional stimuli may represent indices that could be used to predict recovery in CBT. \n\nMethods: 41 healthy control participants and 47 unmedicated participants with unipolar major depression completed a task requiring alternation between naming the emotional valence of negative, positive, and neutral words, and putting 5 digits in numerical order during measurement of pupil dilation. 28 of the depressed participants then received 12 weeks (16 standardized sessions) of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. 15 also completed assessment of emotional information processing using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Depressive severity was measured before and after therapy using the Beck Depression Inventory.\n\nResults: Depressed participants reliably displayed sustained pupil dilation for up to 25 seconds following the presentation of emotional words for 250ms; this sustained pupil dilation lasted throughout the completion of subsequent digit-ordering trials. Sustained pupil dilation to negative words 22-23 seconds following emotional stimuli explained 28% of the variation in residualized post-CBT depressive severity, having covaried out initial severity. fMRI data revealed that subgenual cingulate activity in response to negative words explained 57% of the variation in response to CBT. Sustained pupil dilation explained an additional 17% of the variation above and beyond fMRI, which represented a statistically significant contribution. Together these measures explained a total of 74% of the variation in response to CBT.\n\nDiscussion: As in our previous studies, depressed individuals displayed increased and sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli. Assessment of pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli further represents a promising technique for understanding which depressed patients are likely to respond to an empirically-supported therapy for depression. fMRI also represents a promising, if more expensive technology in this regard. fMRI and pupil dilation explain independent variation in recovery and thus, having both measures yields excellent predictive information regarding recovery in therapy.\n\nSupported by: MH064159, MH30915, MH58356, MH55762, NARSAD, Veteran\u2019s Research Foundation","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase"]},{"item_id":570,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PROCESSING OF COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS IN DECISION MAKING \u2013 EVIDENCE FROM PUPILLOMETRY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":550,"original_file_name":"1170379258499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155309,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":570,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Everyday decision making includes emotional as well as cognitive aspects. If one decides to buy a certain type of car, for instance, a person is guided by both facts and feelings. However, it is still unclear how emotion and cognition interact in information processing. With the present study we aimed to clarify which aspect dominates the other in decision making.\n\nMethods: To approach this question, we developed an analogical reasoning task. Two word pairs were presented simultaneously (n=216). Between the words of each pair there was an emotional (neutral, positive, or negative valence) and a semantic relation (actor, object, or location relation). Half of the items were identical in both their emotional and semantic relations (tumor : brain \/ rat : cellar). The other half did not correspond, either in the emotional relations (tumor : brain \/ shell : beach) or in semantic relations (tumor : brain \/ snake : bite), or both (tumor : brain \/ bird : chirp) did not correspond. Participants (n=30) had to compare emotional and semantic relations and had to decide whether the word pairs corresponded in their emotional as well as in their semantic relations. Response times, error rates, and pupillary responses as a reliable indicator for resource consumption were recorded. To assess emotional arousal, skin conductance was measured.\n\nResults: For response times a 2 x 2 repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-tests were performed. There was a significant main effect for emotional correspondence (F(1,29) = 71.69, p < .001). Subjects responded faster when emotional relations did not correspond. There was no main effect for semantic correspondence (F(1,29) = .81, p = .38). For pupillary responses a 2 x 2 repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-tests showed that both factors had a significant impact on pupil dilation (emotional correspondence: F(1,29) = 18.28, p < .001; semantic correspondence: F(1,29) = 24.31; p < .001, no significant interaction: F (1,29) = .45, p = .51). Pupil dilation increased when either the emotional or the semantic relations did correspond. The highest increase in pupil dilation was measured when both the emotional and the semantic relations did correspond.\n\nThese data indicate that processing corresponding relations is more demanding than processing non-corresponding relations. In particular, response time data show that emotional processing is faster than semantic processing. Pupillary responses, however, clearly indicate that semantic processing is consuming as much cognitive resources as emotional processing. This result suggests that both cognitive and emotional aspects are processed in parallel. Skin conductance data confirm that differences in pupillary responses are not caused by differences in arousal between the experimental conditions. This study emphasizes the need of using both behavioural and psychophysiological measures to differentiate between emotional and cognitive aspects when investigating information processing.\n\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. The study was supported by grants from the Gruter Institute of Law and Behavioural Research, the Graduate Program Berlin (Scholarship Nachwuchsfoerderung), and the BMBF (Berlin NeuroImaging Center, BNIC).","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kristin Prehn","Hauke R. Heekeren","Elke van der Meer"]},{"item_id":571,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-05","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL DILATION DURING A SUSTAINED PROCESSING TASK IMPLICATES INTACT EFFORTFUL PROCESSING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-05","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":551,"original_file_name":"1170379259859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":154782,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":571,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Schizophrenia is characterized by a wide variety of deficits in cognitive functioning and attention. This includes neuropsychological dysfunction, as well as deviant psychophysiological reactivity during cognitive tasks, including decreased phasic pupillary dilation to signal stimuli. It has been argued that a generalized deficit syndrome may be responsible for both the behavioural and psychophysiological deficits, so that a failure to attend to task demands underlies more complex processing abilities. We have suggested that changes in tonic pupillary activity modulated by the parasympathetic pathway are sensitive to basic effortful processing demands, and could be used to establish relative effort applied to differential tasks. In order to further distinguish sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions, modulation of ambient light can be used to selectively enhance the parasympathetic contribution to dilation. In this study, sustained task activity was examined in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in order to determine the extent to which pupillary changes could be observed as task demand was increased.\n\nMethods: Pupil diameter was measured in 30 healthy controls (15 female) and eight schizophrenia patients (2 female). In a high-load condition, subjects were asked to perform serial subtraction of 7 from a random seed number, verbalizing successive subtractions for one-minute. In the low-load condition, subjects were required to add the number 1 to successive numbers. Each recording began with a 5 sec baseline before responses were cued by a tone. Both tasks were performed in room darkness, and during moderate room illumination (.59 cd\/m2). After artefact correction, average diameters during pre-response baseline and during the response period were automatically calculated.\n\nResults: Across both groups, there was significant dilation between baseline and response periods (p < 0.001), and as expected, larger diameters in dark than light (p < 0.001). Controls showed greater dilation than patients between baseline and response (p < 0.001). In analyses separated by group, control dilations were greater for -7 than +1 (p = 0.001) and the difference in dilation between conditions was greater in light than the darkness (task x light, p = 0.002). For patients, an interaction of task x response indicated greater dilation to the \u20137 than to the +1 condition, regardless of light condition (p = 0.01).\n\nDiscussion: Increased dilation during task performance was indicative of allocation of resources in both patient and control groups. Controls showed modulation of differential response amplitude that was greater for recordings obtained under the light than dark conditions, while patients showed similar increases in dilation to the difficult task (-7) in light and dark. The most critical aspect of these findings is the presence of significantly increased dilation in patients during the difficult task, reflecting greater allocation (or effort) as monitored by pupillary dilation, and evidence of activation of processing resources in patients. The findings are not consistent with notions of generalized deficit in the schizophrenia patients.\n\nSupported by USPHS MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs. This research was approved by the IRB of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs and is in accord with the Helsinki agreement","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J. Siegle","Ruth Condray","Belinda E. Barnett","John A. Gurklis"]},{"item_id":572,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-06","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE USEFUL MIOTIC AND MYDRIATIC ALKALOIDS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-06","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":552,"original_file_name":"1170379261124.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":159593,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":572,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The medicinal values of Opium and Mandrake have been known through ages. Flower pollens of Ephedra altissima and other plants were discovered near a 60,000 year-old burial in Shanidar Cave of N. Iraq. The evidence suggest a potential use of plants during prehistoric times. Since early times, interesting stories are connected with the utility of Atropa belladonna and Calabar Bean. The isolation of pure active alkaloid of popy-capsule by the German pharmacist Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner in 1805 paved the way for the isolation of atropine (1831), cocaine (1860), physostigmine (1864), l-ephedrine (1887 & 1924), and pilocarpine (~1870). Even though pure morphine was isolated that long ago, the complete steric structure was not elucidated until 1955. J.N. Langley, ~1889, used Nicotine as a tool to localize the ganglia and outline the nervous system. He used pilocarpine, nicotine and (+)-tubocurarine to postulate the \u201cReceptive substance\u201d. Along with the other uses of alkaloids, the miotic and mydriatic actions were recognized as morphine addicts develop a pin-point pupil. The morphologic site of miotic effect of morphine in dog has been localized by Lee and Wang (1975). K.K. Chen discovered the ethnicity related pigment dependent unequal mydriatic effects of ephedrine, atropine and cocaine. Salazar et al (1976) deduced that atropine deposits in ocular pigment are the basis for the long duration of the effect. After pilocarpine was introduced as a miotic-ocular hypotensive agent, its partial agonist activity on human iris sphincter was recognized. The relative order of partial agonist activity of pilocarpine on iris sphincter varies: Bovine, 100>Human, 80%>Horse, 67%\uf0b3Cat, 61-70%>Pig, 50%>Rabbit, 11%. In vitro, pilocarpine functions as a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic receptor of rabbit iris sphincter, with K\uf062 of 4 \uf06dM. Thus, the affinity of the molecule for the receptor in various species is nearly equal while the intrinsic efficacy differs greatly. Arecoline from Betel nut is a full agonist on human iris sphincter and is ~3 times more potent than pilocarpine. In 1884, Carl K\u00f6ller introduced cocaine as the topical aesthetic in corneal surgery. The indirect mydriatic effect of the alkaloid is observed. In Horner\u2019s syndrome if post ganglionic sympathetic neurones are completely destroyed, the topical application will not produce the mydriatic action as seen in the normal eye. Similarly, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine, a miotic drug, will not produce miosis in Adie\u2019s pupil if cholinergic neurones or the endogeneous acetycholine is completely lost. Recently discovered Hyperzine-A from Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata is more potent than physostigmine. New opportunities for the therapeutic application exist.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":573,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-07","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"POTENTIATION OF TROPICAMIDE-EVOKED MYDRIASIS BY CLONIDINE: A POSSIBLE MODEL OF TROPICAMIDE-HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-07","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":553,"original_file_name":"1170379263749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":194412,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":573,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Tropicamide, a muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist, is used topically for diagnostic pupil dilatation. Patients suffering from Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) may show increased sensitivity to tropicamide1. As AD is associated with a severe loss of noradrenergic neurones in the locus coeruleus (LC)2 which contributes to pupillary regulation3, the possibility arises that increased pupillary sensitivity to tropicamide in AD may be due to diminished LC activity. We examined this hypothesis by recording pupillary responses to tropicamide in healthy volunteers after the administration of the \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine which can acutely \u201cswitch off\u201d LC activity. \n\nSixteen (16) healthy male volunteers participated in two experimental sessions (clonidine 0.2 mg or placebo) one week apart, according to a double-blind balanced design. In each session tropicamide (0.01% 10 \u00b5l \u00d7 2) was applied to the left eye and artificial tear (10 \u00b5l \u00d7 2) to the right eye. Pupillary functions (resting pupil diameter in darkness and at three luminance levels, light and darkness reflexes) were recorded with binocular infrared television pupillometry, alertness was measured using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and visual analogue scales (VAS), and blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and salivary output by conventional methods. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with multiple comparisons.\n\nClonidine reduced CFF, alertness on VAS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivation and core temperature. Tropicamide increased resting pupil diameter, velocity and amplitude of the darkness reflex response, and decreased recovery time of the light reflex response. Clonidine affected all these pupillary measures in the opposite direction with the exception of the recovery time of the light reflex response, which remained unaffected by the drug. Although absolute pupil size after treatment with tropicamide was reduced by clonidine, the mydriatic response to tropicamide, obtained as the difference between the sizes of the two pupils, was increased by pre-treatment with clonidine. \n\nThe effects of clonidine on alertness and non-pupillary autonomic functions confirm its sedative and sympatholytic effects. The pupillary effects of tropicamide are likely to reflect its parasympatholytic effect, whereas those of clonidine may be related to its sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic effects. The enhancement of tropicamide-evoked pupil dilatation by clonidine may be due to the abolition of the increase in parasympathetically mediated pupil constriction due to reduced LC activity. Thus, reduced LC activity in AD may underlie the increased sensitivity of patients to tropicamide.\n\nThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham Medical School.\n\n1.\tScinto LF, Daffner KR, Dressler D et al., (1994). Science, 266:1051-1054.\n2.\tLyness SA, Zarow C, Chui HC (2003). Neurobiology of Aging, 24:1-23.\n3.\tSzabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1996). Journal of Psychopharmacology 10(Supplement 3):6-18.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Hou RH","Samuels ER","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":574,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-08","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"LIGHT-EVOKED PUPILLOGRAPHY IS AN EFFECTIVE BIOMARKER FOR","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-08","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":554,"original_file_name":"1170379265015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153035,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":574,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Initial pupil diameter (INIT) and reflex amplitude (RA) can be easily determined by light evoked pupillography. Both biomarkers have been shown to quantify pharmacodynamic effects on partial or full 5-HT1A-agonists in healthy volunteers.\n\nMethods: To investigate the pharmacodynamic effect of a new full 5-HT1A-agonist with functional dopamine agonist properties (BAY 63-9044), a single dose escalation study was performed in healthy male subjects. BAY 63-9044 was administered as an oral solution to 45 healthy male subjects in doses of 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1.2mg, 2.5mg and 5.0mg in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, group-comparison study. Pupil reaction was monitored up to 24 hours after drug intake. In addition, body temperature, prolactin, cortisol, adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations were measured.\n\nResults: The changes of INIT were observed starting with doses higher than 0.5mg and RA for doses higher than 1.2 mg. Significant changes were found for BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations > 15\u00b5g\/L (INIT) and >30 \u00b5g\/L (RA). Body temperature evaluation revealed a trend in reduction of temperature starting at time of Cmax in the highest doses (2.5mg and 5.0mg). No clear effect was found on prolactin, cortisol and ACTH levels. Additionally, concentration-effect-relationship was calculated for all pharmacodynamic parameters and compared to concentration-effect-relationships of other 5-HT1A-agonists with no dopamine agonistic properties.\n\nConclusion: INIT is the most sensitive parameter and underlines the role of light evoked pupillography as a \u2018standard\u2019 to measure pharmcodynamic effects on 5-HT1A-compounds.\n\nCertification: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, and approved by the local ethics committee.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher","E. Brendel","J. Kuhlmann","G. Wensing"]},{"item_id":575,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-09","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"LIGHT-EVOKED PUPILLOGRAPHY IS AN EFFECTIVE BIOMARKER FOR","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-09","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":555,"original_file_name":"1170379266359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153035,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":575,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Initial pupil diameter (INIT) and reflex amplitude (RA) can be easily determined by light evoked pupillography. Both biomarkers have been shown to quantify pharmacodynamic effects on partial or full 5-HT1A-agonists in healthy volunteers.\n\nMethods: To investigate the pharmacodynamic effect of a new full 5-HT1A-agonist with functional dopamine agonist properties (BAY 63-9044), a single dose escalation study was performed in healthy male subjects. BAY 63-9044 was administered as an oral solution to 45 healthy male subjects in doses of 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1.2mg, 2.5mg and 5.0mg in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, group-comparison study. Pupil reaction was monitored up to 24 hours after drug intake. In addition, body temperature, prolactin, cortisol, adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations were measured.\n\nResults: The changes of INIT were observed starting with doses higher than 0.5mg and RA for doses higher than 1.2 mg. Significant changes were found for BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations > 15\u00b5g\/L (INIT) and >30 \u00b5g\/L (RA). Body temperature evaluation revealed a trend in reduction of temperature starting at time of Cmax in the highest doses (2.5mg and 5.0mg). No clear effect was found on prolactin, cortisol and ACTH levels. Additionally, concentration-effect-relationship was calculated for all pharmacodynamic parameters and compared to concentration-effect-relationships of other 5-HT1A-agonists with no dopamine agonistic properties.\n\nConclusion: INIT is the most sensitive parameter and underlines the role of light evoked pupillography as a \u2018standard\u2019 to measure pharmcodynamic effects on 5-HT1A-compounds.\n\nCertification: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, and approved by the local ethics committee.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher","E. Brendel","J. Kuhlmann","G. Wensing"]},{"item_id":576,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-10","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR IONIZATION AND LIPOSOLUBIILITY ON THE ESTIMATES OF AFFINITIES OF MYDRIATIC-CYCLOPLEGIC DRUGS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-10","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":556,"original_file_name":"1170379262374.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":203353,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":576,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The slow onset of mydriatic and cycloplegic effects of atropine-like drugs is well known.(1). The onset, the magnitude and the duration of the ocular response of a topical medication is influenced by the corneal transport, the drug-disposition and the molecular affinity for the muscarinic receptor at the iris sphincter and ciliary muscles. The chemical structure of the mydriatic drug dictates the affinity. The ionization (pKa) and the liposolubility (log Pc) markedly influence the molecular penetration to the site of action and affect the estimates of \u201caffinity\u201d, the measure of clinical-efficacy. On the isolated human iris sphincter, the potency (IC50) of the blocker was obtained as the dose counteracting the cholinergic carbachol induced response to half. The classical method calls for studying the parallel shifts of the dose-response curve of the agonist on the iris-sphincter in the presence of the blocker to obtain the affinity constant (K\uf062). IC50\/K\uf062 ratios under ideal experimental conditions should be close to 1. However, K\uf062 and IC50 values for atropine (pKa 9.8) were 2 nM and 20 nM respectively, giving a IC50\/K\uf062 ratio of 10. Methylatropine, which is 100% ionized, produced the ratio of 11. Cyclopentolate, with the pKa 7.93 and log Pc of 2.51, had a K\uf062 and IC50 of 8.3 nM and 30 nM respectively; the IC50\/K\uf062 ratio was 3.6. On the ciliary muscle, IC50\/K\uf062 ratios for atropine, methylatropine, scopolamine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide, oxybutynin and pirenzepine were 15, 23, 4.4, 2.6, 1.66, 1.46 and 1.71, respectively. K\uf062 values for each antagonist differed as expected, and higher IC50 values of atropine or methylatropine were related to the abundance of ionized molecules with low liposolubility, properties that limit quick access or the \u201cideal-equilibrium\u201d at the receptor. On the contrary, the relative affinity, based on K\uf062, compared to atropine, of scopolamine, cyclopentolate and tropicamide was ~\u00bd, \u00bcth, \u215bth, respectively. The presence of relatively more unionizable molecules at pH 7.4 and\/ or high liposoluble properties provide better penetrability of the medication at the receptor compartment. This is reflected in low IC50\/K\uf062 ratios of these drugs. Thus the quick onset and faster recovery of some topically applied mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs is explained.(2,3). \n\n(1) The Goodman and Gilman\u2019s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Editors J. Hardman, L. Limbird and A. Gilman Jr., (10th Ed) McGraw Hill, New York, 2001.\n(2) Reversal of Cholinergic Response of Atropine: Drug Antagonism re-examined, Popat N. Patil, In Pharmacology and Therapeutics in the New Millennium P.579-586, (Grupta S.K. editor) Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 2002. \n(3) Parameters of drug antagonism: re-examination of two modes of functional competitive drug antagonism on intraocular muscles. Popat N. Patil, J.Pharm.Pharmocol., 56, 1045-1053, 2004.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":577,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-11","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF SEVERE PAIN ON PUPIL SIZE DURING OPIOID THERAPY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-11","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":557,"original_file_name":"1170380619530.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":162141,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":577,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary constriction is a measure of the central pharmacodynamic effect of opioids and acute pain is known to dilate the pupil. The present study asks the question whether severe pain can dilate the pupil in the presence of opioid therapy. If pain activates an inhibitory pathway into the PCN and opioids depress this pathway by their antinociceptive activity, then severe ineffective opioid-based pain therapy might be manifested by pupillary dilation. \n\nMethods: Eight patients with severe postoperative pain consented to have pupillary measurements in darkness before after administration of thoracic epidural analgesia with ropivacaine. Patients were all taking maximum doses of Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia consisting of Dilaudid 0.2 mg\/6 min for at least 6 hours and were in severe pain as measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (9-10\/10 pain). Both the patient and the nursing staff were concerned that additional opioid therapy would produce undesirable side effects. Static and dynamic pupillary measurements were taken from the left eye with the Neuroptics Foresite hand held pupillometer. The left eye was covered with a rubber eyecup and ambient light was excluded from the right eye. \n\nResults: Age of the patients was 47 +\/- 14 yrs. Epidural analgesia reduced pain scores from a VAS score of 9.5 +\/- 1.2 to 1.4 +\/- 0.2. Dark pupil size decreased from 3.5 +\/- 1.3 mm to 3.3 +\/- 1.1 mm (NS) after epidural analgesia was established. Time between measurements was 36 +\/-\uf0b1 4 min. Several hours after epidural analgesia was established and in the presence of adequate pain control with Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia, pupil size increased to 4.7 +\/- 1.1 mm. Significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and mental status were observed following epidural analgesia. Subtle changes in the shape of the light reflex were observed but could have been related to the small change in pupil size. \n\nDiscussion: This data shows that the pupil is still in a miotic state during severe pain in the presence of opioid therapy. In awake experimental animals, pain produces widely dilated pupils but the effect of opioids on the pupil is species dependent and thus meaningful data on the effect of pain on pupil size during opioid therapy is best obtained from human subjects. During general anesthesia in humans, intense painful stimuli dilate the pupil to diameters above 6mm and this dilation is uniformly blocked by opioids. A reduction of pain in the present study did not significantly alter pupil size and thus pupil size is a reliable measure of central opioid levels even in the presence of pain. The results suggest that opioids initiate a process in the midbrain that produces miosis but is not necessarily related to analgesia.\n\nCertification: This study complies with ethical standards as approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Oahn Ha"]},{"item_id":578,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-12","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF AMBIENT LIGHT ON PUPILLARY REFLEX DILATION DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-12","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":558,"original_file_name":"1170380621187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151727,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":578,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary reflex dilation during general anesthesia in humans has been described as a robust dilation proceeding in two distinct phases in response to a brief nociceptive stimulus. Opioids are known to depress this reflex in a stereotypical manner but their mechanism of action on the pupil is unknown. One theory proposes that the effect of opioids on the pupil is brought about by direct stimulation of the PC nucleus. If this is true, then other means of stimulating the nucleus might have a similar effect on the reflex as has previously been shown to result from opioid administration. The present study examines the effect of additional ambient light on PRD in lightly anesthetized human subjects. \n\nMethods: Eight consenting patients undergoing surgery with combined epidural \u2013 general anesthesia were studied. PRD was elicited by nociceptive stimulation of the C5 dermatome with a 3 second tetanic electrical current of 70 mamps. Measurement of PRD from the right eye was first taken in total darkness. Five minutes later a continuous light stimulus of 150 lux was directed into the left eye while measuring PRD from the right eye. Five minutes later another measure was taken in total darkness. PRD was quantified as the area above the curve for a ten second pupillary scan following the start of A 3 sec nociceptive stimulus. \n\nResults: The addition of light directed into the opposite eye had a profound depressant effect on the magnitude of PRD. The effects were most apparent on the secondary phase of the dilation with only minimal effect on the first 4 seconds of the scan. The basal pupil diameter constricted 0.1 +\/- 0.01 mm. \n\nDiscussion: This data shows that excitation of the PC nucleus by light in the anesthetized human subject has a profound depressant effect on PRD. This effect is similar to the effect of opioids on PRD during general anesthesia. Although the difference is small, light directed into the opposite eye constricted the pupil. Previous studies with alfentanil and fentanyl did not show an effect of these drugs on pupil size during general anesthesia. The best explanation for the effect of opioids on the pupil remains a loss of tonic inhibition into the PC nucleus. It is theorized that these inhibitory cells are activated by the alerting stimulus and their effect on the PC nucleus is blocked by opioids. \n\nCertification: This study complies with ethical standards as approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":579,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-13","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES AND THE PUPIL \u2013 INSIGHTS BASED ON A NOVEL CLINICAL SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-13","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":559,"original_file_name":"1170380622671.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153664,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":579,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Case Report: A 37-year old male was assigned to the Department of Neurology because of bladder dysfunction and lower back pain. History taking and physical examination revealed a syndrome composed of photosensitivity due to bilateral Mydriasis, anuria with renal dysfunction as a result of recurrent cystitis due to bladder detrusor acontractility, dry skin due to hypohidrosis, underweight probably due to reduced food intake and reduced motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract. \n\nOn examination, his pupils were extremely dilated, without light and near response. The sphincter region showed marked atrophy. No constriction was seen on pilocarpine 0.1 and 2 %, however, the pupil (already 9 mm in size) dilated by 0.5 mm after instillation of pholedrine 5%, indicating functional sympathetic innervation and responsive dilator muscle. The patient was about 5 D myopic. He had normal visual acuity both at far and near distance wearing his far correction glasses. Accommodation was in approximately normal age range (somewhat reduced but explainable by small depth of focus) and the accommodative changes of the lens could easily be observed and videotaped during slitlamp examination. Other ophthalmological findings were normal.\n\nDiscussion: The complete dissociation of accommodation and pupillary sphincter function is puzzling. Taking the other symptoms, signs and diagnostic results into account, we hypothesize a deficiency of the muscarinic receptor subtype 3 (M3). This hypothesis is supported by M3-knocked out mice that show an almost identical phenotype. A Western Blot analysis of muscarinic receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes yielded an absent band of the M3-protein. Whether the lack of this protein is acquired or genetic awaits further clarification. History taking points toward a congenital disorder that exacerbated in the thirties. Following the M3-deficiency hypothesis the pupillary sphincter muscle function in humans is dependent on M3 whereas the ciliary muscle function providing accommodation is maintained by other receptors. \n\nThis finding shines new light on other rare but merely unexplained findings, e.g. the predominant involvement of accommodation in botulism with relative pupil sparing.\n\nAll research in this patient has been done in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. Wilhelm","J.K. Pomper","S.K. Tayebati","T. Haarmeier"]},{"item_id":580,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-14","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"DOES THE PUPILLARY RESPONSE TO ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS CORRESPOND TO SERUM ANTICHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-14","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":560,"original_file_name":"1170380624046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157602,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":580,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: It is commonly believed that age-related changes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for the cognitive decline seen in older adults. However, a significant portion of this impairment may be due to anticholinergic medications (i.e., muscarinic receptor antagonists) which are known to cause memory loss, confusion, and delirium. Unfortunately, the muscarinic receptor binding properties of most drugs and their metabolites are unknown; therefore it is very difficult to identify patients who are suffering from anticholinergic-induced cognitive impairment. A competitive radioligand binding assay has been used in the research setting to measure the cumulative level of muscarinic receptor binding present in an individual\u2019s serum. This serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) arises from the cumulative effects of exogenously administered medications, metabolites, and possibly endogenous substances. For medications that are extensively distributed into the brain, SAA levels have been found to strongly correlate to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) anticholinergic activity and cognitive performance. However, SAA may not correlate well to CSF anticholinergic activity or to cognitive performance in individuals with medications or metabolites which do not readily distribute into the brain. Pupil dilation may represent a more effective tool in this regard. We further describe this hypothesis and an experiment to test it, so as to obtain critical commentary. \n\nHypothesis: An optimal tool would be one which better estimates drug distribution into the CNS. Measurement of pupillary diameter to administered medications may be informative in predicting cognitive impairment due to anticholinergic medications. The iris-blood barrier, which shares similar characteristics with the blood-brain barrier (e.g., the presence of tight junctions, efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein, and minimal pinocytotic vesicles) limits the amount of exposure that the pupil receives to many endogenous and exogenous substances. Furthermore, ocular drug distribution is correlated to the distribution of drug into the CNS. Existing literature will be reviewed examining pupillary effects of scopolamine (an anticholinergic medication with significant CNS distribution) and tolterodine (an anticholinergic medication with minimal CNS distribution).\n\nAn example of experimental implementation: We suggest that pupillary measurement can be used as a tool to predict cognitive impairment secondary to anticholinergic medications. One proposed evaluation would be a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study examining the effects of scopolamine and tolterodine. Pupil diameter (at rest), blood samples, and cognitive assessments can be performed concurrently at multiple time points throughout an 8 hour testing session. Non-linear, mixed effects modelling can be applied to examine the data. Potential covariates affecting change in cognitive performance including drug concentrations, SAA levels, and change in pupil diameter over time could be examined. Additional relevant variables would include baseline cognitive testing, age, sex, body mass index, number of medications, and total medical burden as measured by standard evaluations such as the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics. \n \nConclusion: We hypothesize that SAA levels and pupillary change together would better predict cognitive impairment than SAA levels alone. SAA levels in conjunction with pupillary response may allow us to identify and appropriately manage those elderly at risk for cognitive impairment due to anticholinergic medications.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Marci L. Chew","Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J. Siegle","Robert R. Bies","Bruce G. Pollock"]},{"item_id":581,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-15","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"A CASE OF INTERMITTENT INTER-NUCLEAR IRIDOPLEGIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-15","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":561,"original_file_name":"1170380625405.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151315,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":581,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"A 57-year-old woman has been suffering from an intermittent multi-focal neurological disorder for the past six years. Her illness started suddenly with flu-like symptoms in January 1999. Since then she has had a number of episodes of malaise, fatigue and neurological focal signs, including facial weakness, impaired vision in the right eye, dry mouth and dry eyes, impaired taste sensation, hyperacusis and pulsatile tinnitus, difficulties with swallowing and vocalisation. \n\nThe patient\u2019s pupil functions were tested on three occasions on 9 November 2004 (Session 1), on 27 January 2005 (Session 2), and on 19 May 2005 (Session 3). The patient was well at the time of Session 2, and unwell at the times of Sessions 1 and 3. The tests carried out included measurement of resting pupil diameter in darkness and at three increasing levels of luminance, and pupillary light reflex responses to a series of light stimuli of increasing intensity applied to each eye separately, while recording the responses of both pupils. Pupil diameter and light reflex responses were recorded with binocular infra-red electronic\/television pupillometry.\n\nIn all three sessions there was a marked anisocoria, the right pupil being consistently larger than the left one. Both pupils were sensitive to light on each testing occasion. In Session 2, there was a good consistency between the responses of the two eyes, each pupil responding to light to the same degree when either eye was stimulated. However, in Session 1, the left eye showed a reduced response when the right eye was stimulated; the stimulation of the right eye evoked a normal response in the right eye. In Session 3, the pattern was different. There was a full response in the left eye when the left eye was stimulated; however, the stimulation of the left eye resulted in a reduced response in the right eye. Furthermore, the stimulation of the right eye evoked reduced responses in both eyes. In Sessions 1 and 3, the recovery time of the light reflex response appeared to be prolonged.\n\nIn Session 2, when the patient was well, there was a normal pattern of pupillary responses to light stimulation. In Sessions 1 and 3, when the patient was unwell, there was evidence of impairment of the consensual light response indicating internuclear iridoplegia. The lesion is likely to be in the pretectal area. Furthermore, in Session 3, there was also evidence of an afferent pupillary defect in the right eye consistent with the patient\u2019s complaint of loss of visual acuity in the right eye, which may reflect an additional lesion of the retina\/optic nerve. The elongation of the recovery time of the light reflex response in Sessions 1 and 3 is indicative of a sympathetic deficit. The identification of internuclear iridoplegia was a significant finding, since hitherto the patient\u2019s symptoms had been ascribed to multi-focal damage to peripheral nerves.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":582,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-16","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"DOPAMINERGIC REGULATION OF PUPILLARY FUNCTION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-16","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":562,"original_file_name":"1170380626749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179831,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":582,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The central noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) plays a prominent role in controlling arousal and autonomic functions, including pupillary activity. The LC contributes to sympathetic outflow and also tonically inhibits the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN). Recently, we have shown that modafinil, a wakefulness promoting drug, increases arousal and sympathetic activation of the pupil, consistent with increased LC activity1. It has been proposed that modafinil may act by enhancing the tonic dopaminergic activation of the LC via an excitatory meso-coerulear pathway projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain to the LC2. On the other hand, the sedative anti-Parkinsonian drug pramipexole may cause sedation by \u201cswitching off\u201d the dopaminergic activation of the LC via the stimulation of inhibitory D2 dopamine receptors on the dopaminergic neurones3. We examined this hypothesis by comparing the effects of modafinil and pramipexole on arousal and autonomic functions in healthy volunteers. \n\nSixteen (16) healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions (placebo, pramipexole 0.5 mg, modafinil 200 mg, pramipexole 0.5 mg + modafinil 200 mg) at weekly intervals, according to a double-blind balanced design. Alertness was measured using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF), visual analogue scales (VAS), and pupillary fatigue waves (pupil diameter fluctuations in darkness). Pupillary functions (resting pupil diameter, light and darkness reflexes) were recorded with binocular infrared television pupillometry, and blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and salivary output by conventional methods. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with multiple comparisons (criterion p<0.05).\n\nPramipexole reduced CFFF and subjective alertness and contentedness, and increased pupillary fatigue waves (pupillary unrest index, total power). Pramipexole increased pupil diameter, reduced light reflex amplitude, and tended to increase light reflex latency. Modafinil had no effect on alertness but tended to increase pupil diameter, caused small but significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and tended to increase body temperature. Modafinil failed to counteract the sedative effect of pramipexole, but increased its mydriatic effect. Salivation was not affected by the drugs.\n\nThe sedative effect of pramipexole may reflect the withdrawal of the tonic dopaminergic activation of the LC which was also expected to cause miosis, via a central sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic mechanism. The unexpected finding of a mydriatic effect of pramipexole suggests that this sympatholytic mechanism was superseded by the operation of a central parasympatholytic mechanism. We propose that this parasympatholytic mechanism may be the \u201cswitching off\u201d of a putative excitatory dopaminergic output from the VTA to the EWN, due to the activation of inhibitory autoreceptors on VTA neurones by pramipexole. Although modafinil had negligible effect on arousal, it showed sympathomimetic effects, consistent with LC activation.\n\nThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham Medical School.\n\n1.\tHou RH, Freeman C, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (2005). \tPsychopharmacology, in press.\n2.\tKeating GL, Rye DB (2003). Sleep, 26:788-789.\n3.\tRye DB, Jankovic J (2002). Neurology, 58:341-346.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Samuels ER","Hou RH","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":583,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-17","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL DILATION AS A MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL PROCESSING IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-17","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":563,"original_file_name":"1170380628280.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179212,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":583,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Emerging evidence suggests that child and adolescent affective disorders are associated with disruptions in the processing and regulation of emotion. Pupil dilation during emotional tasks is a peripheral measure of brain activity that can provide valuable information about the intensity and temporal course of emotional reactivity and regulation. Research indicates that adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) show sustained pupil dilation to negative words relative to controls up to 12 seconds after the word has been presented (Siegle, Steinhauer, Carter, Ramel, & Thase, 2003). This study examined whether children and adolescents with MDD and other affective disorders also show sustained pupil dilation to negative words. \n\nMethods: Subjects (n = 42) were participants in a longitudinal study of neurobehavioural factors in pediatric affective disorder. Participants (27 female, 15 male) ranged in age from 7 to 16 (M = 12.70). Structured diagnostic interviews were administered to establish lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and familial genetic loading for affective disorder. Participants were divided into five groups: (a) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD, N=15); (b) Anxiety Disorder (ANX, N=11); (c) High Risk Normals (HRN, N=5); and (d) Low Risk Normals (LRN, N=11). HRN\u2019s had at least one first and second-degree relative with a lifetime depressive disorder. Pupil dilation was recorded at 60 Hz using an ISCAN eye-tracker while participants completed a Word Valence Identification Task (VID). Participants were instructed to identify the emotional valence (positive, negative, or neutral) of 66 words by pressing a corresponding button as quickly and accurately as possible. Words were matched for length and frequency. Each trial included a 1 second fixation mask, the presentation of the word for 5 seconds, and a mask (row of X\u2019s) for the 6 second inter-trial interval. \nLinear trends were removed to eliminate effects of slow drift in pupil diameter not related to trial characteristics, and mean diameter during the first 166 ms of each trial was subtracted as a baseline to index dilation. Linear Mixed Effects Models were computed with subject as a random effect and second and valence as repeated effects. Fixed effects included group, valence, second, and all interactions. \n\nResults: Across diagnostic groups, participants showed greater pupil dilation to emotional than to neutral words. In contrast to adults, MDD children showed blunted pupil dilation relative to low-risk normals 9-12 seconds after the word was presented. High-risk normals and children with anxiety disorders also showed blunted pupil dilation to negative words during the seconds following word presentation. \n\nDiscussion: Blunted pupil dilation in children with, and at risk for, affective disorders may indicate a pattern of avoidance of emotional stimuli or affective flattening. This pattern differs from that of adults and suggests that children with affective disorders may have an ability to \u201cshut-off\u201d emotional processing that is lost later in development. Findings also suggest that pupil dilation during the VID task can be used successfully as an index of emotional processing in child and adolescent populations. Blunted processing of negative emotional information during childhood or adolescence may be associated with risk for affective disorder. \n\nSupported by: MH064159, MH041712-18","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jennifer S. Silk","Greg J. Siegle","& Ronald E. Dahl"]},{"item_id":584,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"FIT FOR DUTY? A REPORT ON FIRST PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PUPILLOGRAPHY AT THE WORK PLACE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":564,"original_file_name":"1170381490046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":188714,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":584,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleepiness, being a substantial source of failures and accidents at work, is a permanent challenge for preventive strategies. A first objective study aimed at the assessment of the amount of sleepiness present in certain high risk areas of shift work. Target groups of this study performed by order of the Bavarian ministry of health, Germany, were physicians after night duties and miners under extended shift durations at a tube tunnel construction site.\n\nMethods: We applied the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) which records and analyses pupillary sleepiness waves in darkness and silence for 11 minutes. The PST is a standardized and validated physiological measure of sleepiness that has been widely used in the past years in middle Europe for purposes of sleep research and sleep medicine. Testing is performed in the sitting subject after ten minutes without physical activity. Parameter of evaluation was the natural logarithm of the Pupillary Unrest Index (lnPUI).\n34 physicians (Hospital Kempten) were examined during the first half of the day by the PST and subjective scales. Recordings after a normal night were compared to those after night duties. The miners (U3, Olympiapark) were measured at 6 am, 2 pm and 6 pm by the PST during one day of a day shift week following one week off work. The standard distance to last caffeine \/ nicotine consumption of four hours was reduced to one hour for compliance reasons.\n\nResults and Discussion: We found a substantial increase of objectively measured daytime sleepiness (Wilcoxon test, median of the difference in ln PUI between conditions 0,19, minimum \u20130,71 , maximum 1,29, p = 0,03) in the physicians after a night duty even though the subjects had the possibility to sleep about four hours during the night. Obviously, early morning naps were helpful to prevent or minimize daytime sleepiness. How the existing daytime sleepiness would have increased in case of continued work on the day after the night duty cannot be answered because all physicians had one day off after night duties. \nIn 50% of the workers working day shift in a tunnel already after 8 hours of work extreme daytime sleepiness was found with a high tendency to fall asleep. Five workers fell asleep several times during the recording middle of the day. Mean difference in lnPUI between the morning (1.96) and the second recording (2.38) was significant (0.42; Wilcoxon test: median 0.34, minimum -0.29, maximum 1.2, p <0,001). PUI-values after 8 and 12 hours work did not differ significantly (Wilcoxon test median 0.05, minimum 0.61, maximum 0.74, p=0.42).\n\nOnto the end of the 12 hour shift duration (including altogether 2 hours of rest distributed over the day) their sleepiness remained at this high level. One has to take in account that these miners\u2019 work was physically hard and especially challenging. The question is how the amount of sleepiness at the work place could be prevented by special break schedules or shorter shift duration. \n\nConclusions: The PST can help to detect daytime sleepiness at the work place. It may be used to find out optimal working schedules and conditions in occupational medicine. Another possible application is that of a \u201cfit for duty\u201d test for the preventive identification in certain high risk professions to limit the hazards of sleepiness in the interest of safety.\n\n\nAcknowledgements: This study was sponsored by the *Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz, Referat 742 Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitssicherheitsorganisation, M\u00fcnchen. We thank Cornelia K\u00f6hler for her help with the recordings, Kurt Vogt for his support at the Kempten Hospital, Wilhelm Uschold for excellent organisation at the construction site and Gerhard Otto for a very stimulating and enjoyable cooperation.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Anja Widmann","Wilhelm Durst","Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":585,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLOGRAPHY AND THE ASSESSMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":565,"original_file_name":"1170381491562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155159,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":585,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD) is associated with a complex pattern of neurobehavioural consequences across cognitive and emotional domains. Prefrontal cortical function is degraded during SD with corresponding deficits in executive functioning. SD is also consistently associated with mood dysregulation, although past research has relied solely on self-report measures. Pupillography is an ideal objective method to measure emotional processing, sleepiness, and their interaction. Pupillary instability reliably measures sleepiness, and pupil dilation can be used as an index of both cognitive and emotional processing. The extent to which these measures vary independently is unclear. The current pilot study was designed to examine this question.\n\nMethods: Healthy young adults were randomised to a night of total SD or a night of normal sleep (NS). Emotional processing, executive function, and sleepiness were assessed the following afternoon during continuous pupil diameter recording. Pupil dilation was measured during the emotion task which consisted of viewing positive, negative, and neutral emotional pictures (6 s stimulus duration, 6 s inter-stimulus interval). The Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI), the amount of change over time in pupil size, was calculated during the Pupil Sleepiness Test when participants fixated on a red dot for 11 minutes. Every two hours throughout the day, psychomotor vigilance performance and sleep latency (i.e., Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT) were assessed. The afternoon testing session was repeated 1\u20132 weeks later in all participants under rested conditions (i.e., NS trials). Preliminary analyses were conducted on 6 SD and 4 NS participants. Pupil data cleaning, reduction, and analysis used standard methodology employed in Dr. Siegle\u2019s lab.\n\nResults: The PUI was significantly higher during SD than NS, Wilcoxon Z=-2.0, p<.05, and the association between the PUI and MSLT scores was nonsignificant but in the predicted direction, r=-.47, p=.27. There was more pupil dilation\/less constriction to negative pictures during SD compared to NS, significant from .7 s post-stimulus onset until 1 s post-stimulus offset, t(12)=2.71, p<.02, Cohen\u2019s D effect size=-1.46. Additionally, the light reflex following stimulus onset was inhibited in SD. Valence-specific pupil responses were assessed by subtracting neutral from negative responses; a pupil dilation response in SD and a constriction response in NS were observed. SD and NS differed significantly for first second post-stimulus onset, t(12)=3.49, p<.01, Cohen\u2019s D=-1.89. \n\nDiscussion: The association between sleepiness as measured by the PUI and the MSLT was in the expected direction, providing validation for the pupillary approach. The data also suggest that SD disrupts normal processing of emotional stimuli, as indicated by greater initial and sustained pupillary responses to negative pictures. The results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that SD leads to greater emotional reactivity and negatively impacts emotion regulation. Pupillary variation associated with sleepiness did not interfere with ability to detect emotional information processing disruptions. Assessing pupillary responses to emotional and cognitive processing in SD may provide important insights into various neurobehavioural consequences and their inter-relationships. \n\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. All co-authors have read the final, submitted version of the abstract and consented explicitly to having their names included in the list of authors.\n\nAcknowledgement: Supported in part from MH16804, MH30915, RR00056, MH24652, and AG00972","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P.L. Franzen","D.J. Buysse","D.N. Duryea","G.J. Siegle"]},{"item_id":586,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGE IN PUPIL DIAMETER RELATES TO SUBJECTIVE DROWSINESS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":566,"original_file_name":"1170381492874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":175113,"timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":586,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleep-deprivation experiments have indicated effects on the stability of pupil diameter. The effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation on pupil diameter were investigated. \n\nMethods: Subjects were 13 healthy male students (mean age 21.1 years). Each subject was required to get 8 hours of sleep (baseline, from 2300 to 0700) for 7 days, and 5 hours of sleep (sleep restriction, from 0100 to 0600) for 7 days in an ambulatory condition. The order of the two sleep schedules was randomly assigned. The sleeping hours were estimated using a wristwatch-type action monitor (AMI Co., Ltd., Micro Mini Actigraph). Subjective sleepiness was assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which was a 10-cm straight line. Changes of pupil size in darkness were recorded continuously for 720 seconds using an infrared video camera (IRIS C7364, Hamamatsu). The low frequency components less than 1.0 Hz were calculated by using FFT. \n\nResults: The increase in VAS score in 5-hour sleep deprivation from the baseline was positively correlated with the increase in the low frequency components in FFT (r=0.77 p<0.001).\n\nConclusion: We found a strong correlation between subjective drowsiness and instability of pupil size.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiko Yamamoto","Reiko Hori","Hirohito Tsuboi","Yasuhiro Akamatsu","Fumio Kobayashi"]},{"item_id":589,"item_type_id":7,"uid":5,"description":"This is re-implementation of the pupil muscle model presented in the following article:\r[1]Hirata Yutaka, Usui Siro, \u2018A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant\u2019, IEICE Vol.J77-D-2, No.1, pp. 170-180, 1994.\r[2]Usui S, Hirata Y,'Estimation of autonomic nervous activity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.', Ann Biomed Eng., Vol.23 No.4, pp.375-387, 1995 \rThe approach taken in this dissertation is based on a newly developed homeomorphic model of the pupillary muscle plant. The model was constructed based on the anatomical and physiological evidence. Validity of the model was verified by comparing its behavior with various experimental evidence. \r","doi":"","last_update_date":1191054381,"creation_date":1190197363,"publication_year":0,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant","item_type_display_name":"Model","item_type_name":"xnpmodel","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=589","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":15,"uid":0,"item_id":589,"log_date":1190253739,"log":"Modified; Related to."},{"log_id":17,"uid":0,"item_id":589,"log_date":1190254250,"log":"Modified; Comment."},{"log_id":19,"uid":0,"item_id":589,"log_date":1190946278,"log":"Modified; Index."},{"log_id":29,"uid":0,"item_id":589,"log_date":1191054381,"log":""}],"related_to":[590],"keyword":["Pupil"," Automatic nervous system"," Human pupillary muscle plant"],"file":[{"file_id":567,"original_file_name":"PupillaryMuscleModel.zip","mime_type":"application\/x-zip","file_size":16934,"timestamp":"2007-09-19 19:22:43","display_name":"Model Data"}],"model_id":589,"model_type":"matlab","readme":"* Readme.txt\r\n\r\n** What is this program?\r\n\r\nThis is our re-implementation of the cerebellar model presented in the\r\nfollowing article:\r\n\r\n[1]Hirata Yutaka, Usui Siro, \u2018A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant\u2019, IEICE Vol.J77-D-2, No.1, pp. 170-180, 1994.\r\n[2]Usui S, Hirata Y,'Estimation of autonomic nervous\r\nactivity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.', Ann Biomed Eng., Vol.23 No.4, pp.375-387, 1995 \r\nThe approach taken in this dissertation is based on a newly developed homeomorphic model of the pupillary muscle plant. The model was constructed based on the anatomical and physiological evidence. Validity of the model was verified by comparing its behavior with various experimental evidence.\r\n\r\n** Files\r\n\r\nThis folder contains the following files:\r\n\r\npapillary_muscle_model.m :: Matlab Mfile parameter set\r\n\r\nPupillaryMuscleModel.mdl :: Matlab Simulink model\r\n","rights":" + ); + }); + return ( +
+
\"Creative<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License<\/a>.\r\n\t\t\t<\/td><\/tr><\/table>\r\n\t","use_cc":1,"cc_commercial_use":1,"cc_modification":2,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"creator":["Nishiyama"]},{"item_id":590,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190944989,"creation_date":1190252688,"publication_year":1995,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Estimation of autonomic nervous activity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=590","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":14,"uid":0,"item_id":590,"log_date":1190252756,"log":"Modified; Index."},{"log_id":16,"uid":0,"item_id":590,"log_date":1190253769,"log":"Modified; Related to."},{"log_id":18,"uid":0,"item_id":590,"log_date":1190944989,"log":""}],"related_to":[589],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":590,"journal":"Annals of biomedical engineering","volume":23,"number":4,"page":"375-87","abstract":"In order to elucidate the mechanism of the pupillary control system, the internal property of the pupillary muscle plant, as well as the autonomic nervous input to the muscle plant, must be analyzed. In this study, we approach the problem first by constructing a new homeomorphic biomechanical model for the human pupillary muscle plant (forward dynamic model). We showed that the model is able not only to reproduce various experimental results that exhibit various nonlinearities but also to explain how such nonlinear responses are generated in terms of the internal property of the model. Then, we contrive a possible method to estimate the autonomic nervous input to the muscle plant. This method utilizes the inverse dynamic model of the pupillary muscle plant so that the autonomic nervous input can be estimated from the pupillary response. We applied this method to the experimental step responses, and showed that the estimated neural input indicates characteristics quite similar to the results of the physiological experiment. Last, we discuss the origin of the pupillary escape and capture as well as the sustained and transient components of the pupillary response, based on the analysis of the forward and\/or inverse dynamic model.","pubmed_id":"7486345","author":["Usui S","Hirata Y"]},{"item_id":591,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953800,"creation_date":1190947804,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation of IOL; true of false?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=591","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":20,"uid":0,"item_id":591,"log_date":1190948178,"log":"Modified; Presentation File."},{"log_id":21,"uid":0,"item_id":591,"log_date":1190948287,"log":"Modified; Conference Title."},{"log_id":22,"uid":0,"item_id":591,"log_date":1190948721,"log":"Modified; Index."},{"log_id":24,"uid":0,"item_id":591,"log_date":1190953800,"log":"Modified; Presentation Type."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":569,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 11:56:18","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":591,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Accommodation of artificial phakic eye after IOL implantation is well\r\nknown. By the classical theory of Helmholtz, it is incomprehensive and called as\r\n\u201cfalse accommodation\u201d. In the present study we used modern technique to measure\r\nthe triad of near response by TriIRIS*. Among the triad, accommodative stimulus is\r\nemployed as a trigger and accompanying pupillary reaction with converging eye\r\nmovement are recorded simultaneously on both eyes. Continuous three trials are\r\nanalyzed to calculate the \u201caccommodative contraction rate\u201d (ACR) of pupil.\r\nMethods: Ten subjects of each control group from 50 to 80-age decade with normal\r\nnear vision, full convergence and prompt pupillary reaction are examined. Age\r\nmatched IOL groups of two months or more post-operative period are compared\r\nwith non-IOL ones. Maximum loading of accommodative stimuli depending on\r\nsubjective response are taken to measure the ACR. The initial pupil size (T1),\r\nloading dioptor to induce the accommodation (Load Diopt) and ACR % is compared.\r\nAlso differences of age, IOL-material and pre-operative refractive myopia (over \u20135D)\r\nare analyzed. To calculate the maximum accommodative diopter standard curve of\r\nnormal workers on 50th is applied1).\r\nResults: Control Group IOL Group\r\nn=10 T1 mm Load Diopt ACR % T1 mm Load Diopt ACR %\r\n50 th 5.0 3.8 40 5.2 4.6 38\r\n60 th 5.1 3.8 37 4.5 4.5 32\r\n70 th 4.6 3.9 34 4.5 4.6 36\r\n80 th 4.6 3.6 32 4.2 3.9 31\r\nConclusion: Age-dependent difference of 50th and 80th is almost 10% decrease\r\non T1 and ACR. The artificial phakic eyes have almost equal accommodative ability\r\nto each control group measured by pupillary contraction. This finding reveals the\r\ntrue accommodation is occurred to IOL-implanted eyes. Actual reading diopter to\r\nmaintain the near vision is almost a half of maximum power measured by this\r\nmethod1). The dynamic connective tissue theory of accommodation2) is given the\r\nevidence to understand this finding. Novel machine \u201cTriIRIS\u201d is reliable to measure\r\nthe quantitative and qualitative accommodation objectively. And further development\r\nof accommodative IOL will be appraised by this method.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Hiraoka, M et al: Dynamic measurement of pupillometry with horizontal eye\r\ntracker by accommodative stimulation. J. Jap. Ophthalmol. Soc. 107:702-708, 2003.\r\n2) Hiraoka, M et al: Immunohistochemical study of the extracellular matrices related\r\nto accommodation in monkeys. J. Jap. Ophthalmol. Soc. 106:565-573, 2002.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mari Hiraoka"]},{"item_id":592,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948516,"creation_date":1190948516,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Is the central sympathe tic inhibition impaired","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=592","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":570,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:01:56","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":592,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil colloquium","place":"Hamamatu","abstract":"Objective: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is an ophthalmologic disease of\r\nstill unknown origin. Irene Loewenfeld hypothesized from observations in single\r\ncases that the central sympathetic inhibition was reduced in POAG. Such\r\nhypothesis was based on the shape or in other words the dynamics of the pupillary\r\nlight reflex (PLR). Our aim was to investigate this hypothesis in a clinical trial in\r\nnormals and POAG patients with standard pupillographic procedures regarding the\r\nPLR and spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness.\r\nMethods:\r\nPatients with POAG were recruited from the glaucoma clinic in T\u00fcbingen. The\r\ndiagnosis of POAG was based on an intraocular pressure above 26 mmHg\r\n(measured twice) and typically excavated papilla. Main exclusion criteria for normal\r\nsubjects were: any ocular pathology except refractive errors, no history of ocular\r\ndisease and no family history of glaucoma. Pupil examinations took place in a dark\r\nroom in the pupil lab of the eye hospital T\u00fcbingen.\r\nCIP (AMTech, Germany) is an automated infrared video pupillograph with a CCD\r\narray, which enables a high temporal resolution of 0,004 seconds. We tested the\r\nPLR at four different stimulus intensities: 0.43, 1.36, 7.84 and 30.20 lux. Each\r\ncondition was repeated four times and averaged. Parameters of evaluation for the\r\nPLR were: baseline pupil diameter, latency, amplitude (mm), constriction velocity,\r\nvelocity of the early and late phase of redilation.\r\nPST (AMTech, Germany) records spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness\r\n(duration 11 minutes) as an indirect measure of central inhibition. Primary parameter\r\nof analysis was the Pupillary Unrest Index (mm\/min).\r\nResults: 30 patients (16 m, 15 f; aged 37 to 76 y; median 64y) were compared to 31\r\nnormals (12m, 19 f; aged 38 to 76; median 63y). In the parameters of the PLR we\r\nfound a number of trends in the expected direction of differences between both\r\ngroups, the vast majority scarcely missing the mark of significance. The velocity\r\n(mm\/sec) of the early redilation phase, which is regarded to represent the action of\r\ncentral inhibition, was significantly slower in POAG patients than in normals for the\r\n1.36 (POAG 0.90+\/-0.33; normals 1.02 +\/- 0.27) and 7.84 (POAG 1.07+\/-0.32;\r\nnormals 1.21 +\/- 0.31) lux condition. The PUI showed a tendency to be higher in\r\npatients than in normals; this difference was not significant (POAG mean 1.77\r\n+\/-0.467, median 1.75; normals mean 1.69 +\/- 0.54, median 1.85). In comparison to\r\na larger sample of normal subjects of the same age group from a former PST study\r\n(normative study, n=349, mean 1.50 +\/- 0.389, median 1.49), the PUI of the POAG\r\ngroup was higher than in normal subjects (Wilcoxon Test p=0.003).\r\nConclusions:\r\nIn the majority of parameters \u2013 though not in all of them - our findings from this\r\nclinical trial gave hints at a confirmation of the hypothesis of Irene Loewenfeld: there\r\nare indeed signs of decreased central inhibition in patients with primary open angle\r\nglaucoma.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm, Moritz Ho eltzermann, Tobias Peters,","Holger L\u00fcdtke, Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":594,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948906,"creation_date":1190948661,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Blink before and after you think: B links occur prior to and following cognitive load indexed by pupillary responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=594","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":23,"uid":0,"item_id":594,"log_date":1190948906,"log":""}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":571,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:04:21","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":594,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: Pupil dilation and blinks provide complementary, mutually exclusive\r\nindices of information processing. Though each index is associated with cognitive\r\nload, the occurrence of a blink precludes the measurement of pupil diameter. These\r\nindices have generally been assessed in independent literatures. As literature\r\nsuggests that blinks occur before and after cognitive load while pupil dilation occurs\r\nduring cognitive load, they could provide complementary information regarding the\r\ntime-course of cognitive information processing.\r\nMethods: We examined the extent to which these measures are related on two\r\ncognitive tasks (Stroop and digit-sorting, in which participants put digits in numerical\r\norder) using a novel method that quantifies the proportion of trials on which blinks\r\noccur at each sample acquired during the trial. This measure allowed\r\ncross-correlation of continuous trial-related pupil-dilation and blink waveforms.\r\nResults: On both tasks, blinks occurred during early sensory processing and\r\nfollowing sustained information processing. Pupil dilation better reflected sustained\r\ninformation processing.\r\nConclusions: Together pupil dilation and blink indices provide a rich picture of the\r\ntime-course of information processing, from early reactivity through sustained\r\ncognition, and after stimulus-related cognition ends.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg J. Siegle","Naho Ichikawa","Stuart Steinhauer"]},{"item_id":595,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948903,"creation_date":1190948903,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative afferent pupillary defect with normal vision:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=595","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":572,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:08:23","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":595,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27 th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatu","abstract":"Objectives: To demonstrate pupillographic results of a patient with a presumed\r\nlesion of the interconnection between the optic tract and the midbrain.\r\nMethods: Clinical examination, CT-scan, pupillographic measurement of the\r\nrelative afferent pupillary defect by a binocular pupillographic system (SWIFT),\r\npupillary hemifield stimulation using a custom built pupil campimetry system\r\ncovering 36x27 deg of the visual field on a CRT monitor.\r\nResults: A 65 year old woman suffered from a basal ganglia bleeding which\r\nextended to the right posterior thalamus and the right posterior midbrain. On\r\nexamination, a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was seen on the left side.\r\nVisual acuity was normal, visual field did not reveal any hemianopia or other defect\r\nexplaining an RAPD, and optic discs were not atrophic one year after the\r\nhaemorrhage.\r\nThe RAPD was quantified with 0.9 log units by neutral density filters and 1.33 by\r\npupillography. In this patient we had the opportunity to do hemifield stimulation using\r\none stimulus in each quadrant of varying size (3, 6, 12 deg) and luminance (8 and\r\n16 cd\/m2 on a 1 cd\/m2 background). A typical left hemiakinesia resulted, i.e. the\r\nresponses in the left hemifield were markedly reduced as compared to the right.\r\nHowever, there was also a reduction of both hemifields of the left eye as compared\r\nto the right.\r\nConclusions: Several similar cases have been published but no pupil perimetry\r\nhas been demonstrated yet. Our finding of pupillary hemiakinesia indicates that this\r\nRAPD with normal visual function is a variant of the RAPD found in optic tract\r\nlesions. It is not yet sufficiently explained by present concepts of the pupillary\r\npathways and of the differences in pupillomotor sensitivity between the temporal\r\nand nasal hemifield. In this case it could be demonstrated that the pupillary pathway\r\nconnecting the optic tract and the dorsal midbrain is organized in a similar way as\r\nthe optic tract.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Chen CJ, Scheufele M, Sheth M, Torabi A, Hogan N, Frohman EM. Isolated\r\nrelative afferent pupillary defect secondary to contralateral midbrain compression.\r\nArch Neurol 2004;61:1451-3.\r\n2. Eliott D, Cunningham ET, Miller NR. Fourth nerve paresis and ipsilateral relative\r\nafferent pupillary defect without visual sensory disturbance. A sign of contralateral\r\ndorsal midbrain disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991;11(3):169-72.\r\n3. Ellis CJ. Afferent pupillary defect in pineal region tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg\r\nPsychiatry 1984;47:739-41.\r\n4. Forman S, Behrens MM, Odel JG, Spector RD, Hilal S. Relative afferent pupillary\r\ndefect with normal visual function. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:1074-5.\r\n5. Girkin CA, Perry JD, Miller NR. A relative afferent pupillary defect without any\r\nvisual sensory deficit. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1544-5.\r\n6. Johnson RE, Bell RA. Relative afferent pupillary defect in a lesion of the pretectal\r\nafferent pupillary pathway. Can J Ophthalmol 1987;22:282-4.\r\n7. Kardon R, Kawasaki A, Miller NR. Origin of the relative afferent pupillary defect in\r\noptic tract lesions. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1345-53.\r\n8. King JT, Jr., Galetta SL, Flamm ES. Relative afferent pupillary defect with normal\r\nvision in a glial brainstem tumor. Neurology 1991;41(6):945-6.\r\n9. Kupfer C, Chumbley L, Downer JC. Quantitative histology of optic nerve, optic\r\ntract and lateral geniculate nucleus of man. J Anat 1967;101:393-401.\r\n10. Newman SA, Miller NR. Optic tract syndrome. Neuro-ophthalmologic\r\nconsiderations. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1241-50.\r\n11. Schmid R, Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H. Naso-temporal asymmetry and contraction\r\nanisocoria in the pupillomotor system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol\r\n2000;238:123-8.\r\n12. Staubach F, Pieh C, Maier P, Lagr\u00e8ze WA. Relative afferent pupillary defect with\r\nnormal vision and vertical strabismus-implications for pupillary pathway anatomy.\r\nGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:321-3.\r\n13. Taguchi H, Kashii S, Kikuchi M, Yasuyoshi H, Honda Y. Superior oblique paresis\r\nwith contralateral relative afferent pupillary defect. Graefes Arch Clin Exp\r\nOphthalmol 2000; 238:927-9.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm, Thomas Wermund, Eleni Papageorgiou"]},{"item_id":596,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190954400,"creation_date":1190949046,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Recovery of visual and p upil response deficits in","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=596","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":25,"uid":0,"item_id":596,"log_date":1190954400,"log":"Modified; Author."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":573,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:10:47","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":596,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: To examine whether achromatic and chromatic signals can yield useful\r\nand independent information about relapsing and remitting phases in demyelinating\r\ndiseases using both visual psychophysics and pupillometric techniques\r\nMethods: The recovery of visual performance and pupil responses were\r\ninvestigated in patients with demyelinating optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. The\r\nresponse amplitude and time delay (latency) of the pupil response were measured\r\nin 14 patients with a previous history of unilateral optic neuritis (five of them were\r\nalso diagnosed later with MS) in response to either achromatic (luminance) or\r\nchromatic (isoluminant) stimulus modulation. In addition, we measured detection\r\nthresholds for achromatic stimuli using standard visual field perimetry and chromatic\r\nthresholds using a new Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test, which\r\nisolates the use of colour signals.\r\nResults: Pupil light reflex and pupil colour responses were measured binocularly in\r\nrepose to monocular stimulation of each eye. The use of sinusoidal modulation\r\ntechniques made it possible to extract automatically the pupil response amplitude\r\nand latency (Barbur et al, 2004). Colour thresholds (red-green and yellow-blue)\r\nwere measured in each eye using methods that isolate the use of colour signals\r\nwww.city.ac.uk\/avrc\/colourtest.html\r\nConclusions: The results show that, despite significant improvements in visual\r\nfunction (visual acuity and fields) observed after the acute phase, important pupil\r\nresponse deficits can persist. The data also show that precise measurements of\r\npupil responses and chromatic thresholds can reveal deficits that may remain\r\nundetected with more conventional techniques. We believe that these new\r\ntechniques can provide useful information about remitting and relapsing\r\ndemyelinating phases that are often observed during MS and ON.\r\nReferences:\r\nJ. L. Barbur, S. Moro, J. A. Harlow, B. L. Lam and M. Liu: Comparison of pupil\r\nresponses to luminance and color in severe optic neuritis. Clinical Neurophysiology\r\n115:2650-2658, 2004.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur, S. I. Moro, M. L. Rodriguez-Carmona, E. C. Frost1 and G. T. Plant"]},{"item_id":597,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949049,"creation_date":1190949049,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Dynamic variation in pupil diamete r as a measure of non-task-related information processing: Examples in healthy and depressed individuals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=597","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":574,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:10:49","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":597,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: For decades, systematic variation in pupil diameter in response to\r\nstimuli has been used as a measure of task-related information processing on\r\ncognitive tasks. The conventional explanation for this observation, supported by\r\nbrain imaging data, is that task-related pupil dilation reflects activity in brain\r\nmechanisms subserving cognitive and emotional processing. By the same logic,\r\nvariation in pupil dilation which occurs during a task, but not at the frequency of\r\ntask-stimuli might reflect brain activity associated with task-unrelated processes\r\nsuch as rumination, distraction, in addition to sleepiness, with which such\r\noscillations have previously been associated. If this is true, both task-related and\r\ntask-unrelated variation in pupil diameter should be related to performance on\r\ncognitive tasks. This type of analysis could be particularly useful for understanding\r\ninformation procesisng in depressed individuals, who are believed to suffer from\r\ndecreased performance due to task-unrelated thought processes such as\r\nrumination.\r\nMethods: Pupillary responses were assessed during performance on the Paced\r\nAuditory Serial Attention Task (Gronwall, 1977), in 21 healthy individuals and 43\r\ndepressed individuals. On this task participants added digits to previously presented\r\ndigits continuously, where digits were presented at trial frequencies presented in\r\nblocks in which the interstimulus interval varied from one digit every 2.4 seconds to\r\none digit every 1.2 seconds. Participants also completed self-report measures of\r\ntrait rumination.\r\nData on all tasks were recorded using an ISCAN RK426 eye-tracker at 60Hz.\r\nPupil-diameter data were subjected to wavelet transformation to yield\r\ntime-frequency representations of the pupillary motility. Pupillary responses\r\noccurring at the stimulus frequency were assumed to be task-related. Pupillary\r\nmotility occurring at other low frequencies were considered to be non-task-related\r\nvariation.\r\nInitial regressions were performed in which performance and trait rumination were\r\nthe dependent variables, and in which task-related and task-unrelated variation in\r\npupil diameter were simultaneously entered as independent variables.\r\nResults: Results suggested that the wavelet transformation method reliably\r\nquantified task-related variation in pupil diameter. Task-related pupillary motility was\r\npositively related to performance both between participants and within participants\r\non a trial-to-trial basis. It was also positively related to rumination. Task-unrelated\r\npupillary motility was negatively and independently related to performance and\r\nrumination above and beyond task-related pupillary motility, and was negatively\r\nrelated to performance within individuals on a trial-to-trial basis. The difference in\r\ntask-related power to correct and error trials was related to self-reported rumination\r\nwhereas the difference in task-unrelated power to fast and slow trials was related to\r\nself-reported self-punishment. Task related and unrelated variation in pupil diameter\r\nwere significantly associated with performance above and beyond depression\r\nstatus.\r\nTo rule better understand whether observed results for non-task-related variation in\r\npupil diameter, a different data set using sleep-deprived individuals on a comparable\r\ntask was explored \u2013 group differences in task-related and non-task-related pupillary\r\noscillatory activity were not observed in that data.\r\nConclusions: These data suggest that on difficult, speeded tasks, irregular\r\nnon-task-related dynamic variation in pupil diameter varies inversely with\r\nperformance and may reflect cognitive processing not associated with the task (e.g.,\r\nrumination).","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Neil Jones","Peter Franzen"]},{"item_id":598,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190954615,"creation_date":1190949211,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Absence of pupil response co mponents in small scotomas caused by cortical lesions","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=598","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":26,"uid":0,"item_id":598,"log_date":1190954615,"log":"Modified; Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":575,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:13:32","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":598,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: To investigate the integrity of pupil response components within a small, bilateral scotoma (~ 3oH by 5oV), straddling the vertical meridian and just below the horizontal meridian, caused by occipital head injury. To assess and compare the effectiveness of visual psychophysics and pupil-based perimetric techniques in patients with small scotomas. \r\n\r\nMethods: The patient investigated had an unusual visual field defect caused by damage to the occipital lobes, both sides of the calcarine fissure, slightly more extensive above. The lesion is small and passed unnoticed in the first MRI scan. Perimetry testing was carried out using a customised Advanced Perimetry Program (APP), pupil perimetry and Humphrey VFA. The dynamic component of the Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) and Pupil Colour Responses (Barbur, 2004) were also measured with small stimuli located within the centre of the scotoma.\r\n\r\nResults: The perimetry maps show very localised loss of visual sensitivity that\r\naffects all stimulus attributes. The increased resolution of the APP reveals fine detail within the scotoma that remains undetected in VFA. Pupil measurements show complete absence of both PLR and PCR components.\r\n\r\nConclusions: Advanced perimetry techniques can be used to reveal islands of visual field loss that remains undetected using clinical perimetric methods. Damage to the occipital pole causing very localised loss of visual field sensitivity also eliminates the dynamic pupil light reflex and the colour response components.\r\n\r\nReferences:\r\nBarbur J. L. (2004) in The Visual Neurosciences, eds. Chalupa L. M. and\r\nWerner J. S. (MIT Press), pp641-656.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur, Matilda O\u2019Neill- Biba, M Rodr\u00edguez-Carmona,","Katherine Miszkie, Fion Bremner"]},{"item_id":599,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949219,"creation_date":1190949219,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The estimation of the spontaneous pupillary fluctuation variability using time-frequency representation and fractal dimension","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=599","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":576,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:13:39","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":599,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: The phenomenon of spontaneous pupillary fluctuation (SPF) represents a\r\ndynamic equilibrium of pupil size for which the sympathetic and parasymphatetic activity\r\nmodulated by central nervous system is responsible [1]. The analysis of SPF signal is used\r\nin neurology and neuro-ophthalmology for monitoring the level of alertness in the clinical\r\nconditions, for diagnosing sleep disorderes, and for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic\r\ninterventions [2].\r\nThe literature analysis shows that typically the classical Fourier Transform (FT) is applied\r\nto analyse SPF spectrum in range up to ~1Hz. The limitation of the spectra range results\r\nmostly from the resolution of the accesible apparatus to the SPF measurement.\r\nFrom our research it results that the signal SPF is nonstationary, so the usage of the\r\nclassical FT in this instance seems a too large simplification.\r\nIn the work, the time-frequency analysis and fractal dimension analysis are proposed to the\r\nestimation of the variability SPF signal. The SPF signal registered using the original and\r\nquick pupillometer (worked out by authors) was analysed in the range up to 20 Hz [3].\r\nMethods and results: The signal was registered with proposed pupillometer with the\r\nfrequency 90Hz and the linear resolution 0.008mm. On the basis of the KPSS and ART tests,\r\nthe strong nonstationary of the SPF signal was showed. A short-time Fourier Transform\r\n(SWFT) with Hamming window of the length equal to L\/4 (L-signal length) was used for\r\ntime-frequency analysis. To the quantitative description of obtained characteristics were\r\nused proposed parameterers: the power instability factor, the frequency instability factor and\r\nstatistical parameters (range, mean, variance) describing the characteristic power spectral\r\ndensity as a function of time. To calculate the fractal dimension of the signal the Higuchi\r\nalgorithm was used. The variability of the fractal dimension as a function of the time using\r\nthe range of the dimension, the mean value and tha standard deviation was analysed.\r\nThis work presents example results obtained for 4 different subject cases.\r\nConclusions: The respiratory, blood pulse and higher harmonics components in a range up\r\nto 20 Hz in SPF spectra were obserwed. The natura of this occurence is not well-known and\r\ndemands further fundamental clinical research. Additionally, the distribution of power\r\nspectral density amplitude peaks was different for different frequencies. The detection of\r\nthose irregularities would not be possible with use of the classical FT.\r\nThe obtained parameteres are indeed different for examined cases. The proposed\r\nparameters can be very useful as clinical diagnostic indicators in the estimation of the SPF\r\nmechanism irregularity. However it demands further clinical reasearch.\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] Loewenfeld IE: The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications, University of\r\nIowa Press, Iowa City, 1993\r\n[2] O\u2019Neill WD, Oroujeh AM, et al: Neurological pupillary noise in narcolepsy. J. Sleep Res 5,\r\n265-271, 1996\r\n[3] Hacho\u0142 A, Szczepanowska-Nowak W, et al: Measurement of pupil reactivity using Fast\r\npupillometry. Physiol Meas 28, 61-72, 2007","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wioletta Nowak","Andrzej Hacho\u0142"]},{"item_id":600,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949367,"creation_date":1190949367,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Feasibility of Assessing Usability with Pupillary Responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=600","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":577,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:16:07","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":600,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: System usability is often discussed as a human-computer interaction\r\n(HCI) issue. Most methods are based on the observer's criterion, therefore, a more\r\nobjective analysis is required. To develop an objective and temporal evaluation\r\nindex for HCI may help to improve the HCI environment.\r\nPurpose: The relationship between pupillary change and the traditional subjective\r\nindex for \u201cusability'', pupillary responses such as pupil size and power spectrum\r\nreading of pupillary changes were investigated to assess the usability as HCI.\r\nMethod: An experiment for observing system usability was conducted as an input\r\noperation task. The input devices were a Mouse, a Keyboard (KeyBD) and a\r\nKeypad (KeyPAD) (Nakayama and Katsukura, 2007).\r\nTwenty successive trials were conducted three times, once for each input device,\r\nand the duration of each trial was 5 seconds. Subjective usability for the three\r\ndevices was measured using a Japanese version of the system usability score\r\n(SUS). The temporal pupil sizes were measured using a video-based eye-tracker\r\n(nac:EMR-NL8), and the sampling rate was 60 Hz.\r\nResults: Firstly, SU-scores and error rates were compared amongst the three\r\nexperimental conditions. For SU-scores, Mouse scored the highest and KeyPAD the\r\nlowest. For error rates, the rate for KeyPAD is the highest, and the rate for Mouse is\r\nthe lowest. Secondly, mean pupil sizes were compared amongst the four\r\nexperimental conditions. The order of the pupil sizes corresponds to the results of\r\nthe SU-scores and error rates. Thirdly, to examine the relationship between\r\nSU-scores and average pupil size, the correlation coefficient was extracted. As a\r\nresult, there is a significant negative correlation (r=-0.72, p<0.01). Fourthly, average\r\nPSD for all three input devices for each 0.5Hz period were summarized up to 4Hz.\r\nThe average PSD of pupillary changes increased with input devices in the frequency\r\narea between 0 and 2.0Hz in the order of Mouse, KeyBD and KeyPAD. This order\r\ncoincided with the error rate. There were significant differences between PSDs for\r\nMouse and KeyPAD for 0-1.5 Hz.\r\nConclusion: During an input operational experiment, pupil size significantly\r\ncorrelates with subjective system usability scores, and the order of pupil size was\r\nmaintained in each trial. The order of PSDs for pupillary responses coincided with\r\nan index of usability. These results provide evidence that the pupil can be used as\r\nan index of usability.\r\nReference:\r\nM. Nakayama & M. Katsukura, Proc. of AUIC 2007, pp.15-22 (2007)","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Makoto Katsukura"]},{"item_id":601,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949396,"creation_date":1190949396,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry detects differen t degrees of involvement of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=601","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":578,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:16:37","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":601,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We had previously reported that myasthenia gravis (MG) affects the pupil.\r\nParasympathetic pupillometric parameters are mostly affected, pointing to a defect of the iris\r\nautonomic neuromuscular junction. In this study, we analyzed the degree of pupillometric\r\nchanges in MG in relationship to the severity of the disease.\r\nMethods: We performed infrared dynamic pupillometry (IDP) on 42 patients diagnosed with\r\nMG and on 93 healthy controls. We subdivided the patients into subgroups of 2 categories\r\neach: generalized versus ocular MG, no thymectomy versus status-post thymectomy,\r\nsymptoms present versus absent at the time of testing. We compared pupillometric\r\nparameters between patients and controls, between the categories within each subgroup\r\nand between each subgroup category and controls.\r\nResults:\r\n1) Patients versus Controls; Reflex Amplitude (RA) was lower, Constriction Velocity (CV)\r\nslower and Latency longer in patients (p<0.001) than in controls. Maximal Redilation\r\nVelocity (MRV) was also slower in patients (p=0.029).\r\n2) Generalized versus ocular MG; Latency was longer in generalized than in ocular MG\r\n(p=0.013)\r\n3) No thymectomy versus thymectomy; CV was slower (p=0.047) and RA lower\r\n(p=0.024) in non-thymectomized than in thymectomized patients.\r\n4) Symptomatic versus asymptomatic; Mean CV was slower and mean RA lower in\r\nsymptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients, but this difference was not statistically\r\nsignificant.\r\n5) Generalized MG, non-thymectomized and symptomatic patients showed more significant\r\ndifferences with controls in RA, CV and Latency (p<0.001) than did ocular MG,\r\nthymectomized and asymptomatic patients (p varied from 0.005 to 0.88 for the above\r\nparameters).\r\nConclusions:\r\n1. The autonomic neuromuscular junction is affected in MG at the iris sphincter and dilator,\r\nmore severely at the sphincter.\r\n2. IDP detected different degrees of pupillary abnormalities in MG, corresponding to different\r\ndegrees of disease severity. It is a precise test of pupillary autonomic function that deserves\r\nfurther exploration.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Baptista AG, Silva SH: Pupillary abnormalities in myasthenia gravis: report of a case.\r\nNeurology 11, 210, 1961\r\n2. Bryant RC: Asymmetrical pupillary slowing and degree of severity in myasthenia gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 7, 288-289, 1980\r\n3. Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, et al: Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 6,\r\n29-33, 1979\r\n4. Vernino S, Cheshire WP, et al : Myasthenia gravis with autoimmune autonomic\r\nneuropathy. Auton Neurosci 88, 187-192, 2001\r\n5. Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis.\r\nA pupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60, 575-580, 1976","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kamal R. Ch\u00e9mali, Robert W. Shields"]},{"item_id":602,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949472,"creation_date":1190949472,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"FLUID INTELLIGENCE AND NEURO-COGNITIVE EFFICIENCY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=602","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":579,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:17:52","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":602,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It has long been argued that the essence of intelligent insights primarily lies in\r\nmaking fluid analogies (cf., French, 2002). Individuals who score high in fluid intelligence\r\nconsistently perform better than individuals who score low across a broad range of cognitive\r\ntasks. This observation has led to the proposal that individuals differ in the efficiency with\r\nwhich a limited set of fundamental cognitive operations or processing resources are\r\nperformed (cf., Just & Carpenter, 1992; Rypma et al., 2006). Deary (2000), Haier (2003),\r\nand Rypma and D\u2019Esposito (1999) found negative correlations between intelligence and\r\nbrain activation. On the contrary, some studies have shown a positive correlation (cf.,\r\nDuncan, 2003, Gray et al., 2003, Lee et al., 2005). The aim of our study was to investigate\r\nthe activation-performance relations in individuals who differ in fluid intelligence in more\r\ndetail.\r\nMethods: Thirty five pupils attending the 13th grade of a Berlin school specialized in natural\r\nsciences participated in the experiment (26 males, 9 females, mean age: 18,4 years, SD:\r\n0,44). All participants were screened with regard to their fluid intelligence (Spearmans\r\ng-factor) administering the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices. Participants were\r\ndivided into a superior intelligence group (IQ\/RAPM=126, SD=12) and an average\r\nintelligence group (IQ\/RAPM=99, SD=10; i.e., normal controls). They performed a low-level\r\ncognitive task, namely choice reaction time, as compared to a higher-level cognitive task,\r\nnamely solving two-dimensional geometric analogies which differ in relational complexity (cf.,\r\nWharton et al., 2000; van der Meer, 1996). Our strategy was to relate processing speed\r\n(RTs) and processing quality (error rates) (1) to central activation by observing pupillary\r\nresponses (indexing resource consumption, cf., Beatty & Lucero-Wagoner, 2000) and (2) to\r\nspecific patterns of brain activation by fMRI scanning during processing geometric analogies\r\n(cf., O\u2019Boyle et al., 2005). Imaging was performed in a subgroup of participants (N=15\r\nmales).\r\nResults: (1) Participants with superior fluid intelligence showed significantly shorter\r\ninspection times, moderately shorter RTs and lower error rates in analogical reasoning, and\r\nsignificantly higher pupil dilation in processing geometric analogies compared to normal\r\ncontrols. (2) Processing geometric analogies resulted in activation of a fronto-parietal\r\nnetwork. Orbitofrontal brain activation was positively correlated with IQ. When solving\r\ncomplex analogies a reduction of brain activation over time was seen, suggesting a more\r\nefficient processing of the task over time through learning (cf., Sayala et al., 2006).\r\nConclusions: For processing a high-level cognitive task, that is, geometric analogies,\r\npupillary responses support a positive activation-performance relation in individuals who\r\ndiffer in fluid intelligence. Compared to RTs, pupil data provided more sensitive and\r\nadditional information about the quality and efficiency of information processing. FMRI-data\r\nconfirm the positive activation-performance relation and provide fine-grained insight into\r\nwhere analogical reasoning processes occur in the brain. The identified network is known\r\nfrom letter string analogies (Geake and Hansen, 2005), verbal analogies (Bunge et al.,\r\n2005; Green et al., 2006), analogical mapping (Wharton et al., 2000), and nonverbal\r\nreasoning tasks (Kroger et al., 2002). The present results suggest the existence of a\r\ncognitive efficiency mechanism that mediates interindividual performance differences. A\r\nsimilar mechanism may mediate intraindividual learning-induced performance differences.\r\n(cf., Jung & Haier, 2006; Rypma et al., 2006). The combination of pupillary response, fMRI\r\nand behavioral data is a powerful approach to study the interplay of mind and brain in more\r\ndetail (cf., Siegle et al., 2003)","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Elke E. van der Meer Isabell Wartenburger"]},{"item_id":603,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190955010,"creation_date":1190949609,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Neuroinformatics Database for Pupil Research","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=603","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":27,"uid":0,"item_id":603,"log_date":1190955010,"log":"Modified; Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":580,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:20:09","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":603,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Neuroinformatics (NI) is a new field to provide informatics technology that supports neuroscience research. Recently, the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) was established and various NI projects have begun in many institutions and organizations under the INCF. In this context, we have proposed a concept of the NI database for pupil research (Pupil Platform: PP) [1], and a test site is now in operation. This presentation introduces various potential benefits emerging from the PP with some examples of content registered in the test site.\r\n\r\nPupil Platform: The PP has been constructed using a NI database system XooNIps[2], and tentatively opened at http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp. As the initial contents, we registered all the abstracts presented in the Pupil Colloquium (since 1997) with appropriate metadata such as author names, title, conference place, etc. Site visitors can search the abstracts with arbitral keywords and download their PDF. In addition, source codes for mathematical models of the pupil light reflex are available on the PP. Visitors can download the models and simulate\/modify them within fair use. Moreover, if desired a visitor can also register his\/her research resources after obtaining a user account on the PP. In the registration process, one can control who can download his\/her registered resource as well as the license terms.\r\n\r\nConclusion: We have launched a NI platform for pupil research using XooNIps. The PP may provide a site for information and resource sharing for pupil researchers. We hope that the PP becomes a way to support the revitalization of pupil research. The INCF Japan-node (http:\/\/www.neuroinf.jp\/) will support the official operation for the PP upon the request.\r\n\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Usui S, Yamaji K, Sakai H, Okumura Y. A proposed neuroinformatics platform for\r\nthe pupil. Proceedings of the 4th StarkFest Conference on Vision and Movement in Men and Machines, 49-51, ERL, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 2005\r\n2. Yamaji K, Sakai H, Okumura Y, Usui S. Customizable neuroinformatics database\r\nsystem: XooNIps and its application to the pupil platform. Comput Biol Med, 37\r\n(7, Special Issue for the 4th StarkFest Conference), 1036-41, 2007","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Shiro Usui","Yutaka Hirata","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Junpei Nishiyama"]},{"item_id":604,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949715,"creation_date":1190949715,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Cardiac and Respiratory Variations Expressed in Spontaneous Pupillary Oscillations","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=604","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":581,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:21:55","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":604,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Thoss et al. (1999) at this meeting and Calcagnini et al. (2001) have\r\nstudied the effect of external influences on the relationship between heart rate and\r\npupil diameter and found that forced changes in cardio-respiratory and\r\nbaro-receptor activity were detectable in pupil recordings. We employed wavelet\r\nanalysis to further investigate the possible relationships between spontaneous\r\npupillary oscillations and variability of the heart and respiratory systems.\r\nMethods: Pupil diameter (PD), heart rate (HR) and respiration were recorded\r\ncontinuously for 20 minutes on three control subjects and one patient with severely\r\nimpaired autonomic function. A wavelet transform was then performed on all data\r\nsets, which calculated continuous time-frequency signals over a set of bandwidths\r\nranging from 0.02 to 1.5 Hz. The correlations between each system (PD, HR and\r\nrespiration) for each of these bandwidths were calculated.\r\nResults: Strong correlations, both positive and negative, were detected for all\r\nsubjects between the heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration signals at\r\nrespiration frequencies between 0.2 and 0.4 Hz. At these respiratory frequencies the\r\ncorrelations between respiration and PD were weak for two of the three controls, but\r\nstrong for the patient. The relationship between HRV and PD was variable. At\r\nrespiratory frequencies the correlation varied with a weak relationship in two\r\nsubjects and strong correlations in the patient and other subject. At lower\r\nfrequencies (0.02-0.04 Hz) there were strong correlations between HRV and pupil\r\nfor all subjects.\r\nConclusions: The frequencies of forced cyclic changes in the cardio-respiratory\r\nsystem have been previously identified in pupil recordings. Correlations were\r\ndetected between respiration and both cardiac and spontaneous pupillary\r\noscillations at respiratory frequencies of 0.2 \u2013 0.4 Hz. As expected, the HRV and\r\nrespiration were linked in a known way. It was also observed that the respiration and\r\npupil were linked, as has been previously reported (Otshuka 1988). What is of\r\ninterest is that the common frequencies of the HRV, respiration and PD were\r\nevidenced in the correlations between the pupil and HRV at respiratory frequencies.\r\nUnexpectedly, there were also strong relationships between HRV and pupil in the\r\nVLF frequency range that are not present between respiration and pupil. The origin\r\nof the VLF component of HRV remains a topic for debate (Togo 2006). Our data\r\nsuggest that the cardiac and pupil control systems share a common ANS center\r\nwhile this and\/or other centers may provide input to these systems individually.\r\nReferences:\r\nCalgcagnini G., Giovannelli P., Censi F., Bartolini P. and V. Barbaro.\r\nBaroreceptor-sensitive fluctuations of heart rate and pupil diameter. IEEE EMBS\r\n2 3rd International Conference 2001; Istanbul, Turkey.\r\nOtshuka K., Asakyra K., Kawasaki H. and M. Sawa. Respiratory Fluctuations of the\r\nHuman Pupil. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71: 215-217.\r\nThosss F., Lutdke H. and D. Sandner. Forced parallel oscillations in the pupil system\r\nand the heart rate. Abstracts of the 23rd Pupil Colloquium 1999; Nottingham, UK.\r\nTogo F., Kiyono K., Struzik Z.R. and Y. Yamamoto. Unique very low-frequency heart\r\nrate variability during sleep in humans. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006; 53(1): 28-34.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Anne Marie Petrock","Michael Rosenberg"]},{"item_id":605,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949814,"creation_date":1190949814,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measuring the time-course of anticipatory anxiety with the pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=605","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":582,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:23:35","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":605,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"The time course of the inhibition of the pupillary light reflex and the pupillary\r\nmydriasis induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 12 normal\r\nvolunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 2 s of 20-s threat\r\nconditions but not during 20-s safe conditions. Consistent with previous data, overall\r\nbaseline pupil diameter levels were greater and overall light reflex amplitude levels\r\nwere lower during the threat than during the safe conditions. However, the light\r\nreflex amplitude became progressively more inhibited in the threat condition as the\r\nshock was becoming more imminent and then it abruptly returned to normal with the\r\nonset of the safe condition. These effects of the threat of shock on light reflex\r\namplitude are interpreted in terms of anticipatory anxiety. Baseline pupil diameter\r\ndid not follow the same pattern. It was greater at the beginning of the threat and safe\r\nconditions alike, becoming progressively smaller with time. There was a small\r\nanticipatory mydriasis in the threat condition, as the shock was becoming more\r\nimminent. These effects on baseline pupil diameter are interpreted in terms of\r\narousal and context. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of\r\nanticipatory anxiety and response to contextual changes in humans.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Bitsios P","Koudas V","Giakoumaki S"]},{"item_id":606,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949952,"creation_date":1190949952,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Analysis of TcES effe ct on NAION patients -Relationship between electrical pupillary reflex and visual acuity improvement-","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=606","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":583,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:25:53","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":606,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: A recent challenge has been to apply transcorneal electrical stimulation\r\n(TcES) to the treatment of NAION patients. The improvement of visual function\r\nelicited by TcES should be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively. In this\r\nstudy, we tested the hypothesis that pupillary reflex, rather than visual acuity, is a\r\nbetter objective index of improvement of visual function.\r\nMethods: Consecutive patients with NAION who were examined between March of\r\n2003 and July of 2006 and who had been followed up for more than half a year after\r\nTcES was performed were entered into the study. Cases with bilateral involvement\r\nwere excluded. The number of patients was 31. During TcES application, a biphasic\r\ncurrent was applied to the retina through Burian-Allen contact lens electrodes\r\n(current; 600-1000\u03bcA, frequency; 20Hz, duration; 10msec). During TcES treatment\r\nan infrared pupillometer, the IRISCORDER\u00ae (HAMAMATSU, Japan), was used to\r\nmeasure the electrical pupillary responses (EPR) induced by TcES (1000\u00b1200\u03bcA).\r\nLinear regression analysis was performed using out EPR and electrical current\r\ndata, and we compared this with the improvement of visual acuity (VA) (\u22670.3\r\nlogMAR). EPR was considered normal when the slope of this line was greater than\r\nhalf of that of the healthy volunteers\u2019, and poor when it was less than half. Four\r\ngroups were then created: (1) patients with improved VA and normal EPR (2)\r\nimproved VA \/ poor EPR (3) no improved VA\/normal EPR, (4) no improved VA\/poor\r\nEPR. We analyzed the relationship between EPR and VA in these groups using\r\nFisher\u2019s exact test.\r\nResults: When all cases were analyzed, the number of group (1) was 2, (2)\u2019s was 7,\r\n(3)\u2019s was 10, (4)\u2019s was 12. EPR had no significant relationship to VA\uff08p=0.42\uff09. If only\r\ncases with best corrected VA s more than (0.1), the number of group (1) was 2, (2)\u2019s\r\nwas 7, (3)\u2019s was 10, (4)\u2019s was 2. In this case EPR had a significant inverse\r\nrelationship to VA (p=0.03).\r\nConclusions: The ganglion fibers involved in the pupillary reflex and those involved\r\nin the visual pathway appear to respond differently to ischemia. Analysis of EPR\r\nshould take into account the consideration that moderate cases of NAION have an\r\ninverse relationship between VA and EPR.\r\nReference:\r\nFujikado et al: Jpn J Ophthalmol.; 50:266-273, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kenji Matsushita","Takashi Fujikado","Hiroshi Shimojo","Yoschiyuki Kitaguchi","Yositaka Okawa","Takeshi Morimoto","Yasuo Tano"]},{"item_id":607,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950110,"creation_date":1190950110,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Correlation between age and pupil c onstriction and myopic shift under binocular viewing conditions in patients with intermittent exotropia","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=607","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":584,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:28:30","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":607,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To investigate the age-related changes of the pupil constriction and\r\nmyopic shift under binocular conditions in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT).\r\nMethods: Forty-five patients with IXT; 21 were \u22649 years (children group), 11 were\r\nbetween 10 to 19 years (adolescent group), and 13 were between 20 to 43 years\r\n(adult group), were studied. The angle of strabismus was determined by the\r\nalternating prism cover test (APCT). The spherical refractive error and pupil\r\ndiameter were measured simultaneously by infrared video retinoscopy and\r\npupillography under monocular and binocular viewing conditions at 1m.\r\nResults: The change of the spherical refractive error (\u0394R) and pupil diameter (\u0394P)\r\nbetween binocular and monocular conditions were significantly larger in the adult\r\ngroup (\u0394R=-1.11 \u00b1 1.01 diopters (D), \u0394P = - 0.89 \u00b1 1.15 mm, average \u00b1 standard\r\ndeviation) than in the children group (\u0394R = -0.34 \u00b1 0.34 D, \u0394P = -0.06 \u00b1 0.56 mm; p\r\n<0.05, ANOVA). The \u0394R was significantly correlated with the angle of exotropia only\r\nin the adult group (R2 = 0.31, P = 0.04). After the strabismus surgery, \u0394R and \u0394P\r\nwere reduced in the adult group (N = 3).\r\nConclusions: Large myopic shifts and pupil constrictions were detected under\r\nbinocular conditions in IXT patients older than 20-years-of-age. The degree of\r\nmyopic shift is reduced after strabismus surgery. Even if functional disturbances are\r\nnot observed in children or adolescent IXT patients, a myopic shift with pupil\r\nconstriction can occur after 20-years-of-age.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Burian, Hermann M: Intermittent (facultative) divergent strabismus: its influence\r\non visual acuity and the binocular visual act. Am J Ophthal 28, 525-527, 1945\r\n2. Seaber JH: Pseudomyopia in exodeviations. Am Orthopt J 16, 67-72, 1966\r\n3. Sasamoto K: The resting position of exophoria, a discussion of phoria myopia.\r\nGannka Ronsho Iho (Japanese) 75, 290-292, 1981\r\n4. Wilhelm H, Schaeffel F, et al: Die Altersabhangigkeit der pupillennahreaktion. Klin\r\nMonatsbl Augenheilkd 203, 110-116, 1993","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Takashi Fujikado","Sanae Asonuma","Yoshiyuki Kitaguchi","Hiroshi Shimojyo","Kenji Matsushita"]},{"item_id":608,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950205,"creation_date":1190950205,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry detects differen t degrees of involvement of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=608","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":585,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:30:06","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":608,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We had previously reported that myasthenia gravis (MG) affects the pupil.\r\nParasympathetic pupillometric parameters are mostly affected, pointing to a defect of the iris\r\nautonomic neuromuscular junction. In this study, we analyzed the degree of pupillometric\r\nchanges in MG in relationship to the severity of the disease.\r\nMethods: We performed infrared dynamic pupillometry (IDP) on 42 patients diagnosed with\r\nMG and on 93 healthy controls. We subdivided the patients into subgroups of 2 categories\r\neach: generalized versus ocular MG, no thymectomy versus status-post thymectomy,\r\nsymptoms present versus absent at the time of testing. We compared pupillometric\r\nparameters between patients and controls, between the categories within each subgroup\r\nand between each subgroup category and controls.\r\nResults:\r\n1) Patients versus Controls; Reflex Amplitude (RA) was lower, Constriction Velocity (CV)\r\nslower and Latency longer in patients (p<0.001) than in controls. Maximal Redilation\r\nVelocity (MRV) was also slower in patients (p=0.029).\r\n2) Generalized versus ocular MG; Latency was longer in generalized than in ocular MG\r\n(p=0.013)\r\n3) No thymectomy versus thymectomy; CV was slower (p=0.047) and RA lower\r\n(p=0.024) in non-thymectomized than in thymectomized patients.\r\n4) Symptomatic versus asymptomatic; Mean CV was slower and mean RA lower in\r\nsymptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients, but this difference was not statistically\r\nsignificant.\r\n5) Generalized MG, non-thymectomized and symptomatic patients showed more significant\r\ndifferences with controls in RA, CV and Latency (p<0.001) than did ocular MG,\r\nthymectomized and asymptomatic patients (p varied from 0.005 to 0.88 for the above\r\nparameters).\r\nConclusions:\r\n1. The autonomic neuromuscular junction is affected in MG at the iris sphincter and dilator,\r\nmore severely at the sphincter.\r\n2. IDP detected different degrees of pupillary abnormalities in MG, corresponding to different\r\ndegrees of disease severity. It is a precise test of pupillary autonomic function that deserves\r\nfurther exploration.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Baptista AG, Silva SH: Pupillary abnormalities in myasthenia gravis: report of a case.\r\nNeurology 11, 210, 1961\r\n2. Bryant RC: Asymmetrical pupillary slowing and degree of severity in myasthenia gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 7, 288-289, 1980\r\n3. Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, et al: Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 6,\r\n29-33, 1979\r\n4. Vernino S, Cheshire WP, et al : Myasthenia gravis with autoimmune autonomic\r\nneuropathy. Auton Neurosci 88, 187-192, 2001\r\n5. Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis.\r\nA pupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60, 575-580, 1976","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kamal R. Ch\u00e9mali, Robert W. Shields"]},{"item_id":609,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950223,"creation_date":1190950223,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measurements of Pupil and Cerebral Oxygenation - Technical Introduction","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=609","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":586,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:30:23","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":609,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Pupil reactions are caused by various factors and are closely related to\r\nthe brain activation. Therefore the simultaneous measurement of pupil reactions\r\nand changes in cerebral oxygenation caused by the brain activation is expected to\r\ncome up with new information for pupil studies. We introduce the technology of\r\nvideo-pupillography and non-invasive cerebral oxygenation monitor, and some\r\nmeasurement results of pupil and cerebral oxygenation are presented.\r\nMethods: Using healthy subjects, reactions of pupil to mental tasks and\r\naccommodative stimuli were measured by video-pupillography (Iriscorder C7364\r\nand TriIRIS C9000, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), while the cerebral oxygenation\r\nwas continuously monitored (NIRO-200, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.).\r\nResults: Measurements were successfully\r\ndone with little stress given by the probes of\r\ninstrument to the subjects and quality of the\r\nmeasured data was acceptable for further\r\nanalysis. Although investigations of the\r\nmeasured data have not been done\r\nminutely from a physiological point of view,\r\nexpected reactions of pupil and cerebral\r\noxygenation to the given stimuli were\r\nobserved. An example of the measured\r\ndata (a mental calculation task) is shown.\r\nConclusions: Use of the video -\r\npupillography with the cerebral oxygenation\r\nmonitor was suggested to be useful for\r\npupil studies.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Tsuyoshi Kamada","Kota Inoue","Yukio Kobayashi","Tsuyoshi Suzuki","Sumio Takasaki","Takeo Ozaki","Susumu Suzuki"]},{"item_id":610,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950310,"creation_date":1190950310,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"New methods for the assessment of accommodative convergence","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=610","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":587,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:31:51","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":610,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To develop a new objective method for measuring vergence eye\r\nmovement based on the first Purkinje image using infrared CCD cameras, and to\r\ncompare the stimulus AC\/A ratios as determined by standard gradient methods.\r\nMethods: There were 20 patients, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years, who had\r\nintermittent exotropia (10 eyes) and accommodative esotropia (10 eyes).\r\nMeasurement of accommodative convergence in millimeters (mm) was based on\r\nthe first Purkinje image, and was performed using a TriIRIS C9000. The stimulus\r\nAC\/A ratio was determined using the alternate prism cover test that measures the\r\nphoria (\u22bf) at 5 m and 0.33 m with the subject\u2019s full optical correction in place,\r\nfollowed by additional measurements using pairs of minus and plus lenses (i.e.,\r\nusing the far and near gradient methods). The average values of the horizontal eye\r\nmovement distance (mm) and eye deviation (\u22bf) (a) before and (b) after an\r\naccommodative stimulus of 3 D were calculated by using the following formula:\r\naccommodative vergence eye movement (mm \/ D) and the stimulus AC\/A ratio (\u22bf \/\r\nD) = (b \u2013 a) \/ 3.\r\nResults: The average value for the stimulus AC\/A ratio using the far gradient\r\nmethod and the average value of the vergence eye movement were 3.9 \u00b1 1.5 \u22bf \/ D\r\nand 0.5 \u00b1 0.2 mm \/ D, respectively. In all subjects, the correlation analysis\r\ndemonstrated that there was a strong positive correlation between these two\r\nparameters (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient: r=0.93, p<.0001). Moreover,\r\nemploying infrared CCD cameras to measure pupil constriction amplitude was\r\nuseful in the determination of the ability to fixate on the target clearly.\r\nConclusions: Our new method can be displayed as tracing results and which is\r\nrepeatable. Since this technique uses infrared CCD cameras and eye monitor, this\r\nallows for rejection of results with artifacts such as eye or head movements. Thus,\r\nthe new methods used in this study now make it possible to obtain objective\r\nrecordings of accommodative convergence in many clinical situations when lack of\r\nsubjective responses and values is a problem.\r\n.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Effert R, Barry JC et al: Self-assessment of angles of strabismus with\r\nphotographic Purkinje I and IV reflection pattern evaluation. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp\r\nOphthalmol 233, 494-506, 1995\r\n2) Schiavi C, Orciuolo M: Automated measurement of strabismic deviation. Curr\r\nOpin Ophthalmol 3, 731-734, 1992","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Ken Asakawa","Hitoshi Ishikawa"]},{"item_id":611,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950321,"creation_date":1190950321,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Photophobia in myasthenia gravis pa tients; questionnaire and intraocular","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=611","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":588,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:32:02","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":611,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To make it clear that photophobia is one symptom of myasthenia gravis\r\n(MG).\r\nMethods: We studied clinical frequency of photophobia complaints in 19MG\r\npatients and 18 healthy volunteers with questionnaires, and evaluated their pupillary\r\nlight response with Iriscorder (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan).\r\nResults: Over 40 percent of MG patients experienced photophobia. Group of MG\r\npatients with photophobia showed changes of pupillary light response.\r\nConclusions: Photophobia is one symptom to discuss in MG patients, and\r\nintraocular muscles might be involved in MG.\r\nReferences:\r\n\uff65Dutton GN, Garson JA, Richardson RB. Pupillary Fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis.\r\nTrans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K 102 (1982), pp. 510-513\r\n\uff65Kuks JBM, Oosterhuis HJGH. Clinical presentation and epidemiology of\r\nmyasthenia gravis. In: Kaminski HJ, Editor, Myasthenia gravis and related disorders\r\nHumana Press Inc. New Jersey (2003), pp. 93-113\r\n\uff65Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, Slevin JT. P. Pupillary Dysfunction in Myasthenia Gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 6 (1979), pp. 29-33\r\n\uff65Lebensohn JE. The nature of photophobia. Archives of Ophthalmology.12 (1934),\r\npp. 380-390\r\n\uff65Loewenfeld IE. Pupillary pathology: Pupillary signs in various diseases.\r\nMyasthenia gravis. In: The Pupil: anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications. vol.\r\n1 1st ed. Wayne State University Press, Detroit. (1993), pp. 1364-1366\r\n\uff65Lu CZ, Hao ZS, Liu HK, Zhang MK. Dynamic pupillographic response to positive\r\ndifferential light stimulation in myasthenia gravis. Chin Med J (Engl). 98 (1985), pp.\r\n405-408.\r\n\uff65Shima K, Doi S: Symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Clinical Neuroscience 23 (2005),\r\npp. 398-399. (In Japanese)\r\n\uff65Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis-a\r\npupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60 (1976), pp. 575-580","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hirokatsu Takahashi, Naoki K awaguchi, Shin Munakata,","Yuko Nemoto, Takamichi Hattori"]},{"item_id":612,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950449,"creation_date":1190950449,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Combined sympathetic and parasym pathetic denervation of the pupil:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=612","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":589,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:34:10","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":612,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To describe the pupil and clinical findings in patients who have both\r\nHorner\u2019s syndrome (H) and a tonic pupil (T)\r\nMethods: A retrospective case-note review of all patients on our database with both\r\npupil abnormalities (H+T)\r\nResults: Of 688 patients on our database listed as having Horner\u2019s syndrome\r\nand\/or a tonic pupil, only 20 (3%) had both (H+T). The records were available in 18\r\nof these cases. The majority of these patients (12\/18) had generalised autonomic\r\nfailure throughout the body caused by diabetes (3), pure autonomic failure (PAF, 2),\r\nautoimmune\/paraneoplastic processes (2) or unknown aetiology (5), and as\r\nexpected in these patients both pupils usually showed signs of both sympathetic\r\nand parasympathetic denervation (9\/12). Of the remaining cases, one patient with\r\nlongstanding Holmes-Adie syndrome (HAS) later developed a coincidental Horner\u2019s\r\nsyndrome caused by a Pancoast tumour. However there were 5 other patients who\r\nseemed to have tonic pupils and tendon areflexia typical of HAS but who were also\r\nfound to have an idiopathic Horner\u2019s syndrome. 4\/5 of these cases were female\r\n(median age 50) and all were in excellent general health. In all cases the Horner\u2019s\r\nsyndrome was unilateral and in 4\/5 cases associated with ipsilateral harlequin\r\nsyndrome (which was not found in any of the other patients). Autonomic function\r\ntests showed mild disturbances in sweating and in cardiovascular control in some of\r\nthese patients but none seemed to have a generalised dysautonomia or peripheral\r\nneuropathy and no cause could be found for the Horner\u2019s syndrome.\r\nConclusions: Combined sympathetic and parasympathetic lesions are rarely found\r\nin the same patient, and usually occur in the context of widespread dysautonomia.\r\nOccasionally both lesions may arise by coincidence as a result of unrelated\r\nconditions. However we have identified a small group of patients with idiopathic\r\nunilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome in the context of Holmes-Adie syndrome: we\r\nhypothesise that these patients may have a limited form of autonomic\r\nganglionopathy which is distinct from more widespread peripheral neuropathies,\r\nprogresses slowly (over decades) and carries a good overall prognosis.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Bremner F, Smith S. Pupil findings in a consecutive series of 150 cases with\r\ngeneralised autonomic neuropathy. J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psych. 2006; 77, 1163-8.\r\n2. Caparros-Lefebre D, Hache JC, Hurtevent JF, Dereeper O, Bille F, Petit H.\r\nUnilateral loss of facial flushing and sweating with contralateral anhidrosis: harlequin\r\nsyndrome or Adie\u2019s syndrome? Clin Auton Res. 1993; 3: 239-41\r\n3. Kalapesi FB, Krishnan AV, Kiernan MC. Segmental facial anhidrosis and tonic\r\npupils with preserved deep tendon reflexes: a novel autonomic neuropathy.\r\nJ Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2005; 25: 5-8.\r\n4. Shin RK, Galetta SL, Ting TY et al. Ross syndrome plus, beyond Horner,\r\nHolmes-Adie and harlequin. Neurology 2000; 55: 1841-6","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Fion Bremner, Stephen Smith"]},{"item_id":613,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950460,"creation_date":1190950460,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of the recovery in eye-strain by chiropractic treatment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=613","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":590,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:34:20","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":613,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: We made a presentation of Pupil Measurement System (TriIRIS C9000\r\nHAMAMATSU) in Crete (2003) and showed the results that Pupil Response may\r\nexpress the eyestrain. In this presentation, we would like to report the effect of\r\nrecovery from the eye-strain by Chiropractic treatment (Chiropractic).\r\nChiropractic has been used as one of the healing disciplines especially on\r\nmuscle-skeletal problems. We postulated chiropractic adjustments evoke a positive\r\neffect on an abnormal human nervous system possibly via autonomic nervous\r\nsystem. Problems have been treated in the patients with a low back pain as well as\r\na general fatigue. In the modern working circumstance, the eye strain is an\r\nannoying problem although there are many etiologies.\r\nThere may be abnormal constriction or relaxation of the tonicity of the ciliary muscle,\r\npupillary sphincter muscle, and orbicularis oculi muscle etc... We considered a\r\nchiropractic therapy may improve those eye strains. We have employed our\r\n\u201cActivator Method\u201d .This method uses the instrument so that we can treat the patient\r\nwith almost the same intensity.\r\nWe have measured the pupil response elicited by photic stimulation (intensity:10\u03bc\r\nWatts (W) \u00b1 3\u03bcW and with the duration of 1 second) as well as accommodative\r\nstimuli before and after the Chiropractic.\r\nMethods:\r\n1. Chiropractic: The \u201cactivator method\u201d uses the leg length inequality to find a\r\npossible joint dysfunctions of spine and extremities in combination with isolation\r\ntests. These tests can help examiner to find out a possible specific segments of\r\ndysfunctional joints. This method uses the specific instrument for adjusting a\r\nconsistent low-force and a high-speed execution.\r\n2. Pupil study: We measured 44 healthy volunteers with the eye strain. They did not\r\ntake any pills prior to the examination. The subjects were selected from the office\r\nworkers with visual display terminal users. They are 29 males and 15 females. Their\r\nage ranged 24-50 years and the mean age was 33.5 yeas, respectively. All subject\r\nfollowed the following protocol: A, B and C were the time when the pupil\r\nmeasurements and Chiropractic were made.\r\nTable I\r\nA: 1st measurement B: 2nd measurement C: 3rd Measurement\r\nNormal Room Dark Room Chiropractic Dark Room\r\n(200 Lux) (0 Lux) (100 Lux) (0 Lux)\r\n5 minutes 5 minutes 20 minutes 5 minutes\r\nResult: The size of the pupil diameter did not change in A, B and C conditions. Only\r\nthe rate of constriction showed the significant differences in A, B and C. (Table\u2161)\r\nTable II\r\nAmplitude of the Constriction Ratio\r\n0.23\u00b10.05 0.39\u00b10.05 0.43\u00b10.05\r\nMean\u00b1S.D.\r\nP<0.01 P<0.01\r\nConclusion: The present data indicated that Chiropractic therapy may help to\r\nreduce the annoying strain of the eye possibly in patients with VDT syndrome.\r\nThe rate of constriction of the pupil both prior and after the therapy changed\r\nsignificantly. This is possibly due to an improvement of constriction dynamics of the\r\npupil strengthening a function of the eye followed by chiropractic.\r\nRefernces:\r\n1. Ishikawa, S, Naito, M and Inaba,K : A new video pupillography. Ophthalmologica:\r\n160:248-259, 1970\r\n2. Ishikawa, S: Examination of the near triad in VDU operaters. Ergonomics:\r\n33:787-798, 1990\r\n3. Hiraoka.M, Moroda, M, Touya, Y and Hakamata,N : Near Triad Meter; Dynamic\r\nmeasurement of pupillometry with horizontal eye tracker by Accommodative\r\nstimulation. J of Jpn of Ophtalmological Socity: 107:702-708, 2003","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroshi Matsuda","Naotoshi Hakamata","Yoshifumi Arakawa","Yoshinori Satake Yoshiharu Nakajima","Satoshi Ishikawa"]},{"item_id":614,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950592,"creation_date":1190950592,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Observation of spontaneo us pupillary movement by the new high speed camera system","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=614","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":591,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:36:32","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":614,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To observe slight spontaneous pupillary movement by the new high\r\nspeed camera system.\r\nSubjects and Methods: We measured pupillary movement in 3 normal male using\r\nthe 1kHz video camera system developed newly by Hamamatsu Photonics. The\r\nexamination which continues for 30 seconds in the gloomy room is done before and\r\n60 minutes after instillation of the parasympatholytic agent. The preservation of the\r\n1000 pictures which are acquired in each 1 second and the representation of\r\ndiameter graphic are performed automatically.\r\nResults: The graphic of spontaneous pupillary movement by the new high speed\r\ncamera is smoother and more detailed than the graphic by an old camera.\r\nPupillary unrest that was bigger movement seen about 1.5 times at 1 second and\r\npupillary fluctuation that was smaller movement seen about 7 times at 1 second was\r\nobserved. As a result of carrying out mydriasis by instillation of the\r\nparasympatholytic agent, pupil became macroscopic almost constant. Although the\r\npupillary unrest was decreasing at that time, pupil fluctuation existed.\r\nConclusions: The pupillary fluctuaton can be observed by this new system.This\r\nslight spontaneous movement is exist even when the autonomic nerve changed\r\nextremely.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jumpei Matsuda","Nakamura Yoshiko","Suzuki Kazutaka","Haruyoshi Toyoda","Naotoshi Hakamada","Morio Ueno","Satoshi Kawasaki","Shigeru Kinoshita"]},{"item_id":615,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950600,"creation_date":1190950600,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Three cases of acetamiprid i ntoxication suspected from","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=615","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":592,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:36:41","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":615,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Recently, the use of neonicotinoid insecticide as an alternative of\r\norganophosphate is increasing in agricultural\/forest regions in USA and Japan,\r\nwhich act mainly as insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor1). Acetamiprid, a\r\nneonicotinoid insecticide, was developed in Japan. The chronic toxicity of\r\nacetamiprid is rather strong, no-observed-adverse-effect-level for chronic toxicity\r\n(NOAEL) in rats is 7.1mg\/kg\/day. However, the report on the human health effect is\r\nlacking except our study2). In 2006, we reported the cardiac symptoms and ECG\r\nabnormality of the 63 patients after acetamiprid spray to the pine trees. In June 2007,\r\nwe reported more than 100 patients had been visited with the complaints of\r\nautonomic nervous system. They are almost identical ECG abnormalities with the\r\nabnormal heart rate, ST-T changes e.g. chest pain, muscle weakness, finger tremor\r\nand\/or memory disturbance2).\r\nMethods: Three cases visited clinic A (Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture) between\r\nMarch 1st till August 31st, 2007. The authors are studying sequel of the inhabitant\r\nwhere a massive spray of mainly organophosphates and carbamates, and a spray\r\nof acetamiprid 40 m into the air with insect sprayer have been repeatedly performed.\r\nBy detailed interviews with the patients, it was considered that oral intake of\r\nacetamiprid via certain foods; especially vegetables, fruits, green tea (over\r\n400-500ml per days) and\/or insecticide spray in the nearby field are most likely\r\nfactor to produce those clinical manifestations.\r\nClinical symptoms and the findings of Electrocardiography (ECG), Auditory\r\nBrainstem Response (ABR) and the Pupil function followed by photic stimulation\r\nexamined by infrared pupillography (Iriscorder C7364, Hamamatsu, Japan) were\r\nmade.\r\nResults: Mild neutrophilia (8200\/\u03bcl) and CRP increase (0.97mg\/dl) were shown in\r\nCase 1. Other routine laboratory examinations were within normal limits. The\r\nresidue of acetamprid in the patient\u2019s blood and urine was not made. Clinical\r\nsummary of the results are shown in the Table below. Tachycardia and ST-T change\r\nin ECG, V wave shortening in ABR, as well as abnormal function of the autonomic\r\nnervous system was seen by pupillographical test.\r\nDiscussion: Neonicotinoid insecticide acts as an agonist at \u03b14\u03b22 subtypes of\r\nnicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which exist at the brain of human1). A metabolite of\r\nneonicotinoid insecticide, for example, imidacloprid acts as stronger agonist on the\r\n\u03b13 subtype, which exist at the autonomic ganglia of human3).\r\nEnvironmental exposure of pesticides is hard to diagnose when a suspected patient\r\nvisits the physician with unidentified complaints. We need objective tests to\r\ndiscriminate from psychosomatic syndrome. As introduced here objective tests of\r\nECG, ABR and Pupillography may help to establish the diagnosis. Although clear\r\nroute of entry and the dosage dependency of acetamiprid has not been established,\r\npresent three cases may give us important clinical suggestion to find out the\r\nsubacute or chronic toxicity of neonicotinoid which is considered as a major\r\npesticide all over the world in the future.\r\nReference:\r\n1) Tomizawa M, Cas ida JE, Annual Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005; 45: 247-268\r\n2) K Taira, Y Aoyama & M Kawamata : Long QT and ST-T change associated with\r\norganophosphate exposure by aerial spray. Environmental Toxicology and\r\nPharmacology. 22: 40-45, 2006\r\n3) Tomizawa M, Casida JE. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:115-122\r\n4) Autonomic nervous function tests 2nd.Edition ed by M.Uono: Pupil function tests:\r\nResults of normal pupillary reaction against age, 218-225, 1995 in Japanese.\r\nTable 1: Clinical manifestations of 3 cases.\r\nCase 1\r\n\uff0828 y.o. female\uff09\r\nCase 2\r\n\uff0831 y.o. male\uff09\r\nCase 3\r\n\uff0851 y.o female\uff09\r\nSuspicious\r\nSource green tea green tea\r\ninsecticide use Insecticide use\r\nClinical\r\nSymptoms\r\nheadache\r\npalpitation\r\nmyalgia\r\nthroatpain\r\nconstipation\r\nfever (38.5\u2103)\r\nmemory disturbance\r\nheadache\r\nchest pain\r\nmuscle weakness\r\ndepression\r\ninsomnia\r\nmemory disturbance\r\nfinger tremor\r\nmuscle weakness\r\ndyspnea\r\npalpitation\r\nmyalgia\r\nfinger tremor\r\nECG Tachycardia\r\nST depression\r\nST elevation\r\nRV conduction delay\r\nTachycardia\r\nT wave flattening\r\nABR V wave shortening V wave shortening V wave shortening\r\nPupillography 4) D1\u2193, A1\u2193, CR\u2193, D1\u2193, A1\u2193, CR\u2193, D1\u2191, A1\u2191, CR\u2193,\r\nIn the darkroom t1\u2191, t2\u2191, t3\u2191, t5\u2193 t1\u2191, t2\u2191, t3\u2191, t5\u2193 t3\u2191, t5\u2191\r\nfindings Parasympathetic? Parasympathetic? Sympathetic?","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kumiko Taira, Naomichi Moribayashi, Yoshiko Aoyama"]},{"item_id":616,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950690,"creation_date":1190950690,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Reduced lateralization of pupillary dynamics in patients with chronicheadache by Kampo medicine (Japanese herbal medicine)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=616","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":593,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:38:11","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":616,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Autonomic nervous imbalance is associated with in chronic headache.\r\nWe investigated the effects of goshuyuto\uff0da representative Kampo medicine for\r\nheadache\uff0don the lateralization of the pupillary autonomic nervous system by using\r\nbinocular infrared video pupillography (Iriscorder C7364, Hamamatsu Photonics,\r\nHamamatsu, Japan).\r\nMethods: Patients with chronic headache were administered with goshuyuto\r\nextract (TJ-31; Tsumura & Co., Tokyo, Japan) for 1 month (1st stage). After 1\r\nmonth of discontinuation of goshuyuto, the patients were randomly divided into 2\r\ngroups: placebo and goshuyuto. In the 2nd stage, placebo or goshuyuto was\r\nadministered for 3 months to the respective groups. The pupillary dynamics were\r\nmeasured at the beginning and at the end of the randomized, double-blinded, and\r\nplacebo-controlled comparative study.\r\nResults: The subjects comprised 23 patients (male\/female: 1\/22; mean age, 39.0\r\nyears). Of these, 9 patients were assigned to the placebo group, 14 to the\r\ngoshuyuto group. There was no significant difference in the laterality response\r\nbetween the 2 groups at the beginning of the 2nd stage. After 3months, the average\r\nlaterality had decreased significantly in the goshuyuto group.\r\nConclusions: Goshuyuto resulted in a significant decrease in laterality. These\r\nresults suggest that goshuyuto relieves chronic headache by reducing the\r\nautonomic imbalance in the pupils.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Odaguchi, H., et al: The efficacy of goshuyuto, a typical Kampo (Japanese herbal\r\nmedicine) formula, in preventing episodes of headache. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 22:\r\n1587-1597, 2006\r\n2) Wakasugi, A., et al. Differentiation between Hangekobokuto and Kososan based\r\non pupillary dynamics -Evaluation of autonomic nerve function-. J. Trad. Med. 23:\r\n132-140, 2006\r\n3) Wakasugi, A., et al. Effect of Kampo medicine on pupillary dynamics and heart\r\nrate variability: establishment of an objective evaluation method. Auton. Nerv. Syst.\r\n43: 424-430, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Akino Wakasugi","Hiroshi Odaguchi","Tetsuro Oikawa","Toshihiko Hanawa"]},{"item_id":617,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950732,"creation_date":1190950732,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Sick building\/house syndrome du e to organophosphorus pesticide","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=617","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":594,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:38:52","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":617,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: During the past 10 years, sick building\/house syndrome (SBS) has\r\nbecome a critical health problem, especially due to the use of chemicals and\r\nair-tight structure in a newly built house. A major factor that generates the syndrome\r\nis anti-termite pesticides and volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde.\r\nPhysicians are visited by the patients with unidentified complaints. In Japan, a\r\nperson who is extremely sensitive to the environmental chemicals is referred to as\r\n\u201cchemical sensitive or environmental sensitive patients\u201d and presumably about\r\n700,000 patients exist domestically. However, it is quite difficult to exclude the\r\npatients due to the other etiology such as psychological problem in origin. ---A\r\ncareful analysis of the environmental history in regard to the toxic chemical is\r\nnecessary together with the gas analysis inside the room is needed. ---A\r\ncombination with clinical manifestation, in particular, objective findings e.g. positron\r\nCT and the loading of suspected gas are important but is costly. Neuro-sensory test\r\ngive us significant information to establish the diagnosis. In this presentation, we will\r\nintroduce the results of pupil tests in patients with SBS.\r\nMethods: The subjects were 31 patients (16 males and 15 females) with the age\r\nranging 21-43 years selected from the patients at Kitasato Hospital. They were\r\ndiagnosed as SBS according to the diagnostic criteria issued from the Japanese\r\nGovernment Research Team in 1999. They had no history of diabetes mellitus,\r\nhypertension, or no other serious general complications. No medicine was taken\r\nduring 1 month prior to the examination. They were tentatively classified into two\r\ngroups according to their environmental study: an etiology due to anti-termite\r\norganophosphorus pesticide (group I) and to volatile organic compounds (VOC)\r\nincluding formaldehyde (group II), respectively.\r\nPupil test was performed in both groups using infrared pupillography\r\n(Iriscorder:C7364) with 15-minute pre-dark adaptation, with one second photic\r\nstimulation. From one pupillogram within the time of 5.25 seconds, particularly the\r\npupil size was determined. The rate of constriction in percent and the pupil size in\r\npercent at 5.25 second after the photic stimulation (tentatively we call the rate of\r\ndilatation in percent) were studied. Time sequence of the pupil size in a continuous\r\nrecording during 1 minute with 4 stimuli of every 10-second interval was measured.\r\nResults: In the group I, the pupil size was smaller and the dilation in percent was\r\nless than the group II. The time sequence of the pupil size tended to constrict\r\nagainst time in Group I.\r\nDiscussion: Anti-termites e.g. ethyl-chlorpyrifos was banned followed by the\r\noutbreak of environmentally sensitive patients. However, other organo-phosphtes\r\nDDVP, Diazinon, and Fenitrothion etc. are still in use in the market. Since these\r\ncompounds produce neuro-toxic effects based on inhibitions of cholinesterase, fatty\r\namid-hydrolase, neurotoxic esterase and other esterases, they should not be used\r\ninside the houses and buildings. Pupil response followed by the light stimulus gave\r\nus important information.\r\nConclusion: The analysis of pupillography may be helpful to differentiate the SBS\r\nsyndrome from anti-cholinesterase and from VOC in origin. The technique is simple,\r\neconomical and non-invasive than the other neurological tests, therefore, a routine\r\napplication can be expected.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Ishikawa, S: Eye injury by organic phosphorus insecticide. Japanese J.\r\nOphthalm.15:60, 1971\r\n2. Dementi, B: Ocular effects of organo-phosphates:a historical perspective of Saku\r\nDisease. J Applied Toxicology.14, 119-129, 1994\r\n3. Ishikawa S and Miyata M: Development of myopia following chronic\r\norganophosphate pesticide intoxication:An epidemiological and experimental study.\r\npp233-268, Neurotoxicity of the visual system. Edited by Merigan WH and Weiss,\r\nB.Raven Press, New York, 1980.\r\n4. K Jaga et al: Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure: A recent review Environ.\r\nHealth and Preventive Medicine 11,102-107, 2006\r\n5. Ishikawa S and Miyata M: Chemical Sensitivity and its clinical characteristics in\r\nJapan. Asian Medical Journal 43:7-15, 2000\r\n6. Shirakawa, S: Evaluation of the autonomic nervous system response by\r\npupillographical study in the chemically sensitive patient. Env Medicine 8:121-127,\r\n1991","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Satoshi Ishikawa*1, Mikio M iyata, Takako Matsui,","Kou Sakabe, Manabu Ozawa"]},{"item_id":618,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950798,"creation_date":1190950798,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Blink Influence on Evaluation of Sleepiness using Pupillary Responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=618","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":595,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:39:59","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":618,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary response has been used as an index of sleepiness, but the\r\nvalidity of this index has also been debated. Although the index has been applied to\r\ndiagnostic procedures, a series of studies of multiple sclerosis patients suggests\r\nthat for healthy people, there is no significant relationship between pupillary indices\r\nand subjective sleepiness indices. A possible problem is the influence of blink,\r\nbecause most methods of measuring pupil size are based upon processing the\r\nimage of the eye.\r\nPurpose: To examine the influence of blink on the pupillary indices, and to examine\r\nthe relationship between pupil indices and subjective sleepiness scores.\r\nMethod: A traditional sleepiness test, with a duration of 12 minutes, was conducted\r\non 35 healthy people using measuring equipment (Hamamatsu photonics: C7364).\r\nSubjects had declared their own sleepiness using the Stanford Sleepiness Score. To\r\nestimate pupil size during blink, a pre-processing procedure was developed using\r\nthe Support Vector Regression (SVR) technique (Nakayama 2005). Another\r\npre-processing method is the moving average of temporal pupillary changes. As\r\nindices of pupil instability, the Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI) and Power Spectrum\r\nDesity (PSD) were extracted and analyzed. The parameters of analysis for the eye\r\nsleepiness test were modified in response to the accuracy of the measuring\r\nequipment.\r\nResults: Firstly, the values of PUI increased with experimental time or the sequence\r\nof the segment, and the values and deviations of PUI for experimental observations\r\nwere larger than the ones for SVR estimation. The blink time also increased with\r\nexperimental time or the progress of observation segments, but there were\r\nsignificant correlation relationship between the value of PUI and blink time in the first\r\nhalf of the experimental time. The relationship was also influenced when the blink\r\nrate was increased during the second half of the experiment. Therefore, the\r\ninfluence of blink changed as the experimental progressed. The mean PSD also\r\ncorrelated significantly with blink time, and the mean PSDs for f<0.8Hz were the\r\nsame level across segments and pre-processing. The relationship between pupillary\r\nindices and the subjective sleepiness index was not significant, which is similar to\r\nresults of previous experiments. In comparing the two groups for high and low\r\nsubjective sleepiness subjects, blink time for the high sleepiness group increased\r\nmonotonically.\r\nConclusion: These results provide evidence that pupillary indices were significantly\r\naffected by blink, and pupillary indices extracted by ordinal processing procedures\r\ndid not reflect sleepiness correctly.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Keiko Yamamoto","Fumio Kobayshi"]},{"item_id":619,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950919,"creation_date":1190950919,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) analysis of fatigue wave of pupil under listening to music","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=619","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":596,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:42:00","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":619,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: Pupillary oscillations are known to be originated from activities of the\r\ncentral nervous system1). In this study, the pupillary oscillations when listen to music,\r\nwere analyzed applying the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method.\r\nMethods: The subjects were 6 adults (28.0\u00b17.0 yr.). After 10 minutes dark\r\nadaptation, the pupillary diameters were recorded for 1 minute during listening to 2\r\nkinds of music (hard rock and classical). Measurements were done at 1, 5 and 10\r\nminutes after beginning to listening in both music. The pupillary oscillations were\r\nrecorded by an infrared pupillometer (C7364, HAMAMATSU Photonics), and were\r\nanalyzed applying FFT.\r\nResults: The pupillary diameters and oscillations were similar under 2 kinds of\r\nmusic. In 2 subjects, the characteristic regular slow pupillary oscillations appeared.\r\nThis oscillation showed clear frequently of 0.25 Hz associated with pupillary\r\nconstriction.\r\nConclusions: The 0.25 Hz pupillary oscillations were considered with \u201cfatigue\r\nwave\u201d reported in the past2). \u201cFatigue wave\u201d was considered which appeared in\r\nphysical fatigue, for example, in sleepiness. Frequency analysis of pupil in\r\nsleepiness showed accentuated whole frequency\u2019s3). But, when observed this wave\r\nin this study, the subjects said they were not sleepy and feel relaxed. \u201cFatigue wave\u201d\r\nappeared when not only be sleepy but also be relaxing and comfortable during\r\nenjoying music. We suggest that \u201cfatigue wave\u201d of 0.25 Hz in other words for \u201crelax\r\nwave\u201d has a special significance among various slow large oscillations4)\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Mochizuki H et al. The Autonomic Nervous System 2007; 44: 24-28.\r\n2. Lowenstein O et al. Invest Ophthalmol 1963; 2: 138-157.\r\n3. L\u00fcdtke H et al. Vision Res 1998; 38: 2889-2896.\r\n4. Yoss RE et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970; 70: 935-41.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroshi Mochizuki Naoto Hara","Nobuyuki Shoji","Kazuo Mukuno"]},{"item_id":620,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951049,"creation_date":1190951049,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship between PUI and cardiac autonomic nervous activity","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=620","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":597,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:44:10","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":620,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To examine a relationship between Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI) and\r\ncardiac autonomic nervous activity.\r\nMethods: Subjects were 20 healthy male participants in their annual health\r\ncheckups (mean age 37.7+\/-3.9 years, range 33-49). Pupil diameter and heart rate\r\nwere measured for 12 minutes in a sitting position in a quiet room. Pupil diameter\r\nwas measured by IRISCODER C7364 (Hamamatsu Photonics Corporation, Japan)\r\nwith the sample rate of 60 Hz, and the PUI was calculated from the data of\r\nconsecutive pupil diameter. The blink effect on the measured pupil diameter was\r\neliminated using an estimation procedure with Support Vector Regression (SVR).\r\nHeart rate was measured using a wristband type pulse sensor (Denso Corporation,\r\nJapan) and heart rate variability was calculated by the three frequency bands (ULF;\r\n0.003-0.04Hz, LF; 0.04-0.15Hz, HF; 0.15-0.4Hz). We divided the subjects into two\r\ngroups based on the PUI value (high group; PUI>=10, low group; PUI<10), and\r\ncompared the two groups in heart rate and heart rate variability by using student\r\nt-test.\r\nResults: The high PUI group showed a significantly lower heart rate than the low\r\nPUI group. (p<0.05) However, no significant difference was observed in the heart\r\nrate variability between the two groups. (ULF; p>0.1, LF; p>0.7, HF; p>0.2)\r\nConclusions: Although PUI did not relate to heart rate variability, it related to heart\r\nrate itself. A possible relationship between pupil size variability and cardiac\r\nautonomic nervous activity should be clarified in further study.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiko Yamamoto","Minoru Nakayama","Reiko Hori","Misuzu Watanabe","Hirohito Tsuboi","Yasuhiro Akamatsu Fumio Kobayashi"]},{"item_id":621,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951160,"creation_date":1190951160,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Evaluation of driver\u2019s sleepin ess by pupillary fluctuation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=621","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":598,"original_file_name":"PupilColloquium2007.pps","mime_type":"application\/msword","file_size":3232768,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:46:00","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":621,"presentation_type":"powerpoint","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Prediction of drowsiness based on an objective measure is demanded in\r\nmachine and vehicle operations in which human errors may cause fatal accidents.\r\nThe pupil of the eye is innervated by the autonomic nervous system whose activity\r\nis known to change in parallel with drowsiness. It is a unique organ that is\r\nnon-invasively and visually observable from outside the body. We have focused on\r\nthe pupil and evaluated it as a possible premonitor of drowsiness.\r\nMethods: We employed uneventful driving simulation (monotonous driving\r\nsimulation experiment) to induce drowsiness of human subjects, and an\r\nanti-saccade task to evaluate their cognitive and motor performance (anti-saccade\r\ndriving experiment). A total of 25 healthy subjects participated in the experiment.\r\nDuring the experiment, we measured horizontal eye position, heart rate, respiratory\r\nabdominal motion together with pupil diameters. In anti-saccade driving experiment,\r\na visual target was randomly presented for 200 ms on either shoulder of the road\r\nevery 20 s. Subjects were asked to make a saccade in the opposite direction to the\r\npresented visual target (anti-saccade) during the same driving simulation. The\r\nsimulation time for both monotonous and anti-saccade driving was usually 10\r\nminutes.\r\nResults: Of 25 subjects who participated in the monotonous driving simulation\r\nexperiment, 16 reported sleepiness. First we confirmed that pupil diameter\r\nfluctuated with large amplitude at low frequencies when these subjects were aware\r\nof his\/her drowsiness as reported previously. During this large pupil fluctuation\r\nperiod, the latency of anti-saccade initiation was elongated and varied. We then\r\nfound that prior to this fluctuation, pupil diameter decreased gradually in most\r\nsubjects, and they were not aware of sleepiness during this period.\r\nConclusions: It has been known that the pupil fluctuation with large amplitude at\r\nlow frequencies appears when people perceive sleepiness [1], [2]. Our new findings\r\nare 1) prior to the large low frequency fluctuation, a gradual miosis occurs in approx.\r\n80 % of the subjects, 2) during this gradual miosis period, the subjects did not\r\nperceive their own sleepiness, and 3) the latency of anti-saccade initiation during\r\nthe gradual miosis is not necessarily longer than that of control whereas it was\r\nelongated and varied during the large low frequency fluctuation period. These\r\nfindings suggest that we can predict a person is going to be drowsy well before\r\nhe\/she perceives sleepiness by observing the gradual miosis. We conclude that this\r\nmonotonic gradual miosis can be a reliable predictor of drowsiness.\r\nReferences:\r\nO. Lowenstein, R. Feinberg, IE. Loewenfeld, \u201cPupillary movements during acute and\r\nchronic fatigue\u201d, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., Vol.2, No.2, Apr., pp. 138-157, 1963.\r\nH. Ludtke, B. Wilhelm, M. Adler, F. Schaeffel, H. Wilhelm, \u201cMathematical procedures\r\nin data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves\u201d, Vision Res., Vol.38,\r\nNo.19, Oct., pp. 2889-2896, 1998.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Junpei Nishiyama, Koji Tanida, Masashi Kusumi, Yutaka Hirata"]},{"item_id":622,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951183,"creation_date":1190951183,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"An application of Eye Steam-Sheets to bilateral eyes activates autonomic nervous system and improves systemic hemodynamics","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=622","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":599,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:46:24","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":622,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome, which is expressed as fatigue\r\nof the eyes and shoulder-, neck-, and lower back-pain, caused by work using\r\nelectronic instruments including personal computers, has recently been problematic.\r\nAs an auxiliary therapy for recovery from these symptoms, thermotherapy has been\r\nattracting attention. We previously reported that application of Eye Steam-Sheets\r\ncontaining exothermal powder, utilizing the oxidation reaction between oxygen in the\r\nair and iron powder, to the eye regions increased \u03b1 brain waves, the HF component\r\nof R-R interval variation on electrocardiography (parasympathetic activity\r\nparameter), and the miosis rate in the pupillary light reflex, showing induction of the\r\ndominance of parasympathetic activity. In the present study, we improved the\r\nsheet, and investigated its effects on improvements in systemic hemodynamics and\r\nautonomic nervous activity. We improved the previous sheet of gravity-induced\r\nclustering of powder on one side, to make the sheet thin and flexible by replacing\r\nthe exothermal powder with exothermal paper, which allowed homogenous supply\r\nof steam to the eyes.\r\nMethods: In healthy adult subjects, Eye Steam-Sheets, which produce heat and\r\nsteam, warming the skin around the eyes to about 40\u00b0C, were applied to the\r\nbilateral eyes for 10 minutes, regarding application of a sham eye mask as a control.\r\nPalmar sweating was measured by the finite-difference ventilation capsule method\r\nusing a rapid-responsive microheater, palmar skin blood flow was measured using a\r\nlight integration laser Doppler flowmeter, the shoulder tissue hemoglobin level was\r\nmeasured by near infrared spectroscopy utilizing the modified Lambert Beer\u2019s\r\nprinciple, R-R interval variation on electrocardiography was measured, continuous\r\nblood pressure was measured by the volume compensation method, and the\r\npupillary light reflex was measured by the closed loop method.\r\nResults: The shoulder tissue hemoglobin level increased when the Eye\r\nSteam-Sheets were applied, suggesting that peripheral hemodynamics were\r\nimproved. Palmar sweating was decreased, and skin blood flow was increased,\r\nsuggesting that sympathetic tension was reduced. The diameter of the pupil\r\nbefore light stimulation, D1, was significantly reduced (constriction). Pupillary\r\nchange after light stimulation, D1-D2, and the miosis rate, CR (D1-D2 \/ D1), were\r\nsignificantly increased. Sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex calculated from\r\nchanges in the ECG R-R interval and systolic blood pressure by the sequence\r\nmethod was markedly increased. These results suggest that parasympathetic\r\nactivity could be elevated.\r\nConclusions: Application of the Eye Steam-Sheets to the bilateral eyes may have\r\nimproved peripheral hemodynamics, reduced sympathetic activity, and induced the\r\ndominance of parasympathetic activity.\r\nReferences:\r\nNagashima, Y, et al, Auton Nerv Syst (Jpn) 43: 260-268, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yoshinao Nagashima Michihito Igaki Atsushi Suzuki","Yukihiro Yada","Shuichi Tsuchiya","Toshiyuki Suzuki","Sachiko Oh-ishi"]},{"item_id":623,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951272,"creation_date":1190951272,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Influence of Higher Sound Press ure on Human Arousal Reaction during Eye-T racking Task -A Quantitative Analysis of Saccade-","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=623","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":600,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:47:53","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":623,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: The objective of this research is to explore effective stimulation\r\nconditions of the beep sound at keeping the subject awake during monotonous task.\r\nMethods: We measured saccade during eye-tracking task and applied sound\r\nstimulation to the subject by using a computerized stimulator which triggers a beep\r\nsound automatically 70 ms after the generation of saccade when the ratio of peak\r\nvelocity and duration (VDR) of the saccade is below a preprogrammed threshold.\r\nSince the VDR of saccade was revealed to be a sensitive vigilance index by our\r\nprevious studies [1], [2], the sound was applied when the vigilance level of the\r\nsubject was reduced. We compared the mean VDR before and after the sound\r\nstimulation having various sound pressures of 70dB, 80dB, 90dB and 0dB.\r\nResults: Mean VDR increased after the stimulation for each sound pressure of 70,\r\n80, and 90dB in all 3 subjects. Mean VDR after 0dB stimulation (i.e. no stimulation)\r\nalso increased in 2 of 3 subjects for each sound pressure. However, mean VDR only\r\nafter 80dB stimulation were significantly larger than mean VDR after 0dB stimulation\r\nin all subjects.\r\nConclusions: The results of the analysis suggested that it is not necessarily the\r\ncase that the higher sound pressure exerts the higher arousal effect during\r\nmonotonous eye-tracking task.\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] A. Ueno, S. Kokubun, and Y. Uchikawa: \"A prototype real-time system for\r\nassessing vigilance levels and for alerting the subject with sound stimulation,\"\r\nInternational Journal of Assistive Robotics and Mechatronics, Vol.8, No.1, pp.19-27,\r\nMarch 2007.\r\n[2] A. Ueno, Y. Uchikawa: \"An approach to quantification of human alertness using\r\ndynamics of saccadic eye movement -For an application to Human Adaptive\r\nMechatronics-\", Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Mechatronics\r\nTechnology, (Hanoi, Vietnam), pp.563-568, Nov. 2004.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Akinori Ueno","Shiro Kokubun","Yuichi Inoue"]},{"item_id":624,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951304,"creation_date":1190951304,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Is an NMDA glutamate receptor involved in the afferent arm of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=624","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":601,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:48:25","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":624,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: The transmitters involved in the afferent arm of the pupillary light\r\nreflex are unknown. Previous studies have shown that nitrous oxide, a known\r\nantagonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor depresses the light reflex. We asked\r\nwhether another NMDA antagonist, ketamine, also depresses the light reflex in\r\nhumans. We tested the hypothesis that the NMDA receptor noncompetitive\r\nantagonists nitrous oxide and ketamine diminish the human pupillary light reflex.\r\nMethods: Following approval from the Committee on Human Research, we studied\r\n40 consenting adults. General anesthesia was induced with 1.5-2 mg\/kg propofol\r\nand 2 mcg\/kg fentanyl. Following muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation,\r\ndesflurane in oxygen, fentanyl (2 mcg\/kg\/hr), and vecuronium bromide were\r\nadministered to maintain anesthesia. Ketamine (1 mg\/kg, n=11), ketamine 0.5\r\nmg\/kg, n=9), nitrous oxide 60% (n=8), or saline (n=12) was administered after a\r\nstable level of anesthesia had been achieved. The following parameters were\r\nrecorded every two min as possible indicators of ketamine or nitrous oxide effect:\r\nsystolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, processed EEG (BIS), pupil size,\r\nand percent pupillary light reflex. An infrared hand-held pupillometer (Neuroptics,\r\nIrvine, CA) was used for pupillary measurements. Repeated measures ANOVA\r\nwere used to compare maximal changes in the measured parameters following drug\r\nadministrations.\r\nResults: Ketamine increased the BIS score and depressed the light reflex at both\r\ndoses. Nitrous oxide had variable effects on the BIS score and depressed the light\r\nreflex. Maximal changes in the light reflex were: Saline +29 \u00b1 37%, nitrous oxide \u2013\r\n54 \u00b1 18%, ketamine 1 mg\/kg \u2013 58 \u00b1 10% and ketamine 0.5 mg\/kg \u2013 48 \u00b1 9%.\r\nBoth doses of ketamine and nitrous oxide were significantly different from the saline\r\ncontrol group (p < .0001). Blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil size did not change\r\nsignificantly after ketamine but blood pressure was decreased following nitrous\r\noxide.\r\nConclusions: The NMDA antagonists ketamine and nitrous oxide consistently\r\ndepressed the pupillary light reflex with minimal changes in pupil size. Although\r\nthe excitatory transmitters at the pretectal nucleus and the pupilloconstrictor nucleus\r\nare unknown, this study provides preliminary evidence that an NMDA glutamate\r\nreceptor is involved in the afferent limb of the human pupillary light reflex.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson, Helge Eilers"]},{"item_id":625,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951384,"creation_date":1190951384,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Characteristics of a light reflex caused by color stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=625","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":602,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:49:49","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":625,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Recently it has been reported that retinal ganglion cells contain\r\nmelanopsin which mediates the pupil light reflex, and also that there cells respond\r\nstrongry to blue stimulation. The aim of our study was to clarify the characteristics of\r\nthis light reflex caused by color stimulation, which changed wavelengths with the\r\nsame size and luminance intensity.\r\nMethods: The methods for this study were 15 eyes (right eye) of 15 normal adult\r\nvolunteers (22.5 \u00b1 1.4 years) without ophthalmologic disease except for refractive\r\nerrors.\r\nThe stimulus parameters were an intensity of 100 cd\/m2, a background intensity of\r\n0.79 cd\/m2, a diameter of 4 degrees, a duration of 200 msec, and the colors white\r\n( 544 nm ), red ( 612 nm), green ( 544 nm ) and blue ( 437 nm ).\r\nFive points were on the superior temporal meridians of 45 degrees at eccentricities\r\nof 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees in the right eye stimulated. The diameter of the pupil\r\nwas measured for evaluation of the light reflex, and the pupillary contraction ratio\r\n(PCR): (diameter of pre-stimulation \u2013 diameter of post-stimulation) \/ diameter of\r\npre-stimulation was analyzed.\r\nResults: The average PCRs were white 13.8%, red 13.8%, green 12.0% and blue\r\n17.6%, at an eccentricity of 0 degrees, followed by white 10.8 %, red 10.1 %, green\r\n12.0 % and blue 17.6 % at an eccentricity of 5 degrees, and then white 9.1 %, red\r\n7.7 %, green 11.4 %, blue 15.9 % at an eccentricity 10 degrees. At an eccentricity of\r\n15 degrees, the rates were white 8.3 %, red 7.0 %, green 9.6 % and blue 15.2%.\r\nFinally, at an eccentricity 20 degrees, the rates were white 8.8 %, red 6.0 %, green\r\n8.6 % were blue 14.2 %. The PCRs caused by blue stimulus were significantly\r\ngreater than those resulting from a white, red and green stimuli at each eccentricity.\r\nConclusion: The blue stimulation was able to trigger a light reflex larger than the\r\nother color stimuli.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Kardon RH: Pupil perimetry. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 3: 565-570, 1992.\r\n2) Hong S, Narkiewicz J, Kardon RH: Comparison of pupil perimetry and visual\r\nperimetry in normal eyes: decibel sensitivity and variability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis\r\nSci 42: 957-965, 2001.\r\n3) Maeda F, Tanzawa K, Fukushima S, Inakagata S, Kani K, Tabuchi A: A pupil\r\nperimeter for objective visual field measurement. Proc of 2007 IEEE\/ICME\r\nInternational Conference on Complex Medical Engineering: 1122-1125, 2007.\r\n4) Gamlin PD, McDougal DH, Pokorny J, Smith VC, Yau KW, Dacey DM: Human\r\nand macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion\r\ncells. Vision Res 47: 946-54, 2007.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiichi Tanzawa","Fumiatsu Maeda","Tsuyoshi Yoneda","Mayumi Oka","Kazutaka Kani","Akio Tabuchi"]},{"item_id":626,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951475,"creation_date":1190951475,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Molecular affinity and efficacy at alpha adrenoceptor of the iris","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=626","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":603,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:51:16","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":626,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Mydriasis is produced by exogenous sympathomimetic drugs or the\r\nendogenous transmitter \u2113-norepinephrine which activates \u03b11-adrenoceptor of the iris\r\ndilator muscle. The activation of the neuronal prejunctional \u03b12-adrenoceptor by the\r\nagonist reduces the release of the transmitter. The affinities and efficacies of the\r\nsympathomimetic drugs for the prejunctional and postjunctional adrenoceptor vary\r\ngreatly (1, 2). The molecular nature of the initial activations by these drugs with the\r\nG-protein coupled \u03b1-adrenoceptors are not known. Hence, three dimensional amino\r\nacids homology modeling of receptors based on the low resolution crystal structure\r\nof bovine rhodopsin (PDBID: IF88) was used to understand the affinity and efficacy\r\nof agonists.\r\nMethods: In vitro procedure for recording contractions of iris dilator muscle reported\r\nbefore (1, 2). The protein model for the \u03b11A and \u03b12A adrenoceptor were generated\r\nvia MODELLER 9v2. The backbone trace of the \u03b11A and \u03b12A models were kept with\r\nsimilar conformation to the rhodopsin template, whereas the arrangement of side\r\nchains of binding site residue were predominantly determined by the published data.\r\nAutoDock 4.0 was used for flexible docking of ligands in which three dimensional\r\ninduced-fit conformational changes were simulated (3).\r\nResults: For the catecholamine two binding modes with \u03b11A adrenoceptor were\r\nobserved. First charged amine interacted with Asp125 at TM3 and at least one of\r\nhydrogen bonds with both Ser188 and Ser192 of TM5. The phenyl ring, of the ligand\r\nshowed aromatic interaction with Phe391. Only the chiral hydroxyl group of\r\n\u2113-epinephrine shows hydrogen bond formation with ASP125. The imidazoline ring of\r\noxymetazoline showed strong electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions with\r\nASP125. \u03b12A-Adrenoceptor shows similar interactions with catecholamines and\r\noxymetazoline but the binding energy is lower. Interactions of \u2113-phenylephrine, \u2113 and\r\n\u2202-norepinephrine, P-aminoclonidine and other drugs will be presented.\r\nConclusion: (1) Using this model, the selective interaction of the chiral hydroxyl\r\ngroup of the active enantiomer with ASP125 was recognized. (2) The\r\npharmacological affinity and efficacy of agonists closely parallels the dynamics of\r\nthe ligand receptor interactions.\r\nReferences:\r\n(1) Ishikawa, H., Miller, D.D. and Patil, P.N. Comparison of post-junctional\r\nalpha-adrenoceptors in iris dilator muscle of humans, and albino and pigmented\r\nrabbits. N.S. Arch Pharmacol. 354: 765-772, 1996.\r\n(2) Venkataraman, B.V. et al., Structure activity of new imidazolines on\r\nadrenoceptors of rat aorta and human platelets. N.S. Arch. Pharmacol. 344:454-463,\r\n1991.\r\n(3) Kumari, V., Patil, P.N. and Li, C. A preliminary molecular modeling study on the\r\naffinity and efficacy of three representative adrenergic agonists. P. 31, The Ohio\r\nState University College of Pharmacy Research Day, May 10, 2007, Abstract.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil, Vandana Kumari, H. Ishikawa, and Chenglong Li"]},{"item_id":627,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951500,"creation_date":1190951500,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil response during fixating the different size and distance of target","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=627","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":604,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:51:40","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":627,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To compare the pupil response during fixating the different size and\r\ndistance of target.\r\nMethods: We examined 38 healthy volunteers, with the age ranging 18-22 years.\r\nTarget size and distance were as in table1. Each target was gray colored circle with\r\nblack fixation point in the center. The target (1) and (2), (3) and (4) were calculated\r\nso that they had the same retinal image size. After positioning a red fixation point\r\nlocated at 5 m from a subject (control pupil size), each target was then displayed for\r\n15 seconds. Pupil responses were recorded by infrared pupillography (TriIRIS\r\nC9000, Hamamatsu) during these procedures. The results were expressed as % of\r\npupil constriction, with the control pupil size defined as 100%.\r\nResults: There was no significant difference in pupil constriction rate when fixating\r\nthe target (1) and (2). When comparing (3) and (4), the pupil constriction rate was\r\nsignificantly higher when fixating the target (3) (p<0.05). Moreover, in case of (2)\r\nand (4), the pupil constriction rate was significantly higher when fixating the target\r\n(4) (p<0.01).\r\nConclusions: These results suggest that it is mainly the size of retinal images that\r\ninduces the pupil response when a point is fixed more than a meter away\r\n(psychological effect). However, when a fixation point is less than a meter, the pupil\r\nresponse is induced mainly by the distance of the target.\r\nReferences:\r\nS. Kasthurirangan, A. Glasser. Characteristics of pupil responses during far-to-near\r\nand near-to-far accomodation.Ophthal.Physiol.Opt.2005 25:328-339\r\nJ.D. Hunter, J.G. Milton, H. L\u00fcdtke, B. Wilhelm, H. Wilhelm. Spontaneous\r\nfluctuations in pupil size are not triggered by lens accommodation. Vis.Res.2000\r\n40:567-573","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Nanae Sakakibara","Yuka Ohta","Atsufumi Hashimoto Ayako Hattori","Akina Hamasaki","Hitoshi Isikawa"]},{"item_id":628,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951750,"creation_date":1190951750,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil response to melanopsin-conta ining retinal ganglion cells studied with a multi-primary illumination system","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=628","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":605,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:55:51","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":628,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: It is widely accepted that the constriction and dilation of the pupils is\r\nevoked by changes in the ambient luminance and it has been shown that signals in\r\nthe cone-opponent mechanism also contribute to a pupillary control mechanism.\r\nThese facts suggest that retinal rod-cone pathways strongly contribute to the\r\npupillary control mechanism. A recent study has shown that retinal ganglion cells\r\ncontaining the photopigment melanopsin, which are intrinsically photosensitive in\r\nprimates, project to the pupillary control center in the pretectum. The aim of this\r\nstudy was to investigate how signals driven by melanopsin-containing ganglion cells\r\nand by the other visual photoreceptors contribute to the pupillary control\r\nmechanism.\r\nMethods: To independently stimulate the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion\r\ncells from the other photoreceptors we designed and built a novel multi-primary\r\nstimulation system. The illumination system consists of an optical diffuser and an\r\nintegrating sphere in which light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as internal light\r\nsources. Luminance output of each LED was controlled by pulse width modulation\r\nunits by adjusting a duty cycle of pulse train. We calculated excitations of the\r\nmelanopsin-containing ganglion cells and the other photoreceptors on the\r\nbackground and the test stimulus, expressed as a relative modulation between them.\r\nWe used three test stimuli modulating luminance (LUM), modulating color (COL),\r\nand modulating an excitation of the melanopsin-containing ganglion cells (M-GC).\r\nResults: The pupillary response evoked by LUM had a transient temporal property\r\nand the response evoked by COL had a sustained temporal property with a delay of\r\nca. 60ms compared with that evoked by LUM. These results are consistent with\r\nprevious results. The pupillary response evoked by M-GC had a sustained response\r\ncompared with that evoked by LUM.\r\nConclusions: We made a multi-primary illumination system to independently\r\nstimulate melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. Our results indicated that the\r\nstimulus modulating excitation of the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells\r\nevoked a large sustained pupillary response compared with that evoked by the\r\nluminance stimulus.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Tsujimura","A. Nuruki","K. Yunokuchi"]},{"item_id":629,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951925,"creation_date":1190951925,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary light reflex in blind retiniti spigmentosa patients investigated before and after implantation of a subretinal visual prosthesis","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=629","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":606,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:58:46","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":629,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It has been regarded as a fact that blindness as a late stage of\r\ndegenerative retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is associated with a lack\r\nof common stimulus-response characteristics of the pupil light reflex or an absent\r\nlight reaction. According to novel knowledge about the role of melanopsin ganglion\r\ncells for e.g. the pupillary light reflex this association may be put into question. In the\r\ncourse of the study recruitment for the first clinical pilot trial with a Subretinal Active\r\nMultiphotodiode Array (MPDA; RIM Pilot Trial; Princ. Inv. Prof. E. Zrenner) we\r\ninvestigated this matter systematically in blind RP patients. Pupillography was the\r\nobjective part of a large test battery applied for safety and efficacy assessment in\r\nthis trial.\r\nMethods: CIP is an automated infrared video pupillograph (AMTech, Germany). We\r\napplied stimulus intensities of 0.36, 4.0, 36.3 lx (corneal illumination) in a dark room.\r\nThe mean of the latency and amplitude of the PLR averaged from four complete and\r\nreliable pupillograms entered the analysis. The study design was open and\r\nprospective, however with a functional placebo-control keeping the subject and the\r\nexaminer blind to the condition. The latter means that the power supply of the device\r\nwas switched on\/off by a third person according to a randomisation list. Therefore,\r\neach examination was performed twice (both conditions) at the respective visit.\r\nAll patients were suffering from RP, they were legally blind and had no reproducible\r\nlight perception. Ten patients were tested during the pre-screening (baseline) at the\r\nDepartment of Ophthalmology. Eight of them were included in the RIM trial\r\naccording to the in- and exclusion criteria, seven patients were implanted and\r\ncontrolled by pupillography after implantation and explantation of the device taking\r\nplace 30 days later. All seven patients were men, aged 44, 48, 54, 52, 57, 27 and 53\r\nyears. The RIM study was approved by the local ethics committee and all subjects\r\nhad given their written informed consent to participation.\r\nResults: At baseline examination (n=10), no light reflex was elicitable for the lowest\r\nintensity stimulus condition of 0.36 lx; for 4.0 lx amplitude was 0.13 +\/- 0.28; for the\r\nbrightest stimulus intensity of 36.3 lx constriction amplitude was 0.47 +\/- 0.4 mm.\r\nSurprisingly, we inconsistently noted that \u2013 in contradiction to usual physiological\r\nfindings \u2013 the visual threshold was above the pupillomotor threshold. In other words,\r\nthe pupils sometimes reacted to stimuli which the patients had not seen. Further\r\nresults of the still ongoing analyses will be presented. A subretinal visual prosthesis\r\nwas able to elicit pupillary light reflexes.\r\nConclusions: Pupillary light reflexes and their usual dose-response relationships\r\nare preserved in blind RP patients to a larger extend than expected. Investigations\r\nin blind RP patients may help to better understand the role of melanopsin ganglion\r\ncells in man.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Tobias Peters","Johanna Miltenberger Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":630,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952021,"creation_date":1190952021,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Correlates of Melanopsin Photoreception in Humans","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=630","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":607,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:00:22","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":630,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: A new photoreception process based on light-sensitive pigment\r\nmelanopsin has been associated with giant retinal ganglion cells that also receive\r\ninputs from both rod and cone pathways (Dacey et al., 2005). Such ganglion cells\r\napparently contribute to the pupillary light reflex in humans as well as primates as\r\nevidenced by persistence in contraction following light offset (Gamlin et al., 2007).\r\nThe objective of the present study was to provide both an independent test of the\r\nhypothesis that melanopsin photoreception contributes to the human pupil and an\r\nalternative method of assessing its contribution. We propose to examine the effects\r\nof melanopsin on the pupil in response to the light onset.\r\nMethods: Our study performed new analyses on previously published recordings\r\n(Kimura & Young, 1995, 1999). Melanopsin contribution was assessed by\r\ninvestigating differences in the pupillary responses evoked by the onset of\r\nphotopically equated short- and long- wavelength stimuli (6 sec in duration). As the\r\nshort-wavelength was selected near the peak and the other wavelength selected\r\ntoward the tail end of the absorption spectrum of melanopsin, the stimuli should\r\nproduce predictable differences in photon absorption of melanopsin and thus in the\r\npupillary response amplitudes.\r\nResults: Response comparisons revealed late contraction differences that grew to\r\na peak several seconds after the stimulus onset and fell gradually. The late\r\ncontraction was associated with short wavelengths and appeared mostly at the\r\nhigher stimulus intensities, properties that are consistent with those of melanopsin\r\nphotoreception (e.g., Dacey et al., 2005). Similar comparisons performed in a\r\ncontrol condition ruled out possible contributions of confounding effects to the\r\npresent results.\r\nConclusions: We conclude that rods and cones are not the only photoreception\r\nprocesses mediating the pupillary light-ON responses in humans and infer that\r\nmelanopsin is another. Melanopsin photoreception can affect the sustained pupil\r\nsize in daylight illumination. The present results also suggest that, in conjunction\r\nwith previous studies on the pupillary correlates of visual acuity (Young & Kennish,\r\n1993; Young et al., 1995), the pupillometric method is capable of providing an\r\nopportunity to studying the contribution of melanopsin photoreception to the\r\nimage-forming as well as non-image-forming pathways of the human visual system.\r\nReferences:\r\nDacey, D. M., Liao, H. W., Peterson, B. B., Robinson, F. R., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J.,\r\nYau, K. W. & Gamlin, P. D. (2005). Nature, 433, 749-754.\r\nGamlin, P. D. R., McDougal, D. H., Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., Yau, K. W. & Dacey, D.\r\nM. (2007). Vision Research, 47, 946-954.\r\nKimura, E. & Young, R. S. L. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 897-906.\r\nKimura, E. & Young, R. S. L. (1999). Vision Research, 39, 1189-1197.\r\nYoung, R. S. L. & Kennish, J. (1993). Vision Research, 33, 2239-2252.\r\nYoung, R. S. L, Kimura, E. & Delucia, P. R. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 2235-2241.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Eiji Kimura","Rockefeller S.L. Young"]},{"item_id":631,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952101,"creation_date":1190952101,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Clinical implications of new aspects of the pupil light reflex mediated by melanopsin retinal ganglion cells","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=631","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":608,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:01:42","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":631,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To understand which stimulus conditions and dynamics of the pupil light\r\nreflex help to localize the site of damage in the visual pathway to the outer\r\nphotoreceptor layer using comparing red and blue light stimuli as a function of light\r\nintensity.\r\nBackground: New information about the physiology of melanopsin expressing\r\nretinal ganglion cells mediating the pupil light reflex and their projections to the brain\r\nmay provide a basis for localizing the site of damage to the retina in patients with\r\nphotoreceptor degeneration vs. optic nerve disease.\r\nMethods: Subjects with visual field loss localized to either the photoreceptor layer\r\nof the retina or optic nerve were evaluated by recording the pupil light reflex to\r\nvarious types of visual stimuli and comparing them to normal eyes.\r\nResults: Pupil waveform shape, duration, and differential response to low vs. high\r\nstimulus intensity and red vs. blue color were useful in localizing the site of damage.\r\nNormal eyes showed more sustained pupil response to blue light compared to\r\nluminance-matched red stimuli at brighter light intensities. Outer retinal disease\r\nshowed reduced transient pupil responses, but intact sustained pupil contraction to\r\nbright blue stimuli. Optic nerve disease reduced both transient and sustained pupil\r\ncontractions.\r\nConclusion: Photoreceptor mediated and intrinsic activation of the melanopsin\r\nretinal ganglion cell has both a transient and a sustained pupil response to red and\r\nblue light which is intensity dependent. Eyes with severe photoreceptor loss can still\r\nmaintain a pupil contraction to bright blue light which appears to be mediated by the\r\nintrinsic light activation of the melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. Knowledge of\r\nresponse properties and projections of these neurons mediating the pupil light reflex\r\nshould facilitate localization of damage to either outer photoreceptors or optic nerve.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":632,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191020932,"creation_date":1190952668,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of various neuropeptides on rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=632","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_id":28,"uid":0,"item_id":632,"log_date":1191020932,"log":"Modified; Title, Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":609,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:11:09","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":632,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Various neuropeptides, such as Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Substance P (SP), Somatostatin, galanin, Pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating peptide (PACAP) are known as sensory neuropeptide in the eye that is released by noxious stimuli and considered to be a mediator of the neurogenic ocular injury response including miosis. The purpose of this study is to clarify the functional role of these peptides on iris sphincter and dilator muscles.\r\n\r\nMethods: Iris sphincter and dilator muscles were isolated from rabbit eyes, and the effect of various neuropeptides on mechanical responses of these muscles were investigated using isometric tension recording methods.\r\n\r\nResults: Substance P dose-dependently contracted the rabbit iris sphincter, however, this agent had no effect on the dilator. CGRP had no effect on either the resting muscle tone or the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. On the other hand, CGRP relaxed dilator muscle which had been pre-contracted by phenylephrine and reduced the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation. Both somatostatin and galanin attenuated the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. Galanin was more effective compared with somatostatin. The dilator muscle response to field stimulation was not changed by either peptide. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhanced the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. For the iris dilator muscle, PACAP 27 inhibited the contractions induced by field stimulation or phenylephrine while PACAP 38 had no effect.\r\n\r\nConclusions: Various neuropeptides had different effect on iris sphincter or dilator muscles. However, we conclude that these peptides may induce miosis by contracting sphincter, attenuating cholinergic neurotransmitter release, relaxing dilator or inhibiting adrenergic neurotransmitter release.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Takeshi Yoshitomi, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Kazutuna Yamaji"]},{"item_id":633,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952871,"creation_date":1190952871,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The most appropriate reflex factors ex pressing artificial afferent defects in","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=633","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":610,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:14:32","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":633,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To determine the most appropriate reflex factors which express artificial\r\nafferent defects in the pupillary light reflex.\r\nMethods: The attenuation of the pupillary light reflex resulting from reduction of the\r\nvisual input, afferent pupillary defect, was analyzed by using reflex factors including\r\nour originally developed relative factors as follows:\r\nL; latency time (msec)\r\n%A; (A-0.2\/PA) x100 (%)\r\nA= amplitude of constriction (mm\uff12)\r\nPA= pupil area before constriction (mm\uff12)\r\n%VCmax; (VCmax-12.9\/A) x100 (%\/sec)\r\nVCmax= maximum constriction velocity (mm\uff12\/sec)\r\nThe subjects were 11 young healthy volunteers and their randomly selected\r\nunilateral eyes were examined. Pupillary light reflexes under open-loop condition\r\n(Maxwellian view) were measured by infrared video-pupillography. Fifteen levels of\r\nthe light stimulus changing by neutral density filters (NDFs) of -4.2 to 0 log were\r\nirradiated, and artificial afferent pupillary defect was made. Before examination, we\r\nconfirmed that the pupillary light reflexes factors in these subjects were within the\r\nnormal range of their respective age.\r\nResults: Due to application of NDFs, the light reflexes became sluggish and shallow,\r\nthe latency time (L) prolonged, and % amplitude of constriction (%A) decreased.\r\nHowever, % maximum velocity of constriction (%VCmax) was constant regardless\r\nof the afferent pupillary defect. A comparative study of the alternations in L and %A\r\nrevealed that %A was a suitable factor to imply the effect of afferent defect on the\r\npupillary light reflex because of its less variation.\r\nConclusions: %A should be applied in the objective and quantitative analysis of the\r\nafferent pupillary defect in the light reflex.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Thompson HS: Afferent pupillary defects. Pupillary findings associated with\r\ndefects of the afferent arm of the pupillary light reflex arc. Amer J Ophthalmol 62:\r\n860-873, 1966\r\n2) Thompson HS: Putting a number on the relative afferent pupillary defect.\r\nThompson Hs (ed): Topics in Neuro-Ophthalmology. Williams & Wilkins, Boltimore.\r\n1979. pp157-158.\r\n3) Sugasawa J, Morishita K et al: Afferent pupillary defect in pupillary light reflex.\r\nActa Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 85: 363-372, 1981\r\n4) Utsumi T, Sugiyama T et al: A new method of analyzing pupillary light reflex\r\nusing %-amplitude and %-velocities. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 42: 223-228, 1991","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Toshio Watanabe 1), Takashi Utsumi 2), Tetsuya Sugiyama, Hidehiro Oku,","Tsunehiko Ikeda and Jun Sugasawa"]},{"item_id":634,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952992,"creation_date":1190952992,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of the pupil size on contrast sensitivity","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=634","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":611,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:16:32","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":634,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the effect of pupil size on contrast sensitivity with the\r\nhigher-order aberrations.\r\nMethods: In 10 right eyes of 10 emmetropic subjects. We measured the contrast\r\nsensitivity with a VCTS6500 (VISTECH Consultants, Inc.) using an artificial pupil\r\nfrom 1 mm to 5 mm each 1 mm step size. The contrast sensitivity data were\r\ncalculated AULCSF (the area under the log contrast sensitivity function). Ocular\r\nhigher-order aberrations were measured with an iTrace (Tracey Technologies, LLC.)\r\nfrom 2 mm to 5 mm pupil size.\r\nResults: The AULCSF was the best at a 3 mm pupil size, and declined in the order\r\nof 2 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 1 mm, respectively (p<0.01). A higher-order aberration has\r\nreduced as the pupil size decreased (p<0.01).\r\nConclusions: The pupil size affects the contrast sensitivity in connection with the\r\nhigher-order aberration and the retinal illuminance. We should pay attention to the\r\npupil size in clinical evaluation of the contrast sensitivity.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Chiharu Tamura, Hiroshi U ozato, Kimiya Shimizu,","Hitoshi Ishikawa, Nobuyuki Shoji"]},{"item_id":635,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953112,"creation_date":1190953112,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Age-Related changes in pupil size","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=635","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":612,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:18:32","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":635,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th ","place":"Pupil Colloquium","abstract":"Purpose: It is essential that the pupil size be above 3\uff5e3.5 mm in a bright room in\r\norder to obtain satisfactory near visual function after refractive multifocal intraocular\r\nlens implantation. The age-related changes in pupil size and the maximum suitable\r\nage for implantation of refractive multifocal intraocular lenses were investigated with\r\nthe electronic pupillometer, which can measure patency synchronously in both eyes.\r\nMethods: The pupil sizes of 167 volunteers (291 eyes) with naked-eye vision above\r\n1.0 and without ocular or autonomic nervous diseases were measured within 5\r\nseconds with an electronic pupillometer FP-10000 (TMI Co. Ltd., Japan) while the\r\nsubjects stared at an object over 5 m away or close by (30 cm) in a bright room\r\n(200-300 lux). The mean horizontal diameters measured within about 3 seconds,\r\nexcept during blinks, were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using\r\nSpearman\u2019s rank order correlation.\r\nResults: Horizontal pupil diameter was negatively correlated with age during the\r\nstaring at distant and nearby objects (horizontal diameters: y=-0.424x+5.241\uff0c\r\nr=-0.424\uff0cp\uff1c0.0001; and y=-0.0284x+4.811\uff0cr=-0.484\uff0cp\uff1c0.0001, respectively).\r\nThe ages at which the pupil size remained above 3.5 mm were 70 years for distant\r\nobjects and 46 for nearby objects.\r\nConclusion: Pupil size decreased with age. The results indicate that the maximum\r\nage at which satisfactory visual function could be obtained for nearby objects after\r\nrefractive multifocal intraocular lens implantation was 50 years.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Bingjie Zhang, Rie A mano, Misae Itou,","Takushi Kawamorita, Kimiya Shimizu"]},{"item_id":636,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953302,"creation_date":1190953302,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measurement of ocular conve rgence, pupillary constriction","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=636","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":613,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:21:43","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":636,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It is known that ocular torsion is associated with convergence eye\r\nmovements, however, the mechanism and biological meaning are not clear. In this\r\nstudy we measured ocular torsion simultaneously with ocular convergence, as well\r\nas pupillary constriction during vergence.\r\nMethods: Ten healthy men with normal vision and stereopsis were subjects in this\r\nexperiment. The visual target, a small light-emitting diode (LED) approached and\r\nrecessed from the subject at the same speed. Each eye was photographed with an\r\ninfra-red CCD camera and recorded on a digital tape. The pupillary area, the center\r\nof the pupil, and the pattern of the iris were detected using a computer-assisted\r\nprocedure, from which horizontal and vertical eye movements, pupillary response,\r\nand ocular torsion was calculated. We tested six conditions: The visual target\r\napproached the central point between the eyes, with both eyes viewing (condition 1)\r\nor with the right eye viewing (2); the target approached the right eye with both eyes\r\nviewing (3) or with the right eye viewing (4); and the target approached the left eye\r\nwith both eyes viewing (5) or with the right eye viewing (6).\r\nResults: Three subjects showed obvious ocular torsion, which we thoroughly\r\nanalyzed. In response to the approaching target, convergence eye movement\r\nstarted first, followed by pupillary response; ocular extorsion started slowly but even\r\nduring the near fixation of the target, it continued gradually increasing to 2 \u2013 5 deg\r\nextorsion. Even with one eye viewing, a similar amount of ocular torsion was\r\nobserved in both eyes. This torsion was not artifact because such extorsion was not\r\nobserved during horizontal conjunctive eye movement and during light reflex.\r\nConclusions: Without a binocular disparity cue, an accommodation cue could elicit\r\nocular torsion. This ocular torsion occurred very slowly and even during near fixation\r\nindicating that it is not directly linked to the innervation to the medial rectus muscle\r\nor to the iris sphincter muscle.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mineo Takagi, Hasebe Hiruma, Atsuhiko Iijima, Atsushi Miki,","Haruo Toda, Haruki Abe"]},{"item_id":637,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953439,"creation_date":1190953439,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary and vergence behaviors related to the cognition of motion","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=637","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":614,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:23:59","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":637,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We investigated the relationship between pupillary response and\r\nvergence eye movement elicited by radial expanding-contracting optic flow stimuli.\r\nWe focused on (1) vergence and pupillary responses to the switch of stimulus\r\ndirection and the change in the flow velocities, and (2) sustained vergence and\r\npapillary responses to them.\r\nMethods: There were 12 participants who were exposed to an\r\nexpanding-contracting random dot radial optic flow pattern simulating oscillating\r\ntranslational motion in the anterior-posterior axis under four viewing conditions with\r\nfixation point at the focus of expansion; 1) contraction-stop pattern inducing\r\nbackward and stop motion sensation; 2) contraction-expansion simulating backward\r\nand forward motion; 3) expansion-stop; and 4) expansion-contraction with three\r\ndifferent frequencies of sinusoidal waves. Pupil size and vergence eye movement\r\nwere measured with video-oculography.\r\nResults: Pupil contraction was observed responding to the motion onset and to the\r\nswitch of the stimulus direction while vergence eye movements showed\r\nconvergence and divergence during forward and backward stimuli, respectively.\r\nDiscussion: The contraction of pupil may relate to cognition of object motion\r\nchange and was supposed to be similar to the response elicited by translational\r\ncoherent object motions [1] and this could not link to vergence eye movement. The\r\nvergence may be sustained component subsequent to the ultra-short latency\r\nvergence response [2].\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] Sahraie A and Barbur JL, Pupil response triggered by the onset of coherent\r\nmotion., Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997; 235(8): 494-500.\r\n[2] Busettini C, Masson GS, Miles FA., Radial optic flow induces vergence eye\r\nmovements with ultra-short latencies., Nature. 1997; 390(6659): 512-5.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Atsuhiko Iijima, Kazuhiko Ukai, Sei-ichi Tsujimura, Masato Torii,","Shota Hiramoto, Takehiko Bando"]},{"item_id":638,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953601,"creation_date":1190953601,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Surgical management of functional iris deficiencies with cataract","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=638","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":615,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:26:41","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":638,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: It is essential that the pupil size has relation to high order aberration. We\r\nexperienced 4 cases for surgical management of functional iris deficiencies with\r\ncataract.\r\nMethods: 4 case were as follows, Cataract surgery with intraocular lens and\r\nprostheric iris implantation was performed in 2 cases. Another 2 cases of the visual\r\nacuity and subjective degree of glare disability, postoperative anatomic results, and\r\nintraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated.\r\nResults: All eyes achived the desired anatomic result. Visual acuity was improved.\r\nPatiens were surveyed postoperatively to determine the change in glare disability.\r\nConclusions: In patients with iris deficiency, implantation of prostheric iris device,\r\nand intraocular lens implant following cataract surgery appears to be safe and\r\neffective in reducing glare disability and improving visual outcomes.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Rie Amano, Kimiya Shimizu, Miyuki Kitahara"]},{"item_id":639,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953726,"creation_date":1190953726,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"sible mechanism of intraop erative floppy iris syndrome:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=639","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":616,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:28:47","display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":639,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: A recent report attributed \"intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS)\"\r\noccurring during cataract surgery to the \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin1.\r\nBut, mechanism of IFIS is unknown. The present study examines three eyes of two\r\npatients with conditions similar to IFIS after administration of bunazosin (Detantol\u00ae;\r\nSanten). Histological examinations were also conducted.\r\nCases: Both patients, a 77-year-old woman and a 79-year-old man, had used\r\nbunazosin eye drops for three years, had unremarkable medical histories, with no\r\ntrauma, had used only bunazosin orally or as eye drops. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy\r\nrevealed no abnormalities other than glaucoma and cataract. Both patients\r\nunderwent cataract surgery, during which IFIS was observed, but no other\r\ncomplications were seen in either. In each eye, we performed peripheral iridectomy\r\nand, after immediately fixing the extracted specimen in 2% glutaraldehyde,\r\nexamined it in a transmission electron microscope. Two women underwent cataract\r\nsurgery as controls during the same period.\r\nResults: The histological examination of the irides of the patients revealed that the\r\nsizes of the pigment granules in the melanocyte cytoplasms were irregular. Some\r\nclump cells contained lipofuscin-like granules in addition to the pigment granules.\r\nThe majority of the dilator muscle cells were markedly vacuolated, suggesting\r\ncellular degeneration. No nerve terminals innervating smooth muscle were\r\nobserved in the present study.\r\nConclusion: In our detailed histological investigation of the results of bunazosin\r\ntreatment, bunazosin was found to have an affinity with melanin that is important in\r\nthe mechanism of IFIS. Also important is its effect on nerve terminals.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Chang DF, Campbell JR. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with\r\ntamsulosin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005; 31: 664-673","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Toshiaki Goseki, Kimiya Shimizu, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Shigekazu Uga"]},{"item_id":640,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191021418,"creation_date":1191021418,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship between residual aberration and light-adapted pupil size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=640","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":617,"original_file_name":"Sakai_OVS07.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":320843,"timestamp":"2007-09-29 08:16:58","display_name":"PDF Reprint"}],"paper_id":640,"journal":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":84,"number":6,"page":"517-21","abstract":"PURPOSE: The relationship between residual aberration (residual astigmatism and higher-order aberration) and light-adapted pupil size was investigated in human subjects to verify that the pupil size is adjusted to provide good image quality on the retina through control of the image sharpness and illuminance. METHODS: Monochromatic wave aberration and light-adapted pupil diameters were measured from 20 subjects. The measured wave aberration was reconstructed using a sixth-order Zernike polynomial expansion; the neural sharpness was computed as a metric of the residual aberration. Subsequently, the correlation of the neural sharpness and the light-adapted pupil diameter was examined statistically across the subjects in each luminance level. RESULTS: The light-adapted pupil diameter showed a significant positive correlation with the neural sharpness, except under dark-adapted conditions. In contrast, the pupil diameter showed no significant correlation with the spherical equivalent, as previously shown. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the level of aberration present in an eye has an influence on pupil size.","pubmed_id":"17568322","author":["Sakai Hiroyuki","Hirata Yutaka","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":641,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055030,"creation_date":1191055030,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A binocular pupil model for simulation of relative afferent pupil defect, RAPD.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=641","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":641,"journal":"Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference","volume":1,"number":null,"page":"711-4","abstract":"The human pupil is an important element studied in many clinical procedures. The binocular pupil model presented has a topology encompassing much of the complexity of the pupil system neurophysiology. The dynamic parameters of the model were matched against pupil experiments under multiple conditions. It simulates responses to the swinging flashlight test for different degrees of relative afferent pupil defects, RAPD.","pubmed_id":"17271776","author":["Privitera Claudio M","Stark Lawrence W"]},{"item_id":642,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055085,"creation_date":1191055085,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A binocular pupil model for simulation of relative afferent pupil defects and the swinging flashlight test.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=642","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":642,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":94,"number":3,"page":"215-24","abstract":"Many important intracranial neural pathways are involved in the control of the two muscles of the human pupil and the observation and analysis of pupil responses to light or other stimuli is of great interest in many clinical procedures. The binocular pupil model presented in this document has a topology encompassing much of the complexity of the pupil system neurophysiology. The dynamic parameters of the model were matched against pupil experiments under multiple conditions. It is employed here to simulate responses to the swinging flashlight test, a procedure which is routinely practiced in ophthalmology to diagnose different degrees of relative afferent pupil defects often a consequence of severe optic nerve diseases or retinal dysfunctions. Other, not light-dependent, pupil stimuli are briefly discussed.","pubmed_id":"16404612","author":["Privitera Claudio M","Stark Lawrence W"]},{"item_id":643,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055128,"creation_date":1191055128,"publication_year":2004,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Small foveal targets for studies of accommodation and the Stiles-Crawford effect.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=643","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":643,"journal":"Vision research","volume":44,"number":24,"page":"2757-67","abstract":"The properties of small monochromatic targets as accommodative stimuli are not well understood. We used a dynamic optometer to record accommodation responses to monochromatic disc targets (1.0-27.3 min arc) and to a Maltese cross. Accommodation responded adequately to points as small as 13.6 min arc. The response to these small targets is relevant to the question of whether the Stiles-Crawford (SC) effect could provide a stimulus to accommodation. Previous studies have used pupil apodizing filters to neutralise the natural SC function and so determine how visual performance or accommodation is influenced by the SC effect. However, these filters cannot correct for known inhomogeneities in the SC function across the retina for extended targets. Therefore, we calculated the SC function inhomogeneities across the retinal image of a smaller 13.6-min arc target. Unfortunately, even this small target is too large to permit a homogenous SC function across its extent. Alternatives to the apodizing filter approach are discussed.","pubmed_id":"15342220","author":["Kruger Philip B","Stark Lawrence R","Nguyen Hai Nhu"]},{"item_id":644,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055189,"creation_date":1191055189,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation and the Stiles-Crawford effect: theory and a case study.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=644","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":644,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":21,"number":5,"page":"339-51","abstract":"PURPOSE: Fincham (The accommodation reflex and its stimulus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 35, 381-393) was the first to suggest that the Stiles-Crawford effect (Type I) might provide a stimulus for accommodation, but the possibility has not been investigated experimentally. The present paper outlines a theoretical basis for such a mechanism, and includes a case study on a subject with a nasally decentred Stiles-Crawford (S-C) function. METHODS: Accommodation to a monochromatic sine grating was monitored continuously with the natural S-C function intact, or with apodising filters imaged in the subject's pupil to neutralise, reverse or double the natural S-C function. RESULTS: Mean accommodative gain was not reduced significantly when the normal S-C function was either neutralised or reversed. CONCLUSIONS: For the present subject, the average S-C effect does not mediate the accommodation response to defocus, but more subjects should be examined. Other methods by which directionally sensitive cone receptors could detect light vergence are discussed.","pubmed_id":"11563420","author":["Kruger P B","L\u00f3pez-Gil N","Stark L R"]},{"item_id":645,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055242,"creation_date":1191055242,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil size, mean accommodation response and the fluctuations of accommodation.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=645","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":645,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":17,"number":4,"page":"316-23","abstract":"We wished to determine how pupil size and mean accommodation response level interact to influence the fluctuations of accommodation. A dynamic infra-red optometer was used to record accommodation responses while subjects viewed a steady target at two stimulus levels (1.5 and 3 D) through four pupils (1, 2, 4 and 6 mm). It was found for most subjects that the fluctuations of accommodation increase at higher mean accommodation response levels, and small pupils lead to an increase in the low frequency (but not the high frequency) fluctuations of accommodation. The effects of mean accommodation response are independent of pupil size, and the effects of pupil size are independent of mean response level.","pubmed_id":"9390376","author":["Stark L R","Atchison D A"]},{"item_id":646,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055287,"creation_date":1191055287,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. III. Phase velocity in high gain instability oscillations.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=646","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":646,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"241-6","abstract":"The pupil can be excited to sustained oscillations under high gain feedback conditions. The period of these oscillations (cycle time) is reduced by increased average light level by an amount commensurate with reductions in phase lag reported in the companion paper (Myers et al. 1991b). A mathematical model of this phenomenon is used to unify and clarify experimental data presented here and in the literature.","pubmed_id":"8452893","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":647,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055366,"creation_date":1191055366,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. II. Phase velocity of responses to sinusoidal light stimuli.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=647","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":647,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"235-40","abstract":"Pupillary responses to sinusoidal light stimuli were measured over a range of light levels and frequencies. The phase lag and equivalent time delay of these responses were reduced in an approximately log-linear fashion with increasing mean light level (slope = -60 ms\/log unit). The magnitude of this level dependence is reduced at higher frequencies, and at higher light levels. This nonlinear level dependent signal flow (LDSF) effect is shown to be essentially independent of target distance (accommodative stimulus) which influences pupil size, and of pupil size itself. Thus most of the level dependence probably resides in the afferent path of the light-pupil reflex arc, before the accommodation signal joins the light signal in the Edinger-West-phal nucleus. A systems model is presented to the LDSF effect described here and in the companion papers (Myers and Stark 1993a, b). When parameters of the model are adjusted to fit pupillary responses to transient light stimuli over a range of light levels, the model simulates reduced phase lag in response to increased mean light level, and the reduction in this LDSF effect with increased mean light level or increasing stimulus frequency without further changes in parameters. This latter reduction explains the relatively small level dependence seen in latency data (-34 ms\/log unit). These data will be shown (Myers and Stark 1990b) to be commensurate with reduction in pupil cycle time (increased frequency of oscillation) observed in high gain oscillation experiments as mean brightness increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","pubmed_id":"8452892","author":["Myers G A","Gannon J A","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":648,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055406,"creation_date":1191055406,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. I. Latency of time domain responses to transient stimuli.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=648","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":648,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"229-34","abstract":"Latency of pupillary responses to light stimuli are smaller for larger steps of light, and larger for smaller steps of light (Alpern 1954; Lowenstein et al. 1964; Lee et al. 1969; Terdiman et al. 1969; Cibis et al. 1977; and many others). Miller and Thompson (1978), however, reported negligible change in pupil cycle time (period of high gain instability oscillations) with increased mean brightness. Sandberg and Stark (1968) reported a negligible reduction in phase lag of pupillary responses to sinusoidal light stimuli as the modulation coefficient (m) increased. To resolve the inconsistency between the well-documented dependence of latency upon brightness, and the apparent absence of level dependence in the phase characteristics (as reflected directly in the responses to sinusoidal stimuli and indirectly in pupil cycle time experiments) we measured: 1. Latency to step stimuli of light, 2. Phase of responses to sinusoidal light stimuli and 3. Period (pupil cycle time) of high gain instability oscillations. The dependence of pupillary latency upon stimulus level (both light and accommodation) and the interaction between accommodation and light responses were investigated. We show that most of the level dependence of light-pupil latency resides in the afferent path. In the companion papers, we demonstrate that: 1. Phase of pupillary response to sinusoidal light stimuli is reduced by increased mean light level, but is independent of pupil size and accommodative stimulus level; and 2. The period of high gain oscillations is shown to decrease with increased mean light level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","pubmed_id":"8452891","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":649,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055480,"creation_date":1191055480,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Model control of image processing: pupillometry.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=649","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":649,"journal":"Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society","volume":17,"number":1,"page":"21-33","abstract":"Smart instruments require on-line computers, special purpose hardware, or both. A pupillometer is described that relies only on a general purpose microcomputer with a frame grabber to process infrared video camera pictures of the human eye. An essential feature of the instrument is that a top-down model controls the image processing algorithms. The model generates regions of interest, ROIs, positioned from knowledge of anatomy and optics of the eye and information from previously analyzed frames. Within these adaptively controlled ROIs, fast, run-time algorithms automatically calculate local thresholds, area measurements, moments for centroid position information, and use pyramiding to shorten calculation time for large pupils. Outputs are precise measurements of pupil size and eye position in real time, with adequate bandwidth for most purposes.","pubmed_id":"8448762","author":["Nguyen A H","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":650,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055572,"creation_date":1191055572,"publication_year":1992,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation on downward gaze.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=650","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":650,"journal":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":69,"number":7,"page":"556-61","abstract":"A study was conducted with the purpose of examining the possible effects of vertical and horizontal eye movements upon accommodation. A special Badal stimulator was made which was vertically rotatable around the center of an eye. The stimulator was attached to the Three-Dimensional Optometer III (TDOIII), which could measure accommodation, eye movement, and pupil diameter simultaneously. The reliability of the TDOIII measurements of accommodation was checked by comparing with a stigmatoscope measurement. Three young males served as subjects. A small but definite near accommodation was measured dynamically in association with vertical eye movement. We believe this to be the first report of this finding. The amount of near accommodation with downgaze showed a tendency to decrease when the target was brought near.","pubmed_id":"1635760","author":["Takeda T","Neveu C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":651,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056185,"creation_date":1191056185,"publication_year":1991,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Interpretation of functional series expansions.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=651","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":651,"journal":"Annals of biomedical engineering","volume":19,"number":4,"page":"485-508","abstract":"While much research has been devoted to the implementation and application of Volterra and Wiener functional series expansions in the identification and characterization of biological systems, little effort has been focused on the fundamental problem of interpreting the resulting kernels. This paper describes the application of the series to the components of a known model of the human pupil control system. As more complicated elements are put together, insight into kernel interpretation is built up incrementally until the total system is identified. Practical limitations and methods are also discussed.","pubmed_id":"1741528","author":["Krenz W","Stark L"]},{"item_id":652,"item_type_id":4,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056404,"creation_date":1191056404,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":1,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications","item_type_display_name":"Book","item_type_name":"xnpbook","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=652","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"book_id":652,"classification":"","editor":"","publisher":"Iowa State Pr","isbn":"0813819083","url":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/redirect.html%3FASIN=0813819083%26tag=ws%26lcode=xm2%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=\/o\/ASIN\/0813819083%253FSubscriptionId=0H8BRF5MB0Z590ZPWA82","attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Irene E. Loewenfeld"]},{"item_id":653,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056493,"creation_date":1191056493,"publication_year":1990,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Topology of the near response triad.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=653","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":653,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":10,"number":2,"page":"175-81","abstract":"The near response complex comprises three elements: accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction. The synkinesis between vergence and accommodation is well understood functionally, if not neuroanatomically. The latencies of near response components were measured in four healthy, experienced subjects to determine how the pupillary component is mediated. Addition of disparity stimulus to blur, yielding a near stimulus, reduces the latency of vergence eye movements and of accommodation by an amount that is significantly greater than the corresponding reduction in pupil latency. None of the existing hypotheses: vergence-pupil, accommodation-pupil or symmetric dual interaction, can account for this difference. Therefore, we present a new hypothesis: asymmetric dual interaction between accommodation and vergence.","pubmed_id":"2371063","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":655,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115170,"creation_date":1191115170,"publication_year":1990,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Light and target distance interact to control pupil size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=655","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":655,"journal":"The American journal of physiology","volume":258,"number":3,"page":"R813-9","abstract":"Light and target distance stimuli were presented to normal human subjects, and their pupillary responses were measured. A homeomorphic computer model of the pupillary control system is presented in which the form of interaction of controller signals due to light and target distance was investigated. The error remaining when model parameters were optimized to fit experimental pupil size (area or diameter) was smaller for the linear interaction hypothesis than for either power law or logical law interaction. A generalized second-order nonlinear model with six parameters (vs. 3 for each of the other models) yielded somewhat lower residual error. With the use of a modified Akaike information criterion, the value (in an information theoretic sense) of the improved fit afforded by the three additional parameters in the generalized nonlinear model was shown to be small, and thus the generalized second-order nonlinear model was rejected in favor of the simpler and more parsimonious linear model.","pubmed_id":"2316727","author":["Myers G A","Barez S","Krenz W C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":656,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115217,"creation_date":1191115217,"publication_year":1985,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Paradoxic pupillary constriction in a patient with congenital stationary night blindness.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=656","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":656,"journal":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":26,"number":5,"page":"736-40","abstract":"Paradoxic pupillary constriction to an \"off-step\" of light was studied in a 35-year-old woman with congenital stationary night blindness. ERG was of the Schubert-Bornschein type (scotopic B-wave absent); fundi were normal for a high myope. Paradoxic constrictions were larger in response to full field and peripheral off-steps from low photopic levels than from higher photopic levels. The patient's \"on response\" was smaller in magnitude and slower in both latency and dynamics than the on-response of normal subjects. Pupillary hippus was larger in magnitude and more peaked in the patient than in normal subjects. Steady-state (tonic) pupil size increased paradoxically with increased light level over the range 1-2 log fL.","pubmed_id":"3873442","author":["Myers G A","Barricks M E","Stark L"]},{"item_id":657,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115287,"creation_date":1191115287,"publication_year":1985,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Systems model for pupil size effect. II. Feedback model.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=657","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":657,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":51,"number":6,"page":"391-7","abstract":"The human pupillary control system has been the subject of interest to biologists and engineers as an example of a sensorimotor reflex which can be embedded in a control system paradigm. We present a nonlinear feedback model whose compact structure allows us to hypothesize possible physiological mechanisms which generate the proper behavior of the pupil system. The important pupil responses, including pupil size effect, asymmetry, and response the high-frequency stimuli, are defined. This model was simulated on a digital computer and comparisons to the paradigm experimental responses were performed, demonstrating a fit to each of the observed conditions. Improvements on previous models are discussed.","pubmed_id":"3995096","author":["Krenz W C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":658,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115342,"creation_date":1191115342,"publication_year":1984,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"The pupil as a paradigm for neurological control systems.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=658","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":658,"journal":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","volume":31,"number":12,"page":"919-24","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"6396219","author":["Stark L W"]},{"item_id":659,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115388,"creation_date":1191115388,"publication_year":1984,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodative disfacility presenting as intermittent exotropia.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=659","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":659,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":4,"number":3,"page":"233-44","abstract":"Accommodative disfacility and intermittent exotropia are two common clinically-observed ocular abnormalities. However, records of individual system dynamics are rare and mechanisms for possible interactive effects between the accommodation and the vergence system remain obscure in cases of system dysfunction. We present objective, quantitative, static and dynamic records of accommodation, vergence and related system responses in a symptomatic patient having accommodation disfacility and intermittent exotropia and propose that these two conditions worked in a pathogenic symbiotic manner.","pubmed_id":"6472853","author":["Stark L","Ciuffreda K J","Grisham J D","Kenyon R V","Liu J","Polse K"]},{"item_id":660,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115429,"creation_date":1191115429,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Dynamic pupillary response controlled by the pupil size effect.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=660","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":660,"journal":"Experimental neurology","volume":82,"number":2,"page":"313-24","abstract":"Pupillary escape has been described as an initial contraction followed by a slow redilatation, occurring in response to a step stimulus of low-intensity light. When the initial pupil size is small, the response to the same step stimulus is pupillary capture, a steady and sustained contraction. In this experiment a comparison was made between three modes of controlling pupil size and thereby of regulating the pupillary response: contralateral light background level, ipsilateral light background level, and accommodative level with which there is no change in retinal adaptation. All three level setting modes showed similar results in illustrating the pupil size effect. In addition, an inhibitory effect was found with both ipsilateral and contralateral light backgrounds that is independent of Weber's Law in the contralateral case. Our results lead to the formulation of a binocular model, featuring an internal parameter control whereby a signal dependent on the static pupil size regulates the gains of the parallel phasic and tonic pathways, the former responsive to transient changes of light, and the latter to background levels of light and accommodative levels. Our findings also raise interesting questions concerning the loci of these complex interactions in the simple neuroanatomy of the pupillary pathways.","pubmed_id":"6628619","author":["Sun F","Tauchi P","Stark L"]},{"item_id":661,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115479,"creation_date":1191115479,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A systems model for the pupil size effect. I. Transient data.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=661","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":661,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":48,"number":2,"page":"101-8","abstract":"The human pupillary control system is a paradigm for linearized biological control systems. It also exhibits a series of interesting nonlinear behaviors, particularly asymmetry, \"pupillary escape,\" and \"pupillary capture.\" We present a nonlinear model in which a signal dependent upon pupil size is fed back internally to cause a change in system parameters related to gains and rates of light adaptation. The model was simulated on a digital computer, a variety of experimental data was well matched, and improvements over previous pupil models demonstrated. A candidate physiological mechanism for adaptive components of the model might have the form of an inverse \"Henneman coded\" neuronal pool.","pubmed_id":"6626588","author":["Sun F","Krenz W C","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":662,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115523,"creation_date":1191115523,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary escape intensified by large pupillary size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=662","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":662,"journal":"Vision research","volume":23,"number":6,"page":"611-5","abstract":"Pupil responses to light are greatly influenced by initial pupil size. Small pupils, operating under photopic conditions, show tonic responses to step increases of light and high gains; thus the pupil is a good regulator of light. Large pupils, operating under mesopic or scotopic conditions show phasic responses, \"pupillary escape\", and smaller gains; the pupil only transiently influences retinal flux. By using accommodation level to set the size of the pupil, the mechanism of the \"pupil size effect\" is shown to be dependent on retinal light level only so far as retinal activity sets pupil size.","pubmed_id":"6613000","author":["Sun F","Stark L"]},{"item_id":663,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115567,"creation_date":1191115567,"publication_year":1982,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A model for nonlinear stochastic behavior of the pupil.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=663","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":663,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":45,"number":1,"page":"13-21","abstract":"In this paper we present new experimental results that show pupillary noise to be multiplicative in a particular fashion with greatest variance in midrange and smaller variance at high and low ranges. This confirms the finding of multiplicative noise by Stanten and Stark (1966), but modifies and extends the relationship they suggested between standard deviation and mean pupil diameter. We propose a parametric model of the iris muscle which not only describes the static characteristics of pupil response to given stimuli, but also explains its random fluctuations in terms of probability density functions. We emphasize the point that the range nonlinearity is not due to decreased gain at the extrema of the pupil range, but is operational over a wide portion of the pupillary behavioral range, hence its name--\"expansive range nonlinearity\". We conclude that noise amplitude, which is a function of the pupil diameter, closely parallels the changes in deterministic gain. Thus pupil noise can be simply considered as cross-talk additive Gaussian noise injected into the pupil system at midbrain level.","pubmed_id":"7126688","author":["Usui S","Stark L"]},{"item_id":664,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160916,"creation_date":1191160916,"publication_year":2006,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Customizable neuroinformatics database system: XooNIps and its application to the pupil platform.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=664","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":664,"journal":"Computers in biology and medicine","volume":37,"number":7,"page":"1036-41","abstract":"The developing field of neuroinformatics includes technologies for the collection and sharing of neuro-related digital resources. These resources will be of increasing value for understanding the brain. Developing a database system to integrate these disparate resources is necessary to make full use of these resources. This study proposes a base database system termed XooNIps that utilizes the content management system called XOOPS. XooNIps is designed for developing databases in different research fields through customization of the option menu. In a XooNIps-based database, digital resources are stored according to their respective categories, e.g., research articles, experimental data, mathematical models, stimulations, each associated with their related metadata. Several types of user authorization are supported for secure operations. In addition to the directory and keyword searches within a certain database, XooNIps searches simultaneously across other XooNIps-based databases on the Internet. Reviewing systems for user registration and for data submission are incorporated to impose quality control. Furthermore, XOOPS modules containing news, forums schedules, blogs and other information can be combined to enhance XooNIps functionality. These features provide better scalability, extensibility, and customizability to the general neuroinformatics community. The application of this system to data, models, and other information related to human pupils is described here.","pubmed_id":"17101123","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Sakai Hiroyuki","Okumura Yoshihiro","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":665,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160959,"creation_date":1191160959,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of somatostatin and galanin on isolated rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=665","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":665,"journal":"Experimental eye research","volume":77,"number":5,"page":"609-14","abstract":"The neuropeptides somatostatin and galanin are present in the iris and may modulate pupil diameter. We examined the effects of somatostatin and galanin on isolated rabbit iris dilator and sphincter smooth muscles that were mounted in an organ bath. An isometric transducer recorded changes in tension in response to electric field stimulation (100 Hz, 0.3 msec in duration, 10 V in strength) delivered by a pair of platinum plate electrodes. The dilator muscle response to field stimulation was not changed by either peptide, even at the highest concentrations examined. The sphincter muscle response consisted of two components: a fast component mediated by acetylcholine and slow component mediated by substance P. Both somatostatin and galanin attenuated the cholinergic component in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.3 nM to 0.1 microM) but had no effect on responses mediated by substance P. Galanin was more effective (attenuation of 43% at 0.1 microM) compared with somatostatin (attenuation of 16% at 0.1 microM) in reducing the cholinergic response. Neither peptide affected the contraction induced by acetylcholine (1mM). Therefore both peptides inhibited cholinergic transmission in the sphincter muscle, although the degree of inhibition by each was different. We conclude that somatostatin and\/or galanin may induce mydriasis by attenuating cholinergic neurotransmitter release.","pubmed_id":"14550403","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Yoshitomi Takeshi","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":666,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160997,"creation_date":1191160997,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Mechanical properties of the rabbit iris smooth muscles.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=666","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":666,"journal":"Vision research","volume":43,"number":4,"page":"479-87","abstract":"The study focuses on obtaining the visco-elastic properties of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Two kinds of experiments were performed: the isometric contraction experiment and the isotonic quick release experiment. The length-tension relationship was obtained from the former experiment. This relationship clarified the contribution of each muscle in determining the statics of the pupil. The viscous and serial elastic properties were obtained from the latter experiment. The viscosity could be expressed by the expanded Hill's equation as a function of velocity and contractile tension. We argue that serial elasticity is independent of contractile tension. These properties provide insights into the pupillary mechanism.","pubmed_id":"12536003","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Yoshitomi Takeshi","Usui Shiro","Ohnishi Yoshitaka"]},{"item_id":667,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161059,"creation_date":1191161059,"publication_year":1978,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"[Analysis of the dynamic performance of a TV pupillometer (author's transl)]","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=667","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":667,"journal":"Iy\u014d denshi to seitai k\u014dgaku. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering","volume":16,"number":3,"page":"177-83","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"702921","author":["Usui S","Murase K","Ikegaya K"]},{"item_id":668,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161087,"creation_date":1191161087,"publication_year":1978,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Sensory and motor mechanisms interact to control amplitude of pupil noise.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=668","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":668,"journal":"Vision research","volume":18,"number":4,"page":"505-7","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"664330","author":["Usui S","Stark L"]},{"item_id":669,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161120,"creation_date":1191161120,"publication_year":1976,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"[Estimated activity of the optic nerve based on the pupil]","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=669","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":669,"journal":"Iy\u014d denshi to seitai k\u014dgaku. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering","volume":14,"number":4,"page":"351-2","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"1034819","author":["Usui S"]},{"item_id":670,"item_type_id":8,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191216624,"creation_date":1191216624,"publication_year":0,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil Page","item_type_display_name":"Url","item_type_name":"xnpurl","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=670","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"url_id":670,"url":"http:\/\/www.jiscmail.ac.uk\/cgi-bin\/filearea.cgi?LMGT1=pupil\/","url_count":3}] \ No newline at end of file +[{"item_id":423,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-30","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Hyper- and Hypo-Gravity using Pupillary Response to Comb-like Flash","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-30","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":404,"original_file_name":"1170476009328.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96072,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":423,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"[Introduction] Since the autonomic nervous system(ANS) plays a major role when we adapt to the new environment, it is important to monitor ANS activity of astronauts under the micro-gravity. In the previous colloquium, we proposed a method for assessing the ANS activity from pupillary flash response. In this study, we improved the method and attempted to evaluate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities under hyper- and hypo-gravity during a parabolic flight. [Improved method] The previous method enables a separate assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities from changes in pupillary single flash response. However, relatively low gain of the dilator system compared with the sphincter makes it difficult to detect change in the sympathetic nervous activity. This problem was improved by using comb-like flash stimulus which activates dilator system more efficiently than single flash stimulus. As in the previous method, maximum constriction velocity(Vcmax) and recovery amount(RA) are evaluated by taking effect of range nonlinearity into account. Validity of the improved method was proved by experiments using autonomic nervous drugs. [Parabolic flight] experiment The experiment was conducted by a small jet-plane. About 20 seconds hypo-gravity and hyper-gravity before and after hypo-gravity can realize in a parabola. A male university student volunteered as a test subject. [Result] In hyper-gravity, significant change in activities of neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic nervous system was concluded in comparison with the ground 1G condition. On the other hand, in hypo-gravity, the sympathetic nervous activity was slightly activated, whereas the parasympathetic nervous activity was clearly inhibited.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["K. Yamaji","Y. Hirata","S. Usui"]},{"item_id":424,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-31","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Simultaneous Pupil and Conventional Perimetry.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-31","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":405,"original_file_name":"1170476010718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96329,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":424,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To evaluate if it is possible to perform simultaneous pupil and conventional (i.e. psychophysic light-sense) perimetry. The hypothesis is that the pupillary light reflex (PLR) could serve as an additional reliability parameter in conventional perimetry, and\/or, near psychophysic threshold stimuli would improve the tested subject's attention during pupil perimetry and reduce sleep-wave artifacts. Materials and methods: Twelve healthy normal volunteers (age: 31.8; 23-62 years; 6 females, 6 males) were examined with a modified Octopus 1-2-3 automated perimeter which measures the pupil area at 50 Hz. Background (1 cd\/m2), stimulus size (0.43 ) and stimulus duration (100 ms) were chosen similar to standard Octopus perimetry. Stimuli were presented at 4 different brightness levels (5.2 \u00ac 413.4 cd\/m2). The pupillary light reflex was evaluated after the test by 4 experts visually on screen and by an algorithm developed by our research group which fits linear regressions and polynomials into the pupil tracings to define the onset of the PLR and the maximal constriction of the pupil. Results: The algorithm was 20% more conservative than the experts to recognize the existence of a PLR. To elicit (and detect by the algorithm) a PLR with a chance of 50%, stimulus brightness averaged at an eccentricity of 0 \/0 5.2 cd\/m2; at 8 \/8 65.4 cd\/m2, at 8 \/-8 52 cd\/m2, at 20 \/20 164.3 cd\/m2 and at -20 \/-20 206.8 cd\/m2. As expected, the PLR decreased with age. Conclusions: The results suggest that the evaluation of the PLR during standard Octopus automated perimetry might serve as a reliability parameter but does not permit to detect minor flaws in cooperation. Stimulus size 5 (1.7 ) is preferred for simultaneous pupil and conventional perimetry. Based on these results, we are currently developing algorithms which permit to perform simultaneous both perimetries by 'online' evaluation of the PLR. \nSupported by grant #32-43624.95 of the Swiss National Fund.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mario Zulauf","Martin Schelling","Oliver Bergamin","Andreas Sch\u00f6tzau","Ara Hagopian","Birgitta Henzi"]},{"item_id":425,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-01","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Comparison Of Pupil Response Latencies & Reaction Times To Colour, Structure, Light Flux & Motion","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-01","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":406,"original_file_name":"1170474332562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97281,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":425,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Response latencies associated with the processing of light flux increments, stimulus structure, colour and coherent motion have been studied using manual reaction times and pupil responses. Our aim was to investigate latency differences between subcortical and central components of the pupil response and the correlation with manual reaction times measured for the same stimuli. For each of the four stimulus attributes investigated we observed an asymptotic decrease in reaction time with stimulus strength. This relationship was described well by a model with three parameters. The initial amplitude, the rate of exponential decay and the asymptotic reaction time expected as the stimulus strength approached infinity. A comparison of the shortest reaction times computed in this way reveals significant differences. The shortest reaction time was 184 ms and was obtained for a light flux increment. Averaged data for 4 subjects show increasing latencies for each of the other stimulus attributes: ~ 6 ms for grating stimuli, ~ 19 ms for colour and ~ 33 ms for coherent motion. In contrast, pupil responses to colour and grating showed no significant difference in latency, but both were ~ 40 ms longer than the ~ 240 ms measured for the pupil light reflex response. The latter response is mediated primarily by a subcortical projection. The greater pupil latencies for colour and grating are likely to reflect the processing of signals in the geniculostriate pathway, and in particular the analysis of pattern and colour information in V1. Differences among manual reaction times, on the other hand, are more likely to reflect time delays associated with the processing of different stimulus attributes and the analysis of stimulus specific information in extrastriate visual areas.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J. BARBUR","J. WOLF","P. LENNIE"]},{"item_id":426,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-02","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses To Stimulus Colour, Structure And Light Flux Increments In The Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-02","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":407,"original_file_name":"1170474815859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95963,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":426,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Visual stimuli that isolate pupil colour and pupil grating responses in human vision have been used to investigate the properties of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the rhesus monkey. The purpose of the study was to investigate stimulus- specific, pupil responses in the rhesus monkey and to compare response latency differences with human data. Pupil responses to light flux increments, isoluminant chromatic stimuli, and gratings of equal and lower space-averaged luminance were measured in two alert rhesus monkeys. The parameters investigated were luminance contrast and chromatic saturation. A reward was administered at the end of each measurement provided the monkey maintained accurate fixation throughout the trial. The stimuli were interleaved randomly and each response obtained by averaging 16 to 48 traces. The effect of flash luminance, grating contrast and chromatic saturation and hue were investigated. Both monkeys demonstrated pupil colour and grating responses similar to those observed in human vision. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of pupil colour, pupil grating and pupil light reflex responses in the rhesus monkey. The observed response amplitudes do not correlate with computed rod-contrasts for the same stimuli. Comparison of pupil colour and pupil grating responses of equivalent amplitude reveals similar onset response latencies. Both are however approximately 40 ms longer than the corresponding pupil light reflex latency. In general these pupil responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in humans. Pupil onset response latencies in the rhesus are however some 80 to I00 ms shorter and the pupil also shows more rapid recovery from constriction. The colour, grating and light flux components of the pupil response and their latency differences are similar in humans and rhesus monkeys.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. GAMLIN","H. ZHANGI","A. HARLOW","J. L. BARBUR"]},{"item_id":427,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-03","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Processing Of Colour Signals In The Absence Of A Geniculostriate Projection","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-03","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":408,"original_file_name":"1170474818250.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96296,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":427,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the residual processing of chromatic signals in a subject with unilateral damage to the primary visual cortex. Of particular interest was to establish the correlation between the subject's ability to make use of chromatic signals in the blind hemifield, to discriminate between different coloured targets, the corresponding residual pupil colour responses (PCRS) and the level and location of cortical activation generated by the same stimuli as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl). The stimuli were designed to ensure that the subject was unable to make use of luminance contrast signals, particularly rod generated signals at the onset of the coloured stimulus. Psychophysical and pupillometric techniques were applied to obtain the discrimination scores and the corresponding PCRs for selected coloured targets. Stimulus induced changes in the pattern of neural activity when viewing such stimuli were assessed using fMRI. Pupil responses measured to predominantly long- (red), middle- (green) and short-wavelength (blue) stimuli showed that significant PCRs can be elicited by large chromatic stimuli when presented in the subject's blind hemifield. These responses were largest for red and absent for green and blue stimuli. Psychophysical data showed well above chance discrimination for red but not for green or blue stimuli. fMRI also reveals more active clusters for red than for green stimuli. The results obtained using the three different experimental approaches are consistent and suggest that retrograde degeneration of thalamic and retinal chromatic processing mechanisms caused by damage to the primary visual cortex in man does not abolish completely the ability to process chromatic signals particularly when large, long-wavelength stimuli are employed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J. L. BARBUR","A. SAHRAIE","A. SIMMONS","L. WEISKRANTZ","S.C.R. WILLIAMS"]},{"item_id":428,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-04","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Age, Gender, and Test Location in Pupil Perimetry","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-04","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":409,"original_file_name":"1170474819984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95899,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":428,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose. To evaluate the effect of age and gender on visual-field eccentricity in healthy volunteers. Methods. Pupil perimetry was performed on 100 healthy volunteers with a modified Octopus 1-2-3. Stimulus parameters were Goldmann size V, intensity 1632 cd\/m2, duration 200 ms, background illumination 0 cd\/m2, and interstimulus interval 3 s. Pupillometric parameters were velocity of contraction, redilation velocity, latency, duration of contraction, implicit time, pupillary diameter before (=PD at maximum) and after contraction, and amplitude. Age, gender, test location, and PD at maximum as covariate, and pupillometric parameters were investigated by analysis of variance. Results. No three-way interaction was found among the independent variables. No two-way interactions were observed with variable test location. An age\/gender interaction was observed on all investigated parameters, i.e., the age effect was more pronounced in males than in females. All pupillometric parameters showed the significant main effect for test location to be strongest for duration of contraction (F=27.41) and for amplitude (F=22.77), weaker for implicit time (F=15.33) and for velocity of contraction (F=13.01), and minimal for latency time (F=4.784), and redilation velocity (F=4.371). Latency increased, amplitude, velocity of contraction, duration of contraction, and redilation velocity decreased with eccentricity. Conclusions. Areas closer to the center have the greatest pupillomotor response. Our results revealed that this holds especially for the pupillary contraction amplitude and duration, but less for latency time. Age effect is more important than gender in terms of pupil size and latency, but similar in amplitude.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Andreas Sch|tzau","Stephanie Turtschi","Mario Zulauf"]},{"item_id":429,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-05","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Response in Experimentally Induced Retinal Ischemia in the Rat","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-05","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":410,"original_file_name":"1170474821109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97240,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":429,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The pupillary light reflex (PLR) is used clinically to diagnose diseases of the retina and visual pathways. Deficits in the PLR have also been proposed as a tool for the early detection of the onset of retinal diseases. However, there are few quantitative studies correlating pupillary function with retinal damage to support this hypothesis. We have therefore investigated the effects on the PLR of retinal injury elicited by a transient ischemic episode produced experimentally in one eye of hooded rats by raising intraocular pressure to 110mm Hg for 50-100 minutes. Visual stimuli were presented in the experimental eye before and after retinal ischemia, and pupil responses were recorded in the opposite eye, i.e. consensual pupillary reflex. Changes in pupil diameter were measured in the dark under infra-red illumination using an IR-sensitive video pupillometer. Five rats were used in this study. Normally the pupil had a resting diameter of approximately 3 mm and constricted approximately 1mm for the 2-4 log unit range of increased illuminances that were used in these experiments. Following retinal ischemia, a strong steady-state miosis was observed in some animals (resting diameter approximately 1.5 mm) for 24-48 hours, and the PLR was relatively unresponsive. Thereafter, the PLR partially recovered. Ten days following retinal ischemia, the PLR in three rats remained significantly reduced while in the other two it had recovered completely. In addition to whole-field stimulation, pupil responses were also studied using 10o or 20o spots positioned at different points within a 80o by 80o field. Constriction amplitude and mean pupil diameter were measured during a steady light presentation of 5 seconds. The largest responses were elicited in the lower nasal field, the smallest in the upper temporal field. Immediately following retinal ischemia pupillary responses were essentially absent in all animals. Ten days later, response amplitudes remained diminished throughout the visual field in 3 rats, but had returned to normal in 2 rats. The retinae were flat mounted and Nissl-stained and prepared for cell density counting. The ganglion cells were counted in the upper temporal retina close to the horizontal meridian. No difference was observed between ganglion cell densities in the control and experimental eyes of rats in which the PLR had completely recovered. As many as half the ganglion cells had been eliminated in the experimental eyes of those 3 rats in which long-term pupillary deficits were observed. In conclusion, these experiments show that the PLR is a sensitive method for tracking the time course and extent of the retinal effects of an ischemic ocular episode. Furthermore, the pupil may serve as an index of the functional integrity of retinal ganglion cells. This finding has potential implications for detecting diseases such as glaucoma.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J. Clarke","Paul D. R. Gamlin"]},{"item_id":430,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-06","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses To Stimulus Colour, Structure And Light Flux Increments In The Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-06","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":411,"original_file_name":"1170474822093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95979,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:36","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":430,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Visual stimuli that isolate pupil colour and pupil grating responses in human vision have been used to investigate the properties of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the rhesus monkey. The purpose of the study was to investigate stimulus- specific, pupil responses in the rhesus monkey and to compare response latency differences with human data. Pupil responses to light flux increments, isoluminant chromatic stimuli, and gratings of equal and lower space-averaged luminance were measured in two alert rhesus monkeys. The parameters investigated were luminance contrast and chromatic saturation. A reward was administered at the end of each measurement provided the monkey maintained accurate fixation throughout the trial. The stimuli were interleaved randomly and each response obtained by averaging 16 to 48 traces. The effect of flash luminance, grating contrast and chromatic saturation and hue were investigated. Both monkeys demonstrated pupil colour and grating responses similar to those observed in human vision. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of pupil colour, pupil grating and pupil light reflex responses in the rhesus monkey. The observed response amplitudes do not correlate with computed rod-contrasts for the same stimuli. Comparison of pupil colour and pupil grating responses of equivalent amplitude reveals similar onset response latencies. Both are however approximately 40 ms longer than the corresponding pupil light reflex latency. In general these pupil responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in humans. Pupil onset response latencies in the rhesus are however some 80 to I00 ms shorter and the pupil also shows more rapid recovery from constriction. The colour, grating and light flux components of the pupil response and their latency differences are similar in humans and rhesus monkeys.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. GAMLIN","H. ZHANGI","A. HARLOW","J. L. BARBUR"]},{"item_id":431,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-07","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Psychophysiological Diagnoses of Alcoholics: Fourier Analysis of Pupillary Oscillations and Receptor Control for Determination of Deficit of Acetylcholin","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-07","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":412,"original_file_name":"1170474823109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96512,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":431,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Alcoholics exhibit memory deficits which are related to a reduction of acetylcholine. Furthermore in these patients a central nervous deactivation has to be assumed. Therefore we analyzed pupillary oscillations during the recording period of 25,6 sec. Using Fourier analysis the spectrum was divided into five frequency bands (0,0-0,2; 0,21-0,4; 0,41-0,6; 0,61-0,8; 0,81-1,0 Hz). We were also interested in the power (sum of the frequency bands: 0,0 - 1,0 Hz). After application of a 0,01% tropicamide solution the receptors of the pupil were blocked and a pupillary dilation could be observed. We assume the more severe the deterioration the wider the dilation which differs significantly from those of healthy normals. 44 alcoholics with an age between 40-55 years were compared' with 18 healthy controls similar in age. The patients were diagnosed according DSM-III_R as severe alcoholics (>7 symptoms). They were abstinent at least for 3 weeks, which was objectivated by means of CDR. The pupillary diameter (left eye) of the alcoholics and of normal controls was measured 8 times. At the measurement time points the central nervous activation and the activation during a calculation test (3rd and 108th min.) was measured by means of Fourier analysis of pupillary oscillations and pupillary dilatation after topical instillation of torpicamid was determined. Regarding basic activation as measured by Fourier analysis (power) significant differences between alcoholics and healthy controls could be found in baseline, in the 3rd, 20th, and 40th min. (P<0.01) as well as in the 60th, 80th, 100th, and 103rd min. (P<0.05). After a cognitive task (simple calculations) a difference between alcoholics and healthy controls was obtained in the 3rd minute. Summing up these results we found in alcoholics lower basic activation (lower amplitudes) and a decreased capacity for cognitive activation. The pupillary dilatation of 22% in alcoholics and 14% in normals controls (p<0.05) after instillation of tropicamide was parallel to the deterioration of memory functions which is caused by deficit of acetylcholin and possibly influenced by glutamate.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Gr\u00fcnberger J.","Linzmayer L.","Lesch O.M.","Walter H.","St\u00f6hr U.","Gr\u00fcnberger M.","Zyhlarz G."]},{"item_id":432,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-08","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Can Pupil Responses be used to Reveal Emotions?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-08","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":413,"original_file_name":"1170474824062.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95849,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":432,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The iris muscles are under the direct control of the autonomic nervous system. Light is not the only stimulus which elicits iris responses, and changes in pupil size accompany changes in emotional state. It has been claimed in the past that the pupil constricts when an unpleasant scene is viewed, and dilates when the person's response to a picture is positive. In particular, Barlow (1969, 1970) claimed that pupil size changes correlated to subjective ratings of 'pleasantness', with a bi- directional response. However, this claim is disputed, and many authors believe that dilation is the only response elicited by emotional changes. Previous studies have received plentiful criticism, in particular because of flawed experimental methods. To examine whether pupil responses can reveal emotions, a new technique was devised. Twenty-two subjects viewed a series of twelve slides. Each of the slides was presented twice, once in-focus and once out-of-focus (and rotated). Each slide was preceded by a grey slide, and the order of slide presentation was randomized. Pupil size was monitored continuously, and the metric subsequently used was the difference between the changes in size in response to the in-focus and the out-of-focus slide. Once the pupil changes were recorded, subjects were shown the slides once more, and asked to rate them on a number of emotional scales (e.g. like\/dislike, unpleasant\/pleasant). Most of the 262 responses were dilations. Surprisingly, the correlation with the subjective responses on all of the emotional scales was poor. However, this result can be explained by considering that one slide could be judged pleasant and exciting, another could be judged unpleasant and exciting, and a third could be judged very pleasant but unexciting. Each of these slides could arouse the person, leading to a pupil dilation, but neither emotion would be correlated with the pupil response. In conclusion, pupil dilation was seen in response to viewing slides of differing content, but these changes could not be said to be associated with any specific emotion.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Alan Howarth"]},{"item_id":433,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-09","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of Visual Field Loss on the Waveform of the Pupillary Light Reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-09","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":414,"original_file_name":"1170474825046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96077,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":433,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: Pupillary reactions during a continuous five second light stimulus consist of both a phasic and a tonic component which can be demonstrated as a waveform by plotting pupil size over time. The aim of this study was to compare the pupil waveforms of a damaged eye in response to varying intensities of light to waveforms of the normal fellow eye. This was done to better understand what components of the waveform are affected by damage and what to look for during clinical observation. Methods: Forty-five patients with an RAPD and visual field loss were tested by computerized pupillography. Each eye was stimulated with a light that was on for five seconds and off for five seconds. Seven different light intensities were used at 0.5 log unit increments over a 3 log unit range. A new technique of signal analysis was developed to analyze the waveform of the pupil responses to the light stimuli and to estimate the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) using the phasic (initial constriction) and tonic (escape) portions of the response. Results: In some eyes the damage showed a greater effect on the phasic portion of the response and in some eyes the tonic portion of the waveform was more affected. We are currently trying to determine what is the clinical relevance of decrease in amplitude of selective portions of the waveform and whether this is related to the location of field loss, the etiology of damage, or the extent of damage. Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that loss of the central visual field may cause more effect on the tonic portion of the pupil response to a constant light than the phasic portion. The clinical implication is that the degree of \"pupillary escape\" in relation to the amount of initial constriction may be related to what portion of the visual field has been damage","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy H. Kardon","Darwin B. Wooten"]},{"item_id":434,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-10","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of alfentanil and dexmetetomidine on the human pupillary light reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-10","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":415,"original_file_name":"1170474826375.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96224,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":434,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Introduction: Much of our understanding of the pharmacological properties of the human pupillary light reflex have been extrapolated from animal data. Because of species differences, many drug responses observed in animals may not pertain to human clinical observations. We studied the effect of alfentanil (a pure mu opioid agonist) and dexmetetomidine (an alpha 2 agonist, similar to clonidine) on the human pupillary light reflex during the stable miosis of low dose general anesthesia. Methods: Thirteen human volunteers were anesthetized with stable concentrations of either propofol (100 mcg\/kg\/min, n=7) or isoflurane 0.8% (n=6). After at least 15 min of stable recordings, the following drugs were administered using computerized infusions to target precise plasma concentrations: alfentanil (25, 50 and 100 ng\/cc) and dexmetetomidine (0.6 ng\/cc). Pupil size and light reflex were measured with an infrared portable pupillometer (Fairville Medical Optics, Inc.). Noxious stimulation was provided by a 5 sec, 60 mamp electric current applied via needle electrodes placed below the skin. Results: Alfentanil had no effect on pupillary size or the light reflex at any concentration. Dexmetetomidine increased the light reflex 23 \u00b1 16% (P < .002) without changing pupil size. Both drugs depressed reflex dilation of the pupil (P < .05). Discussion: The pharmacologic properties of the human pupillary light reflex are unlike those of most experimental animals. Opioids, for example, depress the light reflex in dogs and cats but have no effect in humans unless the mechanical properties of the iris are altered by miosis. Alpha 2 agonists, on the other hand, dilate the pupils of cats and rats, but produce constriction in humans. Our finding that the light reflex is increased by dexmetetomidine in anesthetized humans might be explained by a depressant action of the drug on norepinephrine containing neurons in the lower brainstem.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Pekka Talke"]},{"item_id":435,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-11","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Sensitivity Of Mouse Pupil To Light","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-11","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":416,"original_file_name":"1170474827718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96165,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":435,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To measure the pupil size of mice, and determine the dependence of the pupil area on retinal illumination. Methods: Anesthetized C57B\/6 mice of age 7-8 weeks were placed in a ganzfeld in darkness, and illuminated with monochromatic 500 nm light whose intensity was varied over more than 6 log units. The pupils of the mice were imaged with an infrared video camera and recorded on videotape. The pupil area was measured by digital image analysis. Results: Fully dark adapted murine pupils had an area of 2.29 \u00f1 0.35 mm^2; the mimimal pupil size at saturating intensity was 0.10 \u00f1 0.05 mm^2. The steady-state pupil area declined to half its dark adapted maximum when ganzfeld luminance was 10^-5 scotopic cd m^-2; pupil area declined to to 20% of the dark-adapted magnitude at about 10^-3 scotopic cd m^-2. Conclusions: The mouse pupil can regulate retinal illumination by a factor exceeding 20. The neural mechanism that determines steady-state murine pupil size is extremely sensitive to retinal illumination and under these experimental conditions is controlled almost exclusively by rod signals. This follows, since the ganzfeld illuminance (10^-5 scotopic cd m^-2) that causes the pupil to constrict to half its dark-adapted value corresponds to only about 0.1 photoisomerizations per rod per sec, while 80% reduction in pupil area occurs at about 10 photoisomerizations per rod per sec. Based on this exquisite sensitivity it seems likely that the murine pupil functions to protect a retinal circuit that can be driven into saturation at extremely low quantal absorption rates. The principal candidate retinal circuit is that of the rod bipolar \u2026 AII amacrine cell \u2026 on-beta ganglion cell, whose single-photon sensitivity and high gain renders it susceptible to saturation at the extremely low light levels at which the mouse pupil contracts. \nSupported by NIH EY-02660 and Penn Therapeutic Initiative for Retinitis Pigmentosa.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["A. Lyubarsky","M. Pennisi","E.N. Pugh"]},{"item_id":436,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-12","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Morphology and Connections of the Olivary Pretectal Nucleus of the Macaque Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-12","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":417,"original_file_name":"1170474829062.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96579,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":436,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The olivary pretectal nucleus is a critical relay in the pupillary light reflex pathway. However, as its morphological and connectional characteristics have not been well defined in primates, we undertook its study in macaque monkeys. Retinal afferents to the olivary pretec- tal nucleus were labeled by placing WGA-HRP in the vitreous chamber, while injections of this same tracer were made into midbrain, at the level of the rostral oculomotor nucleus, to retrogradely label olivary neurons presumed to project to the Edinger-Westphal (E-W) nucle- us. A dense retinal terminal field was discretely confined within the olivary nucleus and co-localized with retrogradely labeled neurons. Ultratructural examination revealed direct synaptic connections between the labeled retinal terminals containing spherical vesicles and labeled projection cells. The morphology of the olivary neurons was demonstrated by injecting biotinylated dextran amine along the path of the crossed olivary projection. The somata of the olivary cells were mainly located along the periphery of the nucleus. Their dendrites were almost entirely directed toward the core of the nucleus where they arborized extensively. This organinization would allow input convergence to produce broad retinal fields. In a final experiment, the olivary nucleus projections were labeled with the anterograde tracer biocytin and the ciliary ganglion was injected with WGA-HRP to retrogradely label preganglionic motoneurons. These motoneurons were distributed in the E-W nucleus as a column running rostrocaudally above the oculomotor nucleus and extending into the anteromedian nucleus. Anterogradely labeled olivary axons arborized bilaterally at various points in the supra- oculomotor area, but labelled terminal puncta only obtained close relationships with a small portion of the labeled preganglionic motoneurons. These were located ventromedially in the E-W nucleus, within the middle third of its rostrocaudal extent. These target cells presumably represent the pupillary component of the preganglionic motoneuron population. A lateral vis- ceral column was not seen, although a reciprocal connection between the ventrolateral central gray and the pretectum was. Together, these data provide strong evidence confirming a retino- olivary-preganglionic circuit for the pupillary light reflex. \nSupport: NIH Grant EY09762 (PJM)","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Paul J. May","Wensi Sun"]},{"item_id":437,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-13","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses And Cognitive Processing Intensity Of Narcoleptics And Controls","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-13","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":418,"original_file_name":"1170474831781.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96931,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":437,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Small, significant increases in pupil size have been shown to reflect increasing cognitive processing demands. Task difficulty and individual ability have an effect on pupil dilation, a measure that also reflects arousal and indirectly, increased cognitive effort. While many people with narcolepsy report memory and cognitive performance difficulties presumably due to the excessive daytime sleepiness associated with this disorder, the majority of cognitive task laboratory studies have found their performance to be comparable to matched controls. We hypothesized that the narcoleptics we studied (N=6) would achieve performance equivalent to controls (N=6), but would experience a greater cognitive load and expend greater cognitive effort as reflected in larger increases in pupil diameter in response to a digit-span memory task of increasing difficulty. Stimuli were presented using an audiotape beginning with a 3 number set presented in 2 sec intervals up to a set size of 7 digits with no recall errors noted in any of the sets. The pupil diameters of both eyes were recorded simultaneously at 256 Hz with a computer-controlled pupillometer. Two seconds after the last digit was presented, the subjects were asked to repeat the set. Following cleaning and downloading to 16 Hz, pupil records were analyzed by set size using linear regressions of pupil diameter on total digit memory load from the end of the digit set to the onset of the \"repeat\" signal. We found significant differences (Kullback-Leibler chi square statistic, df=5) between the regression slopes (p<.01), regression intercepts (p<.05), regression slope covariance matrices (p<.001) and regression intercept covariance matrices (p<.001) for the narcoleptic and control subjects with the narcoleptics showing significantly greater amount and rate of increase in pupil dilation. While pupil dilation increased for both subject groups as a function of digit set size, we suggest that the greater dilation among narcoleptics reflects the greater cognitive load they experienced to accomplish the same task with the same proficiency as matched controls. Based on these findings, our supposition is that narcoleptics' complaints about memory tasks, especially with demanding, externally paced tasks, may occur because of the difficulties they experience in sustaining a high level of arousal and the subsequent effort required to complete the tasks.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Merritt","P. Mercer","W. O'Neill","S. Yoon","A. Keegan","S. Hale","J. Myerson"]},{"item_id":438,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-14","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Is Pupillometry Sensitive to Circadian Aspects of Sleepiness?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-14","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":419,"original_file_name":"1170474836421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96640,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":438,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Among normal, adequately rested people without any evidence of a sleep disorder, sleepiness is an ultradian phenomenon that is commonly experienced upon awakening, at bedtime and about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period. The more widely used measures of physiologic sleep tendency, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), demonstrate a biphasic sleep rhythm across various age groups. On the MSLT, sleep latency (i.e., the time it takes to fall asleep) is significantly decreased during the midday nap opportunities while on the MWT ability to stay awake is significantly decreased at these times. The purpose of this study was to determine if the Alertness Level Test (ALT) demonstrates pupil behavior that is consistent with the diurnal augmen-tation of sleep tendency exhibited in the MSLT and MWT. During the ALT 15 minutes of pupil diameter data are recorded at 256 Hz while the subject sits quietly in the dark with instructions to try to stay awake. Six normal healthy volunteer control subjects without any evidence of a sleep disorder participated in one day of alertness level testing at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours after having obtained their usual sleep the previous night. Pupil diameter data were cleaned and downloaded at an 8 Hz rate. Mean pupil diameters were calculated in 15 second epochs from 5 thru 11 minutes and plotted for each subject for each data collection period. Visual inspection suggested that 4 of the 6 subjects showed a circadian trend in pupil behavior. However, 2 subjects showed patterns consistent with what has been described as homeostatic pressure for sleep due to their recent sleep patterns which may have overridden any circadian influence. Additional analyses based on the pupil staging proposed by Yoss revealed fluctuations in the percent of maximum pupil dilation for some epochs. Results from a repeated measures ANOVA by individual for each time period, and linear regression of pupil diameter by epoch across subjects appearing to demonstrate a circadian effect will be presented. Based on this small sample of subjects, analyses suggest that pupillometry may be sensitive to both homeostatic and circadian influences on level of alertness and, therefore, useful in screening for excessive sleepiness when done in conjunction with additional subjective and observational measures of health behavior and sleep-wake patterns.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Merritt","H. C. Schnyders","T. Kotsos","P. Mercer"]},{"item_id":439,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-15","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Comparison of the Multifocal \"ERG Field\", \"Pupil Field\", and Visual Field in Normal Subjects","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-15","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":420,"original_file_name":"1170474837750.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96635,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":439,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: To compare the topographic sensitivity of the normal retina using three different perimetric responses in the same individual: 1) the multifocal electroretinogram, 2) the pupillary light reflex, and 3) conventional light sense perimetry. This was done to understand the similarities and differences between the three different types of perimetry. Methods: Normal subjects were tested under monocular viewing conditions over a 30 degree angle of field in each type of perimetry. Multifocal electroretinograms (VERIS) were obtained at 5 different stimulus light intensities (95% contrast): 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 cd\/m2 using a 9mm dilated pupil under photopic conditions. Pupil perimetry was obtained using a 1.7 degree stimulus in one test and a 4 degree stimulus in another over a luminance range from 31.8 cd\/m2 to 318 cd\/m2 (100-1000 asb), under low mesopic conditions. Visual threshold was obtained using conventional automated perimetry under mesopic conditions. Results: There was some variation in perimetric topography between individuals and between the different types of perimetry. For multifocal electroretinography, the central field was more peaked compared to pupil perimetry and visual threshold perimetry when the B- wave amplitude was scaled according to the area stimulated in each location (nanovolts\/degree2). Some subjects also showed that the temporal field was more electrically responsive (especially inferior temporal field) at higher stimulus intensities. Pupil perimetry showed more pupil contraction toward the central field and more sensitivity in the temporal field as well (the inferior nasal field was the least responsive). Conclusions: The three types of response perimetry vary somewhat in their response topography and also vary between individuals. The topography also shows some asymmetries between the temporal and nasal field and superior and inferior field, especially at brighter suprathreshold stimuli. These topographical differences may be important in understanding how different levels of information processing are integrated at different locations in the visual system and how they are affected by disease processes.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Paula Moore","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":440,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-16","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative Potency Of Various Stimulus Attributes In Evoking The Transient Pupillary Light Reflex: A Signal Cancellation Technique","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-16","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":421,"original_file_name":"1170474839031.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95270,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":440,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The input to the pupillomotor system is thought to be organised into phasic and tonic pathways and the response of the pupil into transient and sustained components. This study investigates the relative potency of inputs to the transient response using a technique of signal cancellation. Two non-overlapping stimuli are presented to the subject. They are sinusoidally modulated in intensity and are in anti-phase. The frequency of modulation for most of the experimental conditions was set at 2.6 Hz, in order to isolate the transient (AC) component of the pupillary light response. One stimulus, the reference, is fixed in intensity and modulation depth. The intensity of the other stimulus is varied so as to establish the response null at which the transient component of the pupil response is minimised. Using this technique it is possible to investigate the relative potency of various stimulus attributes in controlling the transient component of the pupillary light response. The variation of responsivity of the transient component of the pupillary light reflex with stimulus eccentricity was investigated over the central 10 degrees. This function is conical and is centred at the fovea. The potency of a stimulus decreases as eccentricity is increased. Variation of stimulus size showed that for the range of sizes used, up to 7 deg in diameter, the transient component of the pupillary response is determined by the total light flux. The method is a general one and could be used to measure the transient pupillary response as a function of other stimulus variables, such as chromaticity or spatial frequency.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.I.K. Norrish","J.D. Mollon"]},{"item_id":441,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-17","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupillometric Measurement of Driver Mental Workload","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-17","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":422,"original_file_name":"1170474840140.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95154,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":441,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Pupil dilation under mental workload had been a subject to psychological research during the sixties and the seventies. At the end of the eighties technologies had been developed that allowed to measure pupil size outside the laboratory. The development of pupillometric measurement from a tool used under strictly limited laboratory conditions to a tool used under real work conditions will be described in the presentation. The influence of mental work load on the pupil diameter is much smaller than the influence of changing brightness. There is no interaction between these two influences. So it is possible to free the pupil diameter from the contamination by light with a linear mathematical procedure. The results of a driving experiment on public roads in Berlin (Germany) will be presented. The subjects drove a Mercedes Benz 300D, with the Dornier Eye-Tracking-System installed. This equipment had been developed to registrate driver eye movements while driving on public roads. It measures the pupil diameter with 50Hz. In addition equipment had been installed to measure the brightness outside the car. The results show that there is a clear influence of the difficulty of the driving task on the pupil. During right turns and during left turns occurred the largest pupils, the smallest while waiting at a red traffic light. Further results will be presented. Perspectives of the method as a tool in ergonomic research will be discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Roessger"]},{"item_id":442,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-18","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Hippus: An Unrecognized Example of Biologic Chaos","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-18","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":423,"original_file_name":"1170474841312.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94932,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":442,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The conventional model for the activity of the pupils is that of a linear control model. This predicts that the pupil size would vary inversely with the amount of incoming light and in a constant light would remain a constant size. A typical recording of pupil size under such circumstances, however, shows marked spontaneous activity with an irregular pattern of aperiodic oscillations. Previous works have suggested that this spontaneous activity was random, i.e. not governed by deterministic properties and could be interpreted as noise. We analyzed pupil size vs. time from six subjects and compared these time series with those from a pair of fake eyes as well as with surrogate date sets generated from the original data sets. Non-linear analysis including correlation dimension, Hurst exponents, Lyapunov exponents, and a power spectrum all support the hypothesis that the pupil oscillations were generated by a deterministic system that is chaotic. The phase space analysis also showed strong evidence that the movements were not random. Simple inspection of the tracings showed that the oscillations often have a clear cut pattern that is reproduced over 10-30 second intervals. Overall the data clearly show that pupillary hippus is not random, rather it is the result of a deterministic process showing nonlinear behavior including chaos.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael L. Rosenberg","Martin Kroll NJ"]},{"item_id":443,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-19","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Parallel Oscillations in the Pupil System and the Heart Rate, forced by periodic work load","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-19","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":424,"original_file_name":"1170474842515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95261,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":443,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Spontaneous oscillations of the diameter of the pupil and the pupillometric threshold are coupled very weakly with oscillations of the heart rate. The common influence of the autonomic nervous system seems to be hidden by a lot of different influences from other systems. To elucidate the role of the activity of the autonomic system, we have forced oscillations of this activity by a weak work load. In intervals of 3 minutes our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer for 30 seconds. The total time of each of these investigations was 30 minutes. ECG, pupil diameter and amplitude of the consensual light reflex (threshold conditions) were recorded synchronously during the investigation time. The influence of the pupil diameter on the reflex amplitude was eliminated pharmacologically. The results show synchronous oscillations of heart rate, pupil diameter and pupillary threshold at the frequency forced by the load and its higher harmonics. During the load the heart rate increases due to an increase of the activity of the sympathetic system. The cross correlations among the three parameters show the pupil diameter to be in step with the heart rate: The increase of the heart rate goes parallel to an increase of the pupil diameter. In contrast, the amplitude of the pupil reactions is shifted in phase by 180 degrees. This means in relation to the heart rate: Increased heart rate goes in step with decreased amplitude of the pupil's light reflex. This result is in good agreement with the findings of Loewenfeld: Increased sympathetic acti vity decreases the light reflex amplitude.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Dirk Sandner","Bengt Bartsch","Franz Thoss"]},{"item_id":444,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-20","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Bioengineering Control Approach To The Pupil: 1957 To 1997","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-20","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":425,"original_file_name":"1170474846375.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95414,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":444,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The early experiments on feedback control of the pupil (1957-1959) also involved a model composed on transfer function elements that imposed certain constraints on our thinking about the pupil. However, it was flexible enough to deal with such interesting topics as stability and oscillation. Noise characteristics could be defined and used as additional information concerning the various internal mechanisms of the pupillary response to light. Light processing mechanisms in the retina and subsequent way stations in brain stem and above, required a number of interesting models to be developed, including such important nonlinear phenomena as the \"pupil size effect,\" which described the ability of the pupillary system to demonstrate both pupil escape and pupil capture under the appropriate operating conditions. Motor mechanisms were studied from a number of points of view, including evidence for an active dilator. The length tension properties of muscle now explained in terms of the molecular biology of the sliding filament model, dominate certain aspects of pupillary behavior, since the pupil muscles change their length operating level so widely. Nonlinear analysis has also used the pupil in a series of paradigm Wiener kernel functional descriptions. A number of clinical syndromes could be defined with the same experimental and modeling procedures used to study the normal pupil. Finally, the role of the pupil in the triadic response to light and accommodation was also explored. Forty years of research has rather opened more problems than solved earlier pressing questions.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":445,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-21","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Components of Pupillary Dilation During Cognition: Evidence From Normal and Psychiatric Data","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-21","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":426,"original_file_name":"1170474847625.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95913,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":445,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Differential contributions of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation to pupillary dilation have been modelled for a variety of information processing requirements. We have hypothesized that tasks involving sustained effort and attention, as well as motor initiation, result in dilation through inhibition of parasympathetic activity at the Edinger- Westphal complex. In contrast, immediate processing of salient information is hypothesized to be related to activation of the sympathetic pathway, resulting in a later dilation. Implications of the general model will be briefly reviewed. Initial confirmatory evidence was found in the pupillary responses of 17 normal controls compared to 16 schizophrenic patients, and to 31 non-schizophrenic siblings of the patients. Principal Components Analyses of averaged pupillary responses revealed three major underlying components, replicated for each group and each of two tasks separately. Two of these components matched initial predictions of the original model. In an analysis utilizing all groups together, only the factor scores associated with presumed sympathetic activity, which was related to outcome probability of stimuli, showed decreased activity in the patients and their relatives. The factor scores for the component associated with presumed parasympathetic activity did not differ among groups. The third component, associated with anticipatory processes, and possibly related to parasympathetic inhibition, did not differ among groups. Pupillary findings suggested that a major deficit in schizophrenia-related disorders represents difficulties in the utilization of information, but not in motivation to perform. Implications for pupillary assessment to guide future neuroimaging studies will be discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Daniel P. van Kammen","George G. Dougherty"]},{"item_id":446,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-22","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses to Cognitive Activation in Patients and Workers Exposed to Organic Solvents","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-22","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":427,"original_file_name":"1170474849000.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96758,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":446,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The deleterious effects of exposure to organic solvents include changes in cognitive and personality functioning. The majority of earlier research emphasized neuropsychological test performance, with little direct measurement of nervous system activity during demanding cognitive tasks. To address that deficiency in the literature, we have examined pupillary, event- related potential, and cardiac activity in subjects who either have had 1) significant exposures to toxic organic solvents leading to documented clinical impairment, or 2) workers who are exposed to solvents on an ongoing basis. Averaged pupillary responses were recorded from 14 patients meeting criteria for mild toxic encephalopathy, Type 2A\/2B, contrasted with 18 control subjects. Subjects first performed an auditory task involving Counting of a rare stimulus, followed by a task involving separate motor responses to the same rare and frequent stimuli (Choice Reaction. Maximum amplitude of pupillary dilation to rare tones was decreased among the patients. In addition, patients showed an unusual pattern of tonic pupil diameter across the tasks. While normal controls show a decrease in diameter between the Counting and Choice Reaction tasks, attributed to habituation, patients showed either no change or increased diameter during the Choice Reaction task. This effect was also observed for overall heart rate in patients. These autonomic effects are not seen in psychiatric patients, and appear to be associated with greater difficulty in performing more complex discriminations or cognitive decision making. At 1-3 year follow-up, 6 of 8 patients showed a continued or exacerbated reactivity. In addition, the ongoing effects of exposure have also been studied in 23 union painters who have not had any significant clinical complaints, but who are continually exposed to a variety of organic solvents. Although no differences in peak dilation were observed, the lack of habituation described for the exposed patients was also present in the painters, regardless of whether they had been recently exposed (<67 hours) or had been exposure free for 4 or more days. Implications of these findings for limbic system activity, including models of kindling, will be presented.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Lisa A. Morrow","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek"]},{"item_id":447,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-23","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Central Noradrenergic Regulation of Pupillary Functions","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-23","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":428,"original_file_name":"1170474850281.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96230,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":447,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Noradrenergic neurones of the brain stem innervate sympathetic spinal column nuclei and exert an excitatory influence on the sympathetic control of the pupil. These neurones also exert a dual inhibitory control on the preganglionic parasympathetic neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus: directly from the locus coeruleus, via inhibitory a2- adrenoceptors, and indirectly from the A1\/A5 nuclei via the hypothalamus [1]. Thus, it can be predicted that a decrease in the activity of the central noradrenergic neurones will result in both a sympatholytic and a parasympathomimetic effect on the pupil, whereas an increase in central noradrenergic activity would evoke reverse effects. Age- or disease-related degeneration of central noradrenergic neurones may underlie the sympathetic deficit (reduced pupil size and attenuated darkness reflex) observed in old age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease [2]. Furthermore, \u201cswitching off\u201d of the central noradrenergic neurones via activation of somatodendritic inhibitory a2-adrenoceptors (\u201cautoreceptors\u201d) may be responsible for both the sympatholytic (miosis, prolongation of the recovery time of the light reflex) and the parasympathomimetic (miosis, reduction of light reflex amplitude) effects of clonidine in man. Conversely, enhancement of central noradrenergic activity may underlie both the sympathomimetic (increased pupil size, shortened recovery time of the light reflex) and the parasympatholytic (increased pupil size, reduced light reflex amplitude) effects of anxiety [3]. Enhancement of the noradrenergic inhibition of neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus may explain the parasympatholytic effects of drugs which block noradrenaline uptake. Thus it has been shown that noradrenaline uptake inhibitors (desipramine, venlafaxine, reboxetine), apart from causing mydriasis, prolong the latency and reduce the amplitude of the light reflex response. \n1. Szabadi E, Bradshaw C M (1996) J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3), 6-18. \n2. Prettyman R et al. (1997) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 62, 665-668. \n3. Bitsios P et al. (1996) J Psychopharmacol 10, 279-287.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E Szabadi","P Bitsios","C M Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":448,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-24","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"The Influence of Acute Cannabis Use on the Pupillary Light Reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-24","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":429,"original_file_name":"1170476001593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95210,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":448,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: In Germany you are not allowed to drive a car under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, which have an effect on the traffic safety. In this session of parliament we will get a new law prohibiting driving under the influence of cannabis, morphine, heroin, cocaine. The change of pupil behavior after the consumption of drugs is under discussion as a pretest to detect drug users in traffic. Therefore, we tested the influence of marijuana and hashish on the pupillary behavior in a field study. Method: 50 moderate and frequent cannabis using volunteers aged between 18 and 35 years were examinated by infrared video pupillography. In a pretest we detected latency, constriction time, baseline diameter, and constriction amplitude. After the subjects had smoking hashish or marijuana we repeated the measurement under the same conditions. The blood THC, 11-OH THC, THC-COOH levels were determined. A control group of 50 non user was also tested under the same conditions. Results: THC serum concentrations between 1,31 and 45,61 ng\/ml and 11-OH-THC serum concentrations between 0,17 and 18,57 ng\/ml were observed (GC\/MS). The correlations between serum concentrations of THC, 11-OH- THC,and THC-COOH were low or moderate but significant. Four persons who also used cocaine were excluded from the study. The comparison of the means of dependent and independent samples does not show a significant difference between the pretest group and test group and between the test group and the control group. Some perspectives for further research were discussed.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Christiane M. Thieme","Hans Joachim"]},{"item_id":449,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-25","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Oscillations of the Pupillometric Threshold and the Heart Rate - are they Related?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-25","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":430,"original_file_name":"1170476002796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":95360,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":449,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"In a previous investigation (Thoss, Bartsch, Getaneh; Haigerloch 1995) oscillations of the pupillometric threshold were analysed in 10 subjects. The resulting spectra showed strong variability both intra- and interindividually. We found period durations between 1 minute and 26 minutes. The question for the origin of these oscillations is not answered as yet. One source could be oscillations of the activity in the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, we investigated in parallel pupillometric threshold, pupil diameter, and heart rate. If the origin of the oscillations would be within the autonomic system, identical frequencies should be found in all three parameters. We recorded ECG, pupil diameter and the amplitude of the consensual reflex to very weak (threshold) light flashes for 30 minutes. From the records the cross power spectra and the cross correlation functions were calculated. Only four of our fourteen subjects showed remarkable oscillations of the investigated parameters at the same frequency among many oscillations with different frequencies. In the spectra of all other subjects common frequencies of these parameters are very weak or missing. From these results we can conclude: Oscillations of the activity within the autonomic nervous system seem to contribute to the oscillations of the pupillometric threshold, but only to a small extent. Even the spectrum of the pupil diameter itself is very different from that of the ECG.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Franz Thoss","Bengt Bartsch","Dirk Sandner"]},{"item_id":450,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-26","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry and Trucking Fatigue","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-26","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":431,"original_file_name":"1170476004359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94953,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":450,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"The purpose of the present research was to determine if fatigued truck drivers show different pupillary responses than non- fatigued truck drivers. A total of 166 truck drivers were stopped at a safety checkpoint in a large midwest city. They answered survey questions about their level of fatigue and then volunteered to have 3 pupilscans taken of their eyes. The PupilScreen\u00e4 (Applied Science Laboratories) flashed a green light onto the pupil and recorded a number of pupillary response variables including constriction velocity and reflex amplitude. Statistical results indicated that fatigued truck drivers had significantly faster constriction velocities and larger reflex amplitudes than non-fatigued truck drivers. Time of day and Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores were not correlated with pupillary responses. The results of this research suggest that pupil physiology can be used as an accurate indicator of fatigue in truck drivers. \nResearch supported by: Regional Sleep Disorder Center and MCJ Inc., Rockford, Il., Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford Ma., Illinois State Police, Special consideration: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, Al.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John P. Dal Santo","Stuart A. Tousman","Judi K. Gerstein","Nicklaus Dal Santo"]},{"item_id":451,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-27","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Contraction Anisocoria & Retinal Pupillomotor Sensitivity: Hemifield And Perimetric Stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-27","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":432,"original_file_name":"1170476005687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97265,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":451,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Purpose: Differences between the nasal and temporal retinal hemifield may contribute to the contralateral RAPD seen in optic tract, thalamic or midbrain lesions. To understand the architecture of the pupillary pathway, it is important to know about the amount and the prevalence of naso-temporal differences and of contraction anisocoria in normal individuals. Several studies in the past reported results corresponding only partially. We studied naso-temporal differences of the central visual field in normals with direct and consensual hemifield-stimuli (42 individuals) as well as pupil perimetry (43). Methods: After 10 minutes adaptation, infrared video pupillography was performed (25 Hz realtime), with hemifield stimuli and pupil perimetry. Hemifield stimuli were half circles with 10 radius and 2 horizontal offset from fixation point, stimulus luminance was 4.6 cd\/m2 (contrast 0.78); pupil perimetry was performed with 15 test spots of 2 in the 20 visual field at a stimulus luminance of 54 cd\/m2 (contrast 0.98). Stimulus duration was always 200 ms. Alternately nasal and temporal hemifields were stimulated 5 times each, directly and consensually in both eyes, thus testing 4 different channels for each eye. After a break, pupil perimetry was performed (four trials). The pupillograms where evaluated off-line by a curve fitting procedure. Results: The mean values of all pupillograms showed very subtle differences between the four channels tested by hemifield stimulation. Nasal retina proved to be more sensitive than temporal retina, both in hemifield stimulation and perimetry. Nasal inferior retina emerged as the most sensitive quadrant of the perimetric retinal field, the temporal superior retina as the least sensitive. On nasal retina, the direct response exceeded the consensual response, whereas there was nearly no difference on temporal retina. A considerable interindividual variability existed. Conclusion: Naso-temporal differences in pupillomotor sensitivity of the central retinal field exist, both for larger stimuli and for small perimetric stimuli. However, they are too subtle to explain severe RAPDs of 0.6 log units and more encountered in many patients with tract lesions and other lesions of the afferent path to the pretectum. Given an asymmetric crossing from pretectal nuclei to nucleus Edinger-Westphal, our findings of contraction anisocoria suggest a partial crossing of temporal fibres to the contralateral pretectum. Such a crossing in the chiasm would also cause a contralateral RAPD in tract lesions.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["R\u00fcdiger Schmid","B\u00e4rbel Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":452,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-28","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Neuroactive substances in the primate pretectal olivary nucleus: Their possible role in the modulation of the pupillary light reflex","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-28","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":433,"original_file_name":"1170476006984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96086,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":452,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"Resting pupil diameter and the responsiveness of the pupillary light reflex depend on the level of alertness of the subject. When the subjects are fatigued the pupils constrict and become less responsive to visual stimuli. This modulation by alertness is believed to result from brainstem influences on the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). Recently we have observed in the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON), a nucleus which receives direct retinal input and projects to the EW, that luminance neurons increase their spontaneous firing rate as monkeys become less alert and their pupils constrict. This would indicate that the PON as well as the EW is a site of pupillary modulation. To better understand the potential neurotransmitters involved in this modulation, we used immunohistochemical methods to study the localization within this nucleus of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT), the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK), the calcium binding proteins calbindin (CALB) and parvalbumin (PARV), acetycholine receptors (AChRs), several AMPA type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2\/GluR3, and GluR4), and kainic acid (KA) type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR5\/GluR6\/GluR7). Standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical methods were employed on paraformaldehyde fixed rhesus monkey. The neuropil of PON was distinctly rich in SP+ and ENK+ fibers and also contained some 5-HT+ fibers. Some PON neurons were CALB+ and PARV+. Essentially all PON neurons were rich in AMPA GluR2\/3 AMPA subunits, and a few exhibited GluR5\/6\/7 KA subunits. These findings have provided histochemical criteria by which to identify PON and its output axons to the EW, and demonstrate the presence of a number of neuroactive substances that may modulate or control the pupillary light reflex at the level of the pretectum. \nSupported by NIH grants EY09380 to PDRG and E05298 to AR","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jennifer B. Williams","Anton Reiner","Paul D. R. Gamlin"]},{"item_id":453,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"22-29","last_update_date":1173175668,"creation_date":1173175668,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Sector Dilation Along Different Meridians: Interrelationship of Mydriatics, Convectional Flow, and 3-D Configuration of the Anterior Segment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=22-29","index":[{"index_id":217,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1997, Point Clear"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":434,"original_file_name":"1170476008234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":96281,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:16:38","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":453,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"22nd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Point Clear","abstract":"\u201cSector dilation\u201d by focal application of sympathomimetics has been used for some time; in contrast, the procedure reportedly fails with parasympatholytics. In actuality, the situation is somewhat more complex than usually recognized, because (i) the target muscles for different drugs (dilator and sphincter) differ greatly in their configuration, and (ii) anterior chamber convectional flow has been shown to play a very substantial role in anterior segment pharmacokinetics (J. Oc. Pharm. & Ther. 12: 441). The effect of a given drug presumably depends on these factors, and therefore should also depend on the locus of drug application. Three subjects were studied in detail. Phenylephrine or tropicamide was administered with a pledget applied to nasal, inferior, temporal, or superior limbus for 0.5-1.0 min. In some experiments, a drop of fluorescein on the pledget permitted visualization of the application locus. Standard drop application was employed as a control. Pupil shape and placement during mydriasis were determined photographically (Vision Res. 35: 2021). Changes relative to the reference (pre-drug) state were evaluated from the difference shape, defined by: Difference.shape = Current.shape \u2013 (r.current \u00b8 r.reference) x Reference.shape Both tropicamide and phenylephrine produced \"sector dilation\"; however, phenylephrine was about twice as effective. For both drugs, inferior and temporal applications were most effective, and superior and nasal applications were least effective. Application of tropicamide at the most effective loci also gave the shortest latency (shorter than the latency for drop application). The latency for phenylephrine was nearly independent of locus. Some aspects of the present results\u2014especially the superior\/inferior asymmetry\u2014can be understood in terms of convectional flow and the configuration of relevant structures. Some other aspects\u2014particularly the nasal\/temporal asymmetry\u2014remain to be explained.","conference_from_year":1997,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":1997,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":6,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":454,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS DURING UNPREDICTABLE FOREPERIODS: PREPARING THE HEART, EYE, AND BRAIN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":435,"original_file_name":"1170464913499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122429,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":454,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Psychophysioloigcal \"preparatory\" responses may or may not depend on a focused expectation of when an expected stimulus will occur. Assuming a unitary preparatory state, positive correlations between psychophysiolgical measures, and between these measures and performance, would be predicted when variable strategies for preparation are induced by a non-aging foreperiod design.\n\nChanges in pupillary diameter, heart rate, and the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were examined during trials in which the forperiod of a simple reaction time task was either fixed or unpredictable. In addition, separate trials were recorded in which the imperative stimulus was triggered by psychophysiological changes occurring spontaneously during the foreperiod. 32 male and female college-aged volunteers participated. \n\nWhen a non-aging foreperiod was used to reduce expectancy, transient pre-stimulus psychophysiological responses were eliminated, but slow changes over the foreperiod -- slowing of heart rate, dilation of the pupil, and cortical surface negativity -- were not eliminated. Triggering of the imperative stimulus by physiological change (either heart rate slowing or decrease in pupil diameter) did not influence reaction time. Correlations among psychophysiological changes in the foreperiod and between these changes and RT were generally low: heart rate deceleration, pupillary dilation, and CNV exhibited independent preparatory changes. The results were more consistent with a multiprocess than a unitary process view of preparation.\n \nSupported by NIMH grants 40418 and 55762. Details of this work are provided in Jennings et al, Psychophysiology, vol 35, pp. 90-98, 1998.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["J.R. Jennings","M. van der Molen","S.R. Steinhauer"]},{"item_id":455,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEXES RECORDED FROM THE CORNEAL SURFACE IN MAN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":436,"original_file_name":"1170393783015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":152216,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":455,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction Under standard conditions with the pupil dilated by tropicamide, the flash electroretinogram (FERG) shows a series of electrical responses to the light stimulus which are generated by different elements of the retinal circuitry. By leaving the pupil undilated, we have used the same recording set up to detect additional electrical components associated with the pupillary light reflex.\nMethods Light stimuli (duration 500 ms, rate 0.2 Hz) were presented in Maxwellian view to one eye. Corneal surface recordings were made from both the stimulated eye and the consensual, non-stimulated eye using JET contact lenses.\nResults At our 'standard' stimulus intensity bilateral corneo-positive 'p'-waves were observed in 56% of cases (n = 97 recordings, 18 eyes, 11 normal subjects) time-locked to the light stimulus. The ability to detect p-waves using this recording technique seemed to depend on the resting pupil diameter. When present, the mean p-wave latency was 204 ms (sd = 14 ms) and amplitude 204 \uf06d V (sd = 106 \uf06d V). This reflex response was abolished by topical 1% tropicamide but not by 10% phenylephrine. It was absent in patients with optic nerve lesions on the side of the stimulus (n = 4) or pupil-involving oculomotor nerve lesions on the side of the recording (n = 2). The amplitude of the p-wave was positively correlated with stimulus intensity but its latency showed an inverse relationship. Using simultaneous videographic pupillography the p-wave was found to preceed the constriction of the pupil by on average 43 ms (sd = l5 ms, n = 20 recordings).\nConclusions With undilated pupils, the pupillary light reflex can contribute to FERG recordings. The abolition of this response by tropicamide implies that it is generated by depolarisation of iris sphincter muscle fibres. The timing of this response implies an electro -mechanical delay in the iris sphincter muscle in man of around 40ms.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F.D. Bremner","S.E. Smith"]},{"item_id":456,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"VIDEO-BASED RECORDING OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX IN PRETERM INFANTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":437,"original_file_name":"1170400653171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145335,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":456,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"In this abstract, we present preliminary data obtained from a pupillometer designed specifically to measure the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in preterm infants. We know of no previous reports in which the dynamics of the PLR have been quantified in this population. \n\nAll infants studied, although born prematurely, were neurologically healthy and not in receipt of neuroactive medication. Infants were examined in an isolette above which the recording apparatus was mounted. Diffuse, wide-field, step luminance stimuli (Background Luminance: 6.7 Cd.m -2. Stimulus Luminance: 51 Cd.m -2) were provided by a 93 x 120mm flat-panel LCD screen positioned 33cm above the supine infant. Video-tape recordings of the pupil were obtained with a horizontally mounted infra-red (IR) CCTV camera and a 45 degree IR mirror in front of the stimulus screen. With the eye directly illuminated by an IR source, gentle manual retraction of the eyelids was applied as necessary. Stimulus presentation was initiated by means of a footswitch and a marker signal superimposed onto the video record 250ms before each stimulus. Recordings were later digitally sampled at 24 fps and the pupil diameter measured using a PC-based graphics package for each of the seventy-nine frames of the recording period.\n\nPupillary responses were recorded from all infants studied (gestational age range: 31 to 38 weeks). Response amplitudes ranged from 1.8 to 28% of pre-response diameter and tended to increase as a function of gestational age. Latencies ranged from 292 to 917ms and tended to decrease as a function of gestational age. \n\nIn conclusion, we have successfully demonstrated a technique for eliciting and recording pupillary responses to light from infants born prematurely. Initial data confirm previous qualitative reports that responses to light stimuli are present by at least 31 weeks gestational age (Robinson, J. and Fielder, A. R. Pupillary diameter and reaction to light in preterm neonates. Arch. Dis. Child.1990;65:35-38).\n\nThis research was conducted with the approval of the local (Hammersmith Hospital) Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. All co-authors have read the final, submitted version of the abstract and consented explicitly to having their names included in the list of authors","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["K.D. Cocker","M.J. Moseley","A.R. Fielder."]},{"item_id":457,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL INVOLVEMENT IN A CASE OF SUB-ACUTE AUTONOMIC FAILURE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":438,"original_file_name":"1170400654390.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157347,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":457,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction Pupil involvement is common in some autonomic neuropathies (e.g. diabetes mellitus) but rare in others (e.g. multiple system atrophy). We present a case of idiopathic pure sub-acute autonomic failure in which both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic innervation of the pupil were affected.\n\nCase report A 29 year old emmetropic man presented with a 3.5 year history of sequential pupil enlargement and accommodative paresis making it impossible for him to read without glasses. Over the same period he had developed a dry mouth, patchy anhidrosis, severe postural hypotension, difficulty emptying his bladder and impotence. His past history included eczema, psoriasis, lactose intolerance and ulcerative colitis (treated by total colectomy). The pupils were round, central and of normal appearance. Infra-red video-pupillography findings were as follows:\n\nNo cause was found for his sub-acute pan-autonomic failure, but there has been some spontaneous improvement in autonomic function and two years later he is able to read without glasses. Pupillography confirms a gradual recovery with increase of the light reflex amplitudes to 0.65mm\/0.95mm in the right\/left eyes respectively.\n\nComment The pupillographic findings indicate both sympathetic and parasympathetic deficit in the context of a widespread autonomic neuropathy. The aetiology of his illness remains unknown, but may have an auto-immune basis.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S.E. Smith","F.D. Bremner"]},{"item_id":458,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE TRANSIENT COMPONENT OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT RESPONSE IN COLOUR NORMALA AND DICHROMATS: 'PUPILLARY PROTANOPIA' IN COLOUR NORMALS?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":439,"original_file_name":"1170400655546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124210,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":458,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The spectral sensitivity of the pupillomotor system has been examined in many studies. In recent years it has been suggested that different components of the pupillary light response depend on different mechanisms and the possibility arises that these mechanisms may have different spectral sensitivities. We used a signal cancellation technique to examine the spectral sensitivity of the transient component of the response. \n\nA maxwellian-view optical system was used to present an adapting background field, a test stimulus and a reference stimulus. The short-wavelength background was used to limit rod intrusion. The test and reference stimuli were modulated sinusoidally in counter-phase at 2.35 Hz. The wavelength of the reference stimulus was 550nm throughout the experiment. The pupillary responses were recorded for eight test stimulus intensities at each test wavelength. There will be a response null and phase reversal when the potencies of the two stimuli are the same. The action spectrum can be calculated from the radiance of the test stimulus required at each wavelength to produce a response null. Psychophysical low-frequency heterochromatic flicker photometry settings were also made on the same apparatus to provide a comparison with the pupillary responses. Three colour normals and four dichromats, two protanopes and two deuteranopes, were tested. \n\nIt was found that there are significant differences between the psychophysical and pupillary action spectra for colour normals, but not for the dichromats. In colour normals the sensitivity is lower for the pupil at wavelengths above 580nm. There are no statistical differences between the pupillary action spectra of the colour normals and of the protanopes, although for the psychophysical responses the expected differences remain. The pupillary action spectrum for colour normals is well modelled not by the photopic luminosity function but by the Stockman, MacLeod and Johnson m-cone template. The possibility that the m-cones alone can mediate the transient component of the pupillary light response must therefore be considered, so too must the implications of this for the labelling of M and L cones in the retina.\n\nThis abstract complies with the ethical guidelines for human subjects provided by the declaration of Helsinki. Both co-authors have seen and agreed to the above submitted abstract.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.I.K. Norrish","J.D. Mollon"]},{"item_id":459,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL RESPONSES TO D-ISOLUMINANT STIMULI AND TO COLOURED AFTERIMAGES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH DAMAGED PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":440,"original_file_name":"1170400656609.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124213,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":459,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose We investigated how the pupil responds to coloured stimuli that are both photopically and scotopically isoluminant (D-isoluminant). We studied normal subjects and patients with damaged primary visual cortex (V1). Our aim was to test for pupil colour responses in the absence of V1 and to establish how these responses differ from those observed in normal vision. \n\nMethods The subject viewed a uniform background field of luminance 24 cd\/m2 and (x, y) - chromaticity co-ordinates 0.288, 0.334. Two directions of chromatic displacement that satisfy the D-isoluminant conditions were possible for the chosen background chromaticity and these resulted in either \"red\" or \"green\" hues. A number of chromatic saturations were employed and the stimuli were either presented as a flash of specified duration or modulated sinusoidally at 0.8 Hz for 8 cycles with a minimum of 16 averages. In addition to normal subjects, two hemianopes, both with unilateral damage to the primary visual cortex took part in this investigation. Pupil response amplitude and latency were measured by extracting the signal power and phase shift at the stimulus modulation frequency. \n\nResults Pupil colour responses can be elicited in normal subjects. When large coloured stimuli are employed, significant pupil responses can also be elicited in hemianopes, but only for the \"red\" stimuli. The \"green\" stimuli trigger a smaller constriction of the pupil that always follows the offset of the flash. The results obtained with sinusoidal modulation reveal a strong signal at the modulation frequency in the blind hemifield with a latency of 0.52s for the red, and 1.14s for the green. A model for afterimage generation based on changes in the cellular adaptation properties of cone receptors is proposed. The model predicts the properties of chromatic afterimages, including the half-cycle increase in latency observed experimentally. \n\nConclusions The results show that significant pupil responses can be elicited with either red or green D-isoluminant stimuli in normal vision. Smaller responses remain in the absence of V1, but only for red stimuli. Red afterimages caused by green stimuli can however trigger a significant constriction of the pupil, even in the absence of V1. The new pupil-based technique makes it possible to reveal subcortical processing of chromatic stimuli, when the subjects are completely unconscious of the stimulus.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L. Barbur","J. Alister Harlow"]},{"item_id":460,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-06","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO MOTOR-RELATED PUPILLARY DILATION: DISSOCIATION BY ILLUMINATION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-06","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":441,"original_file_name":"1170400657718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124368,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":460,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Pupillary dilation can be elicited by complex salient events, or by simple motor activity. We previously hypothesized that motor components contribute to an early inhibition of the parasympathetic system via the oculomotor nucleus, while later and more extensive dilations are associated with hypothalamically-mediated sympathetic activity. Increasing ambient light decreases pupil diameter by stimulating the parasympathetic pathway; consequently, the contribution of parasympathetic inhibition, as indicated by dilation, would be greater in light as compared darkness. \n\nPupil diameter was recorded in 29 normal volunteers to simple movements. Subjects made uncued, voluntary finger presses over 60 sec, with instructions to pace responses approximately 5 sec apart. Separately, subjects made the same response when cued by single tones (10 stimuli, ISI 5-7 sec). Each condition was recorded in darkness and under room illumination, with 4 sessions involving baseline and placebo conditions, or during pharmacological blockade of the sphincter or dilator musculature. Response onset was used to time-lock averages for uncued responses. Both stimulus and response onset were used separately to time-lock averages for cued responses. \n\nFor the baseline and placebo sessions, recording in light always produced an earlier-onset dilation than recording in darkness. Uncued responses produced significantly smaller and earlier peak dilations than cued responses. During blockade of the dilator by dipaprizole, the early components were present, but later dilations were attenuated. During blockade of the sphincter by tropicamide, the early components of the response were eliminated, but later dilation was observed. Principal components analysis, and sequential difference analysis, were used to provide converging evidence for a very early effect (300 msec) of parasympathetic inhibition. \n\nThe data indicate that the primary contribution of the motor response is associated with early inhibition of the parasympathetic pathway. In contrast, the increased dilation under the cued condition is reflected primarily in the sympathetic component. Greater amplitudes were elicited in the stimulus locked than response locked averages of the cued condition, suggesting that stimulus relevance was a more critical contribution to the dilation response than was the performance of the motor response alone.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the US Public Health Service: National Institute of Mental Health Grant #PHS-MH55762, and by the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.\nCERTIFICATION: These procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, consistent with government guidelines.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek","George G. Dougherty"]},{"item_id":461,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-07","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-07","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":442,"original_file_name":"1170400658905.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":106530,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":461,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The finding of neurofibrillary degeneration in neurons of the Edinger Westphal nucleus in Alzheimer's disease reported by Hunter ( Acta Neuropatholologica, 1985, 68: 53-58) prompted us to ask whether the reflex pupillary constriction to light (which includes the Edinger Westphal nucleus in its anatomical pathway) would display functional abnormality in Alzheimer's disease. \n\nThree groups of individuals were tested: twelve healthy young people, twelve people with probable Alzheimer's disease and twelve healthy older adults. The pupillary light reflex was measured using a head-mounted infra-red pupillometer. As the Edinger Westphal nucleus is particularly involved with pupillary constriction we predicted that the amplitude of pupillary constriction would be reduced in Alzheimer's disease compared to normal ageing. \n\nOur results confirmed this prediction. As the Edinger Westphal nucleus is cholinergic in nature, the measurement of pupillary constriction may provide a way of indicating change in central cholinergic status in Alzheimer's disease over time, or in response to drug treatments.\n\nThis research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["A. Tales","S.R. Butler","T. Troscianko","G. Wilcock DM"]},{"item_id":462,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-08","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EXPERIENCE IN OPTIMISING THE TROPICAMIDE EYE DROP TEST AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-08","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":443,"original_file_name":"1170400660109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123936,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":462,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The pupillary response to dilute (0.01%) Tropicamide solution has been proposed as a diagnostic test of Alzheimers disease (AD), with poor confirmation from other centres. Review of the reported work showed a wide variability in experience, possibly reflecting differences in either the drug stimulus, the patient group or the measurement procedure. Monocular pupillometry had been used by several of the groups, and since this may be sub-optimal when looking for small anisocoria we chose to use a binocular video pupillometer (Procyon UK), allowing variability reduction by multi-frame capture and analysis. A feature of several negative studies was the large dilation produced in controls with 0.01% Tropicamide, whereas the original positive study had minimal response in controls, and this lead us to investigate the Tropicamide dose response.\n\nAims To optimise the measurement conditions, with respect to Tropicamide dose and pupillometry technique, for the Tropicamide test in a group of patients with a diagnosis of a dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and controls.\n\nMethods Pupil diameters were measured in 8 controls (age 28-68, mean 48 years) at 30 minutes following Tropicamide eye drops at concentrations of 0.01% and 0.001%, prepared within 1 week and with no preservative. Video binocular pupillometry was carried out in 6 patients with a provisional diagnosis of AD (aged 65-87 years) and 6 elderly controls (aged 57-81 years). A concentration of 0.001% Tropicamide was used, measured with the treated eye in darkness at 30 minutes post -Tropicamide.\n\nResults Mean percentage pupil diameter increase in was 34 % (range 9.9% to 66 %) and 6.9 % (range -4.7% to 12.1 %) with Tropicamide concentrations of 0.01% and 0.001% respectively. Mean change in anisocoria was 3.4% in elderly controls and 5.0 % in AD in response to 0.001% Tropicamide.\n\nConclusion Tropicamide eye drops at a standard 0.01% concentration produced a large mydriasis in controls. With reduced Tropicamide concentration of 0.001% there was no difference in anisocoria change between controls and subjects with a provisional diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Further dose response studies may be warranted.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["C.A. Sullivan","R. Lawrence","A.J. Britten"]},{"item_id":463,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-09","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"INHIBITION OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX BY COGNITIVE ACTIVATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-09","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":444,"original_file_name":"1170400661155.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124715,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":463,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"It has been clearly demonstrated that the pupillary reaction to light can be inhibited by a variety of psychosensory operations, such as intense (non-visual) stimuli, by anticipation of fearful events, or in states of anxiety. It was hypothesized that cognitive operations could also be demonstrated to show inhibition of the light reaction. Inhibitory inputs to the Edinger-Wesphal complex of the oculomotor nucleus include descending cortical and ascending reticular inputs. Ongoing cognitive activation was predicted to increase inhibition of this pathway, resulting in reduced pupillary constriction. \n\nPupillary constriction to light was elicited during a sustained processing task. 33 normal volunteers participated in this study. Light reactions were recorded during 4 sessions conducted on separate days: a baseline session, followed by randomized placebo, tropicamide, or dipaprizole instillation at separate sessions. All subjects had been screened to exclude narrow angle. At each session, after dark adaptation, light reactions to a 1 s light stimulus (4 s ISI) were recorded using infra-red pupillography under three conditions: with no separate task, as subjects performed a serial-7 subtraction task (subtract 7 from a given value, say out loud, and repeat), or as subjects performed a simple adding task (add+1) to control for verbalization. \n\nAveraged response curves were computed following the first stimulus in each series. In the baseline and placebo conditions, performance of the serial-7 task produced a significant decrease in the amplitude of constriction, and earlier time to maximum constriction, as well as significant increase in overall diameter. The add+1 task produced no decrease in constriction amplitude, but overall diameter was increased to a level intermediate between the no-task and subtract-7 conditions. Latencies to onset of constriction and time of maximum constriction were not affected. The same findings were observed even for the first trial alone. Temporary blockade of the dilator muscle by dipaprizole produced no change in the effects seen under placebo, with the exception that overall diameter was similarly decreased for all task conditions. In contrast, blockade of the constrictor muscle by tropicamide produced nearly flat responses, and higher overall diameters, with only a slight increase in overall diameter for the subtract-7 condition compared to no task or add+1 conditions. \n\nControl of these parameters emanates almost entirely from the parasympathetic pathway rather than reciprocal sympathetic activation. Thus, task performance produces both tonic inhibition (decreased parasympathetic outflow leading to increased initial diameter) as well as selective inhibition of active phasic responses. The findings are interpreted as representing primary influences of descending inputs from cortical regions during high cognitive loads. Measurement of light reflex inhibition parameters under different task conditions may provide a sensitive, quantifiable assessment of relative \"mental effort\" associated with varying cognitive activations.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the US Public Health Service: National Institute of Mental Health Grant #PHS-MH55762, and by the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.\nCERTIFICATION: These procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, consistent with government guidelines.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Ruth Condray","Annette Kasparek"]},{"item_id":464,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-10","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY RESPONSE AS A MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL CHANGE AND RELATED SUBJECT INDICES IN VIEWING MOVIES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-10","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":445,"original_file_name":"1170400662234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":125185,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":464,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"It is well known that the pupil of the eye reacts to both brightness and emotional state including interest, enjoyment, and mental workload. A method for extracting emotional change from the pupillary response which is based on an artificial neural network has been developed to evaluate viewer's interest in visual information. This study examines the possibility of estimating viewer's interest and enjoyment of viewing movies by measuring the dynamic pupillary changes, blinking, and subjective interest responses. \n\nThe temporal response due to the subject's interest was measured by using an input device that has been developed. The subject was asked to input continuously the degree of his or her own interest while viewing a movie. Sixteen subjects viewed twenty one-minute movies which were edited to include five kinds of T.V. programs: sport, cultural, for children, entertainment and news. Each movie was divided into shots by use of a computer-based video summary system. Pupillary change and other response were evaluated for each temporal shot. The subject's impression for each movie was evaluated using questionnaires which were based on the semantial difference method after viewing. \n\nThe three factors, \"Evaluation\", \"Potency\", and \"Activity\", were extracted from the subject's responses on the questionnaires. The results showed, in dynamic evaluation, that there is a relationship between pupillary changes and the subjective interest response. In evaluating pupil size, there is a significant difference in pupil size between the higher and the lower shot for the degree of subject interest response in each kind of movies. However, there is no significant difference in blinking between them. In evaluating impressions from movies, there is a significant difference in pupil size between the higher and the lower group for the factor \"Potency,\" and a significant difference in blinking between the higher and the lower group for the factor \"Activity\". Also, there is a significant correlation between the subjective interest response and all three of these factors.\n\nPartially supported by the Grant-in-aid for scientific research (B)(2)-10558020 of the Japanese Ministry of Education","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Yasutaka Shimizu"]},{"item_id":465,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-1-11","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE \"FEAR-INHIBITED LIGHT REFLEX\": A LABORATORY MODEL OF HUMAN ANXIETY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-1-11","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":446,"original_file_name":"1170400663405.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124876,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":465,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"We have reported that patients suffering from generalised anxiety disorder display attenuated pupillary light reflexes compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls [1]. Following on from this observation, we examined whether anxiety acutely induced in the laboratory in healthy subjects by the threat of an electric shock has any effect on pupillary function. Our protocol was based on reports in the literature that the threat of an electric shock enhances the acoustic startle reflex response (\"fear potentiated startle\") [2]. Three experiments were conducted. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and individual comparisons (criterion of significance P<0.05). \n\nIn Experiment I, 12 subjects participated in a training session and an experimental session. In the experimental session six SAFE (electric shock is not possible) and six THREAT (electric shock is possible) blocks alternated, a mild electric shock was delivered before the fourth THREAT block. The pupillary light reflex was evoked three times in each block; pupil diameter was continuously recorded. At the end of each block subjects rated their anxiety using visual analogue scales. In the threat condition there was an increase in initial pupil diameter, a decrease in light reflex amplitude and an increase in anxiety ratings. \n\nIn Experiment II, 12 volunteers participated in three weekly sessions in which placebo, diazepam 5 mg or diazepam 10 mg were administered orally according to a double-blind balanced design. The design of each session was as for Experiment I, with the exception that four SAFE and four THREAT blocks were applied. Diazepam antagonized the effect of threat on light reflex amplitude in a dose-dependent fashion, and reduced subjectively rated anxiety and alertness. Diazepam had no effect on the pupillary measures in the SAFE condition or on initial pupil diameter in the THREAT condition. \n\nExperiment III was similar to Experiment II, however, in this experiment the effect of diazepam was examined not only on the threat-evoked change in the pupillary light reflex (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\") but also on the threat-evoked increase in acoustic startle reflex (eye-blink) amplitude (\"fear-potentiated startle\"). Threat reduced the amplitude of the light reflex response, and increased the amplitude and reduced the latency of the startle reflex response; these changes were accompanied by increases in subjective anxiety. Diazepam antagonized the effect of threat on light reflex and startle response amplitudes and anxiety, in a dose-dependent fashion. \n\nOur results show that the fear-inhibited light reflex, like the fear-potentiated startle reflex, is a valid laboratory paradigm of human anxiety. The neural mechanisms underlying the effects of threat on the two reflexes are likely to involve the amygdala [3] and, in the case of the fear-inhibited light reflex, the locus coeruleus [4].\n\n1.\tBakes A et al 1990. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30, 377-381. \n2.\tGrillon C et al 1991. Psychophysiology 28, 588-595. \n3.\tDavis M et al 1993. Behav Brain Res 58, 175-198. \n4.\tSzabadi E and Bradshaw CM 1996. J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3), 6-18.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P. Bitsios","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":466,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECTS OF 5HT1A RECEPTOR AGONISTS UPON PUPIL SIZE IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":447,"original_file_name":"1170400665843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":156510,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":466,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Central 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5HTergic, serotonergic) neurones have been implicated in autonomic regulation, although their exact role is not fully understood [1]. Drugs interacting with 5-HT receptors have been reported to affect pupil diameter: both antagonists of 5HT2 receptors [2] and agonists of 5HT1A receptors [3] cause miosis. \n\nWe examined the effects of two 5HT1A receptor agonists on pupil diameter at two luminance levels (darkness and 32 Cd m-2). The drugs used were buspirone, an anxiolytic drug with partial agonistic activity at 5HT1A receptors and lesopitron, a recently developed anxiolytic drug with full agonistic activity at 5HT1A receptors. Pupil diameter was monitored with a binocular infrared television pupillometer before and after the administration of treatment for 4 h at 20 min intervals. Two experiments were conducted. \n\nIn Experiment I, fourteen healthy male volunteers participated in seven weekly sessions, each associated with the ingestion of one capsule (buspirone 5, 10 and 20 mg, lesopitron 10, 20 and 40 mg, and placebo), according to a double-blind balanced, cross-over design. Both buspirone and lesopitron tended to decrease pupil diameter. In darkness, only the highest dose of buspirone (20 mg) caused a miosis that was statistically significant. However, at the luminance level of 32 Cd m-2 buspirone 10 and 20 mg evoked statistically significant miotic effects, as did the highest dose of lesopitron (40 mg). The miotic effect was significantly greater at 32 Cd m-2 than in darkness after each dose of buspirone and the highest dose (40 mg) of lesopitron. \n\nIn Experiment II, pupil diameter and oral temperature were monitored with an electronic thermometer at 40 min intervals. 20 healthy male volunteers participated in two weekly sessions, each associated with the sublingual application of 100 ml hydroalcoholic solution (lesopitron 20 mg, placebo), according to a double-blind balanced cross-over design. Lesopitron caused a significant miosis both in darkness and at the luminance level of 32 Cd m-2 ; the miosis was greater at 32 Cd m-2 than in darkness. Lesopitron tended to decrease oral temperature; this effect however was not statistically significant. The greater effectiveness on the pupil of lesopitron administered sublingually in a solution indicates the importance of first-pass metabolism in reducing the effectiveness of the drug when administered by the mouth. The miosis observed in both experiments may be due to either a sympatholytic or a parasympathomimetic effect of the drugs, or both. The light-dependence of the miosis indicates that the 5-HT1A receptor agonists can modulate the light reflex, possibly via the noradrenergic control of central cholinergic neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.\n\n1.\tRamage AG and Fozard JR 1987. Eur J Pharmac 138, 179-191 \n2.\tFanciullacci M et al 1995. Clin Pharmac Exp Ther 57, 349-355 \n3.\tMillson DS et al. 1991. Br J Clin Pharmacol 32, 447-454 \n4.\tCleare AJ et al 1998 Int Clin Psychopharmacol 13, 23-32","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.A. Phillips","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":467,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PHARMACODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF 5-HT1A AGONISTS ON PUPIL REACTION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":448,"original_file_name":"1170400666796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153957,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":467,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction: Dynamic light evoked pupillography is a non-invasive method which can easily implemented in the basic phase I program of new CNS active compounds. BAY x 3702 is a full agonist at the 5-hydroxyltrytamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor subtype. The animal experiments revealed antidepressive and neuroprotective properties of BAY x 3702. \n\nMethod: Dynamic light evoked pupillographic measurements were used to describe the pharmacodynamic effect of BAY x 3702 in a series of dose escalation studies. In seven double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled studies, BAY x 3702 was administered to healthy male extensive metabolisers. The dosages (oral solutions) administered were 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 \u00b5g. Blood samples were taken immediately before pupillographic measurements. The pupillographic target parameters were the initial pupil diameter and the reflex amplitude.\n\nResults: After the administration of 500 \u00b5g and higher doses of BAY x 3702 the initial pupil diameter showed significant miotic reaction 0.5 to 1.5 hours after drug intake. A maximum reduction of the pupil diameter (about 1.7 mm) was observed 0.5 hours after the administration of 1000, 1500 and 2000 \u00b5g BAY x 3702. But in this dose range no dose-proportional reduction of initial pupil diameter was found. In contrast to that, a marked reduction of the reflex amplitude ( \uf0a3 -0.25 mm) was found 0.5 and 1.5 hours after the administration of 2000 \u00b5g BAY x 3702. \n\nConcentration\/effect-calculations were performed for the individual values of the initial diameter as well as for the reflex amplitude and the individual BAY x 3702 plasma concentrations, respectively. Both concentration\/effect-relationships can be fitted to a sigmoidal curve. The concentration\/effect-relationship between the initial pupil diameter and the plasma concentration shows a nearly linear decrease in the range between 4 to 35 \u00b5g\/l, whereas the fitted curve decreased significantly for plasma concentrations above than 13 \u00b5g\/l. \n\nConclusion: The administration of BAY x 3702 induced miotic pupil reaction. This confirmed the effects observed after the administration of other 5-HT1A agonists in humans (e.g. buspirone, ipsapirone) or after the administration of BAY x 3702 in rats. The fact that oral administration of BAY x 3702 affects initial pupil diameter and reflex amplitude with different sensitivity may either indicate the possibility of more than one receptor being involved or reflect an influence of peripheral and central 5-HT1A receptors on the pupil reaction.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael B\u00f6ttcher"]},{"item_id":468,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF DOPAMINE 2 ANTAGONISTS ON REFLEX DILATION IN HUMANS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":449,"original_file_name":"1170400667702.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":147265,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":468,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Introduction The effect of dopamine on the human pupil is poorly understood. D2 antagonists, such as phenothiazines and butyrophenones, constrict the pupil, whereas high doses of intravenous dopamine produce mydriasis. The mechanism of these effects are unknown, but a further understanding is of interest because these drugs are commonly used in the intensive care setting and can confound the pupillary signs of neurologically unstable patients.\n\nMethods After institutional review approval and informed consent, 4 groups of 8 patients each were administered combined epidural-general anesthesia. Noxious stimulation of the C5 dermatome was provided by a tetanic electric current (60-70 mamps, 100 Hz, 3 second duration), after a stable level of epidural analgesia had been established with 3\/8% bupivacaine. Pupillary reflex dilation (PRD) was calculated as the area above the baseline for the first 10 seconds following noxious stimulation. PRD was measured at 5 min intervals for 15 min before and 25 min after bolus administration of: saline 5 cc (Group 1), ondansetron 8 mg (Group 2), metoclopramide 20 mg (Group 3), and droperidol 2 mg (Group 4). Repeated analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences for each group compared to the saline control. P< 0.05 was considered significant.\n\nResults Age and weight were not significantly different between the groups. Droperidol and metoclopramide both suppressed reflex dilation. Total change of PRD (mm-sec) following each drug were as follows: \n1: Saline: -4.3 (+\/-) 6.8, \n2. Ondansetron: -2.6 (+\/-) 9.4 (NS), \n3. Droperidol: -27.0 (+\/-) 15.6 (P = .00 1)\n4. Metoclopramide: -19.2 (+\/-) 15.1 (P< 0.02). \n\nDiscussion Both droperidol and metoclopramide are potent D2 antagonists and both interfered with PRD. Because metoclopramide also has 5-HT3 blocking activity, we also tested the effect of ondansetron, another 5-HT3 antagonist. Because this drug was without effect, we conclude that D2 antagonism interferes with reflex dilation in anesthetized patients. In cats it is known that norepinephrine inhibits the pupilloconstrictor nucleus via an alpha 2 adrenergic mechanism. Our studies have not shown a remarkable effect of alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists on reflex dilation and alpha 2 adrenergic agonists do not dilate the human pupil. We therefore propose that, in humans, dopamine may play a role in reflex pupillary dilation (PRD) via the D2 receptor","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Peter D. Berry"]},{"item_id":469,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF MOCLOBEMIDE AND SELEGILINE ON TYRAMINE-EVOKED MYDRIASIS IN MAN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":450,"original_file_name":"1170400669718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123897,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":469,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The intracellular enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a crucial role in terminating the action of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline in sympathetically innervated tissues [1]. Tyramine is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine which exerts its pharmacological effects by releasing noradrenaline [2]. It is known that MAO inhibitors can enhance pharmacological responses to tyramine [3]. MAO has two forms, A and B, and the two forms of enzymes show separate distributions both in the periphery and the brain [1]. There is little evidence regarding the form of enzyme which is involved in terminating sympathetically mediated responses, although MAO-A has been implicated. \n\nIn this experiment we examined the effects of two selective inhibitors of MAO (moclobemide: selective MAO-A inhibitor; selegiline: selective MAO-B inhibitor) on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man. Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in three monthly sessions, each associated with ingestion of one capsule (moclobemide 450 mg, selegiline 10 mg or placebo) according to a double-blind balanced cross-over design. Tyramine hydrochloride eye drops (75 mM, 2 x 10 ? l) were instilled three times in the left conjunctival sac at 40-min intervals. Pupil diameter was monitored with a binocular infrared television pupillometer before, and for 4.5 h after, ingestion of the capsule. The pupillary response to tyramine was expressed as the area under the pupil diameter x time curve. A blood sample was taken before and 2 h after ingestion of the capsule for the assay of platelet MAO-B activity and plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) concentration, an index of MAO-A activity. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's corrected t-test, using a significance criterion of P< 0.05. \n\nBoth moclobemide and selegiline caused significant miosis in the untreated eye. The mydriatic response to tyramine was potentiated by moclobemide. Selegiline reduced platelet MAO activity and mocolobemide reduced DHPG, consistent with the known profiles of these drugs on the two forms of MAO. The potentiation of tyramine-evoked mydriasis by moclobemide is likely to reflect the inhibition MAO activity in the iris, whereas the lack of effect of selegiline argues against the involvement of MAO-B. The miosis caused by the two MAO inhibitors is likely to be due to a central sympatholytic action of the drugs.\n\n1.\tBerry M D et al 1994. Progr Neurobiol 42, 375-391.\n2.\tTrendelenburg U 1972. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology vol 33: Catecholamines, eds Blaschko H and Muscholl E. Springer, Berlin, pp. 336-362. \n3.\tRand et al 1968. Br J Pharmacol 33, 287-303.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","P. Bitsios","S. Tavernor","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":470,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-2-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"IS THE IRIS A \"MINIMUM-WEAR-AND-TEAR\" MESHWORK?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-2-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":451,"original_file_name":"1170400664890.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":108925,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":470,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The iris is highly mobile, even though relatively inextensible collagen fibers form the strongest part of its structure. Rohen (1951) observed a pattern of iris collagen fibers forming arcs from iris root to pupil, thereby avoiding the problems of circumferential fibers (which would hinder pupil dilation) or radial fibers (which would hinder pupil contraction). He described two sets of arcs with opposite handedness, forming a meshwork which was also interwoven with blood vessels. However, constructing such a mesh to permit pupil mobility is not simple because (a) fiber extensibility is limited, and (b) sliding of meshwork components - during pupil size changes - would lead to wear and tear. \n\nMethods A computational model was used to determine the optimal properties of such a mesh. The form of the fiber arcs was optimized across a set of pupil sizes by: (i) minimizing strain (i.e. stretch) of the fibers, and (ii) constraining each point on a fiber to move only in the radial direction (minimizing sliding). A logarithmic spiral was used as an initial solution, and a twenty term polynomial was added to it. A single optimization run was performed using one value of fiber angular extent (the angle of the iris \"pie-slice\" over which a fiber arc extends). Initially, the assumption was made that overall iris strain is linear; i.e., a point halfway between root and pupil margin remains halfway between them for all pupil sizes. Later, this constraint was relaxed. \n\nResults Solutions converged to a repeatable spiral form. As the angular extent increased up to about 100 deg, the optimization improved, but further increases did not lead to further improvement. Removing the constraint of linear overall iris strain led to modest further improvements in the optimization. \n\nComparison with data and conclusions One way of characterizing the meshwork is the \"lattice angle\" (the angle between fibers with left- or right-handed arcs), which is a function of both radial position and pupil size. Some lattice angle data is available from Rohen's work, and this was compared with results of the optimization. The comparison suggests that the collagen iris \"skeleton\" approximates a minimum-wear-and-tear meshwork.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":471,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"CAN THE PUPILLOGRAPHIC SLEEPINESS TEST BE APPLIED AS SCREENING FOR SLEEP APNEA?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":452,"original_file_name":"1170400670734.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":148312,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":471,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) detects sleepiness in normals and patients with any kind of dyssomnia as well1,2. The parameters quantifying pupillary unrest differ significantly between groups of patients with sleep apnea syndrome and healthy subjects. The present study should test whether or not the PST could be used as a screening method for the detection of SAS. The background is characterized by 1. the fact that many patients are not diagnosed before any complicating disease or accident caused by excessive daytime sleepiness occurs and 2. a present lack of practicable and time-saving screening methods.\n\nMethods \nSubjects. 140 normal male subjects were compared to 54 patients with polysomnographically diagnosed SAS, all subject were 30 to 70 years old. \nPST. All measurements were performed between 8 am and noon without any preceding consumption of coffein, nicotine or any vigilance-influencing drugs. The PUI3 served as the parameter of evaluation, all analyses were carried out on the natural logarithm of the PUI because of its normal distribution.\n\nResults The PUI results of the normal subjects and the SAS-patients were significantly different. At a PUI of 5.7 mm\/min the sensitivity and specificity of the PST were 73%. The positive predictive value for a PUI of 10.0 mm\/min was 40%. The test reliability was studied in PST-repetition after four months in 38 normal subjects. The correlation (Pearson rank coefficient r=0.64) between both PST-measurements was highly significant (p<0.0001).\n\nConclusions Though the PST identifies acute and chronical sleepiness it further also showed practical qualities for the use as a screening method for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea syndrom. The specificity, sensitivity and reliability data combined with the objective, noninvasive and time-saving properties of the PST offer the possiblity of a reasonable screening method for this serious sleep disorder.\n\n1 Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H, L\u00fcdtke H, Streicher P, Adler M. Pupillographic assessment of sleepiness in sleep-deprived healthy subjects. Sleep 1998; 21:258-265.\n2 Wilhelm H, L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B. Pupillographic sleepiness test applied in hypersomniacs and normals. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1998; 236:725 - 729.\n3 L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B, Adler M, Schaeffel F, Wilhelm H. Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Research 1998; 38:2889 - 2896.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen\nAcknowledgements: The studies of this paper were granted by fortuene F. 1222074.1 and (DFG) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft WI 1066\/3-1.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Andreas Koerner","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm","Klaus Ederle"]},{"item_id":472,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL STAGING AND SLEEPINESS DEFINED BY EEG","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":453,"original_file_name":"1170400671655.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":126004,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":472,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"As people become sleepy, the pupil has been observed to decrease in size. Yoss proposed a method for scaling level of alertness during 15 minutes of alertness level pupillography testing (ALT) by classifying pupil diameter as a percentage of maximum diameter (Stage 1 \"awake\" = 95-100% to Stage 4 \"sleepy\" = 64-75%). Intrusions of theta activity into the awake EEG have been associated with fluctuations in level of alertness. The purpose of this study was to determine if objectively defined sleepiness, reflected by changes in theta EEG activity, increased according to pupil stage in untreated narcoleptic (8 F & 8 M, mean age =30.3 +\/-8.1) and untreated obstructive sleep apneic (OSA) (7 F & 9 M, mean age =36.9 +\/-7.5) subjects diagnosed with PSG and MSLT studies, and normal control subjects (8 F & 8 M, mean age =30.4 +\/-7.4) without any clinical evidence of a sleep disorder. \n\nAll subjects participated in the ALT during which pupil diameter and EEG recordings were conducted about 12 hours after the midsleep period. Pupil diameter and polysomnography data were collected concurrently at 256 Hz for 15 minutes. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and C3\/A2 EEG data to 64 Hz. Power spectral density functions (FFT) were calculated on 2 sec epochs for minutes 4-11, and standardized for each subject by dividing each 2 sec epoch by the mean theta power obtained for the first minute of dark recording. The mean pupil diameter for each 2 sec EEG window was calculated, divided by the largest pupil diameter found for each subject during the fourth minute of dark recording, and classified according to the appropriate Yoss pupil stage. The 2 sec theta values for each Yoss stage were aggregated for each subject regardless of when they occurred during the 4-11 minute period. \n\nANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in theta power ratios by condition and pupil stage [F(11) = 31.12, p .000]. Post Hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) testing revealed that there were significant differences (p .05 or <) both within and between subject groups by pupil stage. Within-groups statistically significant differences in theta power ratios were as follows: \nnarcoleptics - Stage 4 > Stage 3 > Stage 2 > Stage 1; \nOSA - Stages 3 & 4 > Stages 2 > Stage 1; \ncontrols - Stages 2 & 3 were > Stage 1. \nBetween groups the theta power ratio was significantly greater for narcoleptics and OSA subjects across Stages 1-4 compared to controls, and greater for narcoleptics compared to OSA subjects for Stages 3 & 4. The ALT is a measure of increasing sleepiness in awake individuals. Further research is warranted since pupillography is a convenient, objective measure with potential for wide application.\n\nResearch supported by NIH, R15 NR04030 and Mr. J. A. Piscopo.\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Minu Patel","Qing Chen","Glenn Clark"]},{"item_id":473,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-03","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE MEASUREMENT OF DRIVER FATIGUE USING PUPILLOMOTORICAL FATIGUE WAVES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-03","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":454,"original_file_name":"1170400672624.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153840,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":473,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Driver fatigue is one of the major research topics in the human factors departments of the car industry. The idea that driving itself fatigues the driver and the idea of predicting the moment a driver starts to sleep, have occurred in many variations during the last years. The major problem is to find a useful, valid parameter of measuring fatigue. Pupillomotorical fatigue waves could serve as such a parameter in two different ways. On-line measurements inside the car to predict the moment the driver falls asleep, and off line to measure fatigue changes induced by driving seem to be possible.\n\nCAA GmbH plans, evolves, and visualises in car equipment for major German car manufacturers like Audi, BMW, Opel and Volkswagen. The integration of ergonomics specialists into the developmental process makes it possible to optimise the interface concepts under human factors criteria. The reduction of driver fatigue by using human factors knowledge in all consequences as well as the measurement of driver fatigue are major focuses of the developmental work at CAA.\n\nIn an experiment pupillomotorical fatigue waves were used to measure changes in fatigue induced by driving all day. All subjects made three journeys with three different luxury sedans. Each of the cars had a different character (big & luxury, high-tech and sportive). \n\nMajor results are:\n\u2022\tthe driven car has an influence on the changes of fatigue waves \n\u2022\tthe owned car has an influence on the changes of fatigue waves \n\u2022\tin average the fatigue waves are smaller after driving than before \nImplications from these findings on theories of driver fatigue will be discussed.\nIn a second part of the presentation problems of the application of fatigue waves on the road will be discussed. An assessment of the chances to use fatigue waves to measure driver fatigue on-line will be given.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter Roessger"]},{"item_id":474,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-04","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF THREE ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY FLUCTUATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-04","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":455,"original_file_name":"1170400673796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146029,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":474,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Spontaneous fluctuations of pupil size in darkness are characteristic of a person's level of vigilance: these fluctuations are accentuated when subjects are drowsy [1,2]. Recently the \"pupillographic sleepiness test\" (PST) has been developed for the recording and quantification of \"pupillary fatigue waves\" [3]. This test has already been used to detect daytime sleepiness both in healthy sleep-deprived subjects [4] and in patients suffering from sleep disorders [5]. In this study, we used the PST to compare the sedative effects of three antidepressant drugs: amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Whilst amitriptyline is known to be sedative, both fluvoxamine and reboxetine are novel antidepressants with little clinical sedative potential [6]. \n\nThirteen healthy males (19-30 years) participated in 4 weekly sessions, each associated with one oral drug condition (placebo, fluvoxamine 100 mg, reboxetine 4 mg and amitriptyline 100 mg), according to a balanced double-blind design. Pupil diameter was recorded continuously over 11 min in darkness using a dedicated monocular television pupillometer (AMTech Weinheim Germany). Average pupil diameter, power of pupil diameter fluctuations (obtained by Fast Fourier transformation), and the pupillary unrest index (PUI), a measure of cumulative changes in pupil size, were computed [3]. Subjective \"alertness\", \"anxiety\" and \"contentedness\" were rated using visual analogue scales [7]. Measurements were carried out 30 min after arrival in the laboratory and 3 h after drug ingestion. Data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's corrected t-test (criterion of significance P< 0.05). \n\nPupil diameter was increased by reboxetine but was unaffected by the two other antidepressants. Amitriptyline increased pupillary fatigue waves evidenced by an increase in the power of fluctuations, consistent with the sedative property of the drug. Neither reboxetine nor fluvoxamine had any effect on the power of fluctuations or PUI. The effect of amitriptyline upon pupillary fatigue waves was parallelled by decreases in \"alertness\" and \"contentedness\" self-ratings by the subjects; both amitriptyline and reboxetine caused a reduction in \"anxiety\" ratings. The PST seems to be a suitable method for the detection of drug-induced changes in the level of arousal.\n1.\tLowenstein O et al 1963. Invest. Ophthalmol 2, 138-157 \n2.\tYoss R E et al 1970. Neurology 20, 545-554 \n3.\t3. L\u00fcdtke H et al. 1998. Vision Res 38, 2889-2896\n4.\tWilhelm B et al 1998a. Sleep 21, 258-265 \n5.\tWilhelm H et al 1998b. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236, 725-729 \n6.\tSzabadi E & Bradshaw C M 1995. In Seminars in Clinical Psychopharmacology ed. King, D J London: Gaskell \n7.\tBond A J and Lader M H 1974. Br J Med Psychol 47, 211-218","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.A. Phillips","E. Szabadi","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":475,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-05","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY OSCILLATIONS - HOW DO THEY CHANGE IN DIFFERENT LIGHT CONDITIONS?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-05","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":456,"original_file_name":"1170400674874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134164,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":475,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose Darkness is one of the major conditions for the pupillographic sleepiness test (PST by AMTech, Weinheim, Germany) which measures sleepiness-related oscillations in pupil diameter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interference of light-induced oscillations into sleepiness waves. In a further step we wanted to isolate merely light-induced oscillations under constantly high alertness level.\n\nMethods The PST based on infrared pupillography has been described in detail elsewhere 1. Additionally another pupillographic system developed in our department and video-tapes were used for the recordings in the present study. Healthy young subjects (n=15) were measured every two hours during a night of sleep deprivation in a constant light condition of 2 cd\/m2, 40 cd\/m2 and 400 cd\/m2 . Time interval was 10 days minimum to avoid accumulated sleep-debt. In a second experiment subjects (n=13) were tested at high alertness level and the time of testing was reduced to 5.5 minutes. Light intensities applied with an interval of 30 minutes were 0 cd\/m2, 0.5 cd\/m2, 2 cd\/m2, 40 cd\/m2 .\n\nResults Amplitude spectrum \uf0a3 0.8 Hz increased significantly during sleep-deprivation at 40 cd\/m2 (ANOVA p<0.001) and 400 cd\/m2 (ANOVA p<0.001), while at 2 cd\/m2 the increase was non-significant. Compared to measurement in darkness the changes at 40 cd\/m2 and 400 cd\/m2 were much less pronounced. At constant alertness level both the amplitude spectrum \uf0a3 0.8 Hz and the mean frequency showed increment with increasing light intensity.\n\nConclusion Effects of sleep-deprivation are easier to detect when recording pupillary oscillations in darkness or brighter light than in dim light conditions. Light-induced oscillations under constantly high alertness level occur inconstantly during the recording time within the same subject and show large inter-subject differences. Light-induced oscillations differ from sleepiness waves predominantly by their regularity. The relationships between light intensity, amplitude spectrum and frequency of spontaneous pupillary oscillations raise some questions demanding further experimental work and alternative approaches in analysis. \n\n1L\u00fcdtke H, Wilhelm B, Adler M, Schaeffel F, Wilhelm H. Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Research 1998; 38:2889 - 2896.\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.\nAcknowledgement: B. Wilhelm and H. L\u00fcdtke worked on the present study with financial support of the Steinbeis Center for Biomedical Optics and Functional Testing T\u00fcbingen (Prof. Dr. E. Zrenner).","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Max Warga","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":476,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-06","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CENTRALLY ACTING NOR-ADRENERGIC DRUGS ON SPONTANEOUS PUPILLARY FLUCTUATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-06","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":457,"original_file_name":"1170400675859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146338,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":476,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Spontaneous fluctuations of pupil size in darkness are characteristic of a person's level of vigilance: these fluctuations are accentuated when subjects are drowsy [1]. Recently the \"pupillographic sleepiness test\" (PST) has been developed for the recording and quantification of \"pupillary fatigue waves\" [3]. This test has already been used to detect daytime sleepiness both in healthy sleep-deprived subjects [4] and in patients suffering from sleep disorders [5]. Central noradrenergic neurones are located in small nuclei in the lower brainstem, and they project to most parts of the neuraxis including the cerebral cortex. The central noradrenergic system has been implicated in arousal mechanisms [6]. In this experiment we examined the hypothesis that drugs which selectively activate or deactivate central noradrenergic neurones (e.g. yohimbine and clonidine, respectively), will modify the level of arousal in a predictable fashion, and that these changes will be detectable using PST. \n\nSixteen healthy males (18-25 years) participated in 4 weekly sessions, each associated with one oral drug condition (placebo, clonidine 0.2 mg, yohimbine 22 mg, clonidine 0.2 mg + yohimbine 22 mg), according to a balanced double-blind design. Pupil diameter was recorded continuously over 11 min in darkness using a dedicated monocular television pupillometer (AMTech Weinheim Germany). Average pupil diameter, power of pupil diameter fluctuations (obtained by Fast Fourier transformation), and the pupillary unrest index (PUI), a measure of cumulative changes in pupil size, were computed [3]. Autonomic functions known to be sensitive to centrally acting noradrenergic drugs (blood pressure, heart rate and salivary output) were recorded. Subjective \"alertness\", \"anxiety\" and \"contentedness\" were rated using visual analogue scales. Measurements were carried out 30 min after arrival in the laboratory and 2 h after drug ingestion. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's corrected t-test (criterion of significance P< 0.05). \n\nPupil diameter was increased by yohimbine and clonidine + yohimbine and tended to be reduced by clonidine. The power of pupillary fluctuations tended to be increased by clonidine and reduced by yohimbine, and the combination of the two drugs cancelled out each other's effects. PUI tended to be increased by clonidine and was significantly reduced by yohimbine and the combination of the two drugs cancelled out each other's effects. Clonidine decreased and yohimbine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and salivation, and the two drugs antagonised each other's effects. Clonidine reduced subjectively rated alertness. These results confirm the arousal increasing effect of the centrally acting noradrenergic activating drug yohimbine and the opposite effect of clonidine, and the suitability of PST to detect these effects.\n1.\tLowenstein O et al 1963. Invest. Ophthalmol 2, 138-157 \n2.\tL\u00fcdtke H et al. 1998. Vision Res 38, 2889-2896 \n4.\tWilhelm B et al 1998a. Sleep 21, 258-265 \n5.\tWilhelm H et al 1998b. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236, 725-729 \n6.\tRobbins TW and Everitt BJ (1995) Arousal systems and attention. In: Gazzaniga MS (ed) The cognitive neurosciences. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, pp 703-720","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","M.A. Phillips","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":477,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-07","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"FORCED PARALLEL OSCILLATIONS IN THE PUPIL SYSTEM AND THE HEART RATE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-07","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":458,"original_file_name":"1170400676905.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122091,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":477,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"In 1997 we demonstrated the influence of periodic workload on heart rate, pupil diameter and light reflex amplitude of the pupil in some cases. The aim of this study was to analyse the time relations between variations of those parameters. The present paper continues these investigations and presents the results of 15 subjects.\n\nBy a weak workload the activity of the sympathetic system was raised periodically. In intervals of two minutes our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer twenty times during 20 seconds. At this work the force was constant (10 N) and the distance was adjusted between 20 and 40 mm depending on the constitution of the subject. The total duration of each experiment was 660 s. In intervals of 10s a weak, threshold-near 0.1s light stimulus was given to the left eye. The influence of the pupil diameter of this eye on the reflex amplitude was eliminated pharmacologically. The pupil diameter of the right eye and the ECG were recorded continuously. From the records the pupil diameter, the light reflex amplitude, the heart rate and their power spectra and cross correlation functions were calculated. \n\nThe results of this calculation show that the three investigated parameters are to be influenced in a characteristic manner. The heart rate and the pupil diameter increase, the light reflex amplitude decreases periodically as a result of the increase of the sympathetic activity by the work load. The results concerning the analysis of the time co-ordination between the parameters did not meet our expectations. To our astonishment the time shift between work load and the investigated functions shows strong inter-individual differences.\n\nThe investigation was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to national and local Human-Subjects requirements.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Franz Thoss","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Dirk Sandner"]},{"item_id":478,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-08","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"ACCOMMODATION AND PUPILLARY NEAR RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH TONIC PUPILS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-08","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":459,"original_file_name":"1170400677874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124275,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":478,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The tonic pupil is characterized primarily by pupillary abnormalities. Results of studies investigating accommodation in tonic pupils are contradictive. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the differences between the affected and the normal eye concerning pupillary near response and accommodation.\n\nMethods By means of real time (25 Hz) infrared video retinoscopy and simultaneous pupillography, refraction and pupil diameter were recorded during fixation of a target at distances of 2, 3, 4 and 5 diopters in 11 patients, aged between 15 and 38, with tonic pupil. Measurements were performed with monocular fixation. The diagnosis of tonic pupil was based on the clinical examination and pharmacological testing with pilocarpin (0.1%), i.e. cholinergic hypersensitivity.\nMeasurements of the affected eye and the normal eye were compared and analysed by paired t-test. Parameters of evaluation were the amplitude of accommodation, the initial pupil size and the pupillary near response.\n\nResults Amplitudes of accommodation were smaller in tonic pupils (mean difference 0.78 dpt, t-ratio 2.54, DF 10, p<0.05). The initial pupil size showed no significant effect whereas the pupillary near response was significantly smaller in tonic pupils (mean difference 0.55 mm, t-ratio 1.48, DF 10, p<0.01).\n\nConclusions For the first time changes in pupil size and accommodation could be investigated simultaneously in a group of patients with tonic pupils. The expected effects of decreased accommodation and pupillary near response as a consequence of the parasympathetic deficit compared to the healthy eye were shown to be significant.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen\nCommunicating author: Constantin Kriegbaum MD, Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, Pupil Lab, Schleichstr. 12-16, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Constantin Kriegbaum","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":479,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-09","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIAS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-09","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":460,"original_file_name":"1170400678843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":123258,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":479,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose To evaluate the effect on the pupillary light reflex in patients with homonymous hemianopias.\n\nMethods Pupil responses to a dim hemianopic were measured in 28 normal and 13 hemianopic patients with occipital lesions. An algebraic model of the pupil light reflex pathway was used to calculate the percentage of crossed and uncrossed fibers from each eye in the chiasm and from each pretectal nucleus in the midbrain. We derived a measure of the hemianopic pupillary defect (HPD) by taking the ratio of the percentage of crossed fibers from the contralateral eye to that of the ipsilateral eye. HPD's in symmetric crossings would be 1 and in a total hemianopic defect would be zero. Patients were divided into two groups based on MRI's. Group 1 consisted of 6 patients with additional midbrain or optic tract involvement while the 7 patients in group 1 appeared to have isolated occipital cortex involvement. Most defects were total hemianopias and were similar in the two groups.\n\nResults The mean HPD was 1.0 (std = .11) in normals. This differed significantly from both group 1 (0.4 std .25 p < 0.003 ) and group 2 (0.72 std = 0.26, p < 0.05), but group 1 and 2 were not different from one another (p = .052). Midbrain calculations suggested abnormalities in 4\/6 patients of group1 but only 1\/7 in group 2. Dividing the patients into acute and chronic lesions showed a much more striking difference between the HPD's of the two groups ( means 0.39 & 0.85 p = 0.005).\n\nConclusions The HPD decreased as the chance of an optic tract or midbrain problem increased, independent of visual field changes. This suggests that associated optic tract\/midbrain damage is common, especially in acute lesions, and explains most of the pupillary changes seen in hemianopic patients. A mild pupillary effect from isolated cortical damage cannot be ruled out.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Rosenberg","M. Sobol","R. Clarke","N. Borden"]},{"item_id":480,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-10","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EVALUATION OF STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS IN PUPIL PERIMETRY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-10","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":461,"original_file_name":"1170400679796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":125354,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":480,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose The pupil reaction to focal light stimuli can be used for an objective evaluation of the visual field. Obtaining reliable PLR for all subjects may be dependent on conditions of stimulation and measurement. We tried to evaluate the best stimulus conditions to obtain reproducible pupil reactions for each stimulus location for each subject tested.\n\nMethods We performed pupil perimetry in 26 young normals. An infrared video-pupillography device was used for PLR registration and the stimuli were generated on a computer screen at a distance of 30 cm to the subject's eye. We presented 25 stimuli within the central 21 degree visual field and ran four trials of a fixed sequence of stimuli (stimulus duration 200 ms, interval 2.5 sec). Three different stimulus sizes were used (2, 3 and 4 degrees of diameter) with two different luminances (26 and 54 cd\/m2) on a background of 1 cd\/m2 (i.e. 3 dB difference between both luminances). \n\nResults Pupil responses increased with increasing stimulus size and luminance. Stimulus size and luminance amplified the effect of each other. Within the central 15 degrees, a PLR could be evoked with most stimulus intensities and sizes, whereas at 20 degrees of eccentricity, in several individuals, the dim and small stimuli did not elicit a response. The slope of retinal sensitivity from the centre to the periphery was steeper with larger stimuli than with smaller stimuli, and with brighter stimuli compared to dimmer stimuli. The amount of PLR amplitudes was very similar for the 3 degree, 26 cd\/m2 stimuli and the 2 degree, 54 cd\/m2 stimuli.\n\nConclusions In pupil perimetry, light stimuli need to be more intense than in visual threshold perimetry. Stimulation over threshold often risks causing stray light and thus blur the focal retinal response. In our study, we obtained focal pupil responses with all stimuli used. The very small and dim stimuli however proved not to be suitable to obtain a PLR at every testing location for all subjects tested.\n\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen. Communicating Author: R\u00fcdiger Schmid, University Eye Hospital, Dept of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany. \nGranted by fortuene F. 1222350.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["R\u00fcdiger Schmid","Per Ceurremans","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":481,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-11","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX DURING THC IMPAIRMENT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-11","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":462,"original_file_name":"1170400680812.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":122818,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":481,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"The effect of THC (Cannabis) to the pupillary reaction is discussed controversially. In some police training manuals wide and sluggish pupils are described as valuable signs of the influence of THC. On the other hand some authors had measured the pupilsize during THC-impairment and had observed reduced pupillary diameters.\n\n13 healthy volunteers inhaled a joint containing 40 mg THC within 10 min. The experiments were carried out before the THC consumption, as well as 40 min and 80 min after smoking. Pupil size, and the pupillary light reflex after a short light-stimulus (4 different intensities), were registered by the IR-videopupillography-device CIP 8.00 (AMTech, Weinheim).\n\nLatency of pupillary constriction remained unchanged by THC. The pupil diameter tended to decrease during THC-impairment as well as the amplitude of pupillary constriction after the light stimulus. In accordance with Hepler et al. (Am. J. Ophth. 74: 1185-90, 1972) THC caused effects like reduced amplitude of pupillary constriction, increased heart-rate and decreased lacrimation as well as salivation can be characterised as atropine-like or parasympatholytic effects.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F.G. Priemer","A. Gappmaier"]},{"item_id":482,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-12","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A HUMAN MODEL OF HORNER'S SYNDROME AND ITS PUPILLOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-12","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":463,"original_file_name":"1170400681968.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146989,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":482,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose In Horner patients the sympathetic pathway to the dilatator muscle is damaged. To mimick a Horner's syndrome we inhibited the sympathetic in healthy people and tried to show the pupillographic effect of this inhibition\n\nMethods\nSubjects. In 15 healthy people the sympathetic was inhibited pharmacologically in one eye (Pholedrin on the evening before the measurement, Dapiprazol 1 hour before the measurement in the morning). \nPupillography. The Procyon, a binocular pupillograph, was used for the pupillographic measurements. Three different stimuli (stimulus 1 [1.7 cd\/m2], 2 [17 cd\/m2], 3 (94 cd\/m2]) were presented for about 4s. Both pupils were measured for 6.4s with a frequency of 5Hz. The number of measurements per stimulus was varying.\nEvaluation of pupillograms. The maximum difference in anisocoria (absolute in mm and relative in %) before and during the redilation was defined by a special computer program. \nStatistics. An ANOVA with subjects as random factor and stimulus intensity as fixed factor was calculated for both types of anisocoria.\n\nResults Two of 15 subjects were eliminated because of incomplete measurements. The remaining 13 subjects (age: median 24 years, range 23-50 years) showed a highly significant effect between the different light intensities. This effect was seen in absolute and relative anisocoria (absolute difference in anisocoria: F=17.6, DF=12, p<0.0001; relative difference in anisocoria: F=10.9, DF=12, p<0.0001). For larger intensities the difference in anisocoria was larger (absolute difference in anisocoria: stimulus 1: mean 0.67mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.72mm; stimulus 2 mean 0.95mm, 95%CI 0.91-0.99mm; stimulus 3: mean 1.10mm, 95%CI 1.06-1.14mm; relative difference in anisocoria: stimulus 1: mean 8.5%, 95%CI 7.6-9.4%; stimulus 2 mean 14.3%, 95%CI 13.6-15.1%; stimulus 3: mean 18.3, 95%CI 17.5-19.0%). \n\nDiscussion The pharmacological inhibition of the sympathetic could be shown clearly by pupillography. In a further study in patients with Horner's syndrome the results of pupillography will be compared to those of commonly used cocaine testing. Possibilities to replace cocaine testing by pupillography will be proofed. \nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.\nCommunicating author: Holger L\u00fcdtke, Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, Pupil Lab, Schleichstr. 12-16, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Miriam Schelling","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":483,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-3-13","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"THE SWINGING FLASHLIGHT TEST IN NORMAL SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-3-13","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":464,"original_file_name":"1170400682984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145590,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":483,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose Objective testing of visual function is a strong demand not only in ophthalmology. Because the pupillary light reflex is usually equal in both eyes, interocular differences in the light reflex can be used to detect even subtle damage of the prechiasmal visual pathways. The swinging flashlight test is clinically widely used for this purpose. An interocular difference in the direct light reflex or a difference between the direct and consensual reaction of the same eye indicates relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) if no efferent defect or marked contraction anisocoria is present. A RAPD is only found in neuroretinal damage, never in disturbacies of the optic media. Therefore a RAPD is an important sign in differential diagnosis of an unexplained visual loss. It may be measured by balancing the light reflexes with neutral density filters. Although a RAPD is a very strong indicator of neuro-retinal pathology, it is occasionally seen in subjects without any obvious disease. Therefore we studied the occurrence of a RAPD in normal subjects.\n\nMethods 101 subjects were first examined clinically and then by means of pupillography. The swinging flashlight test was carried out using neutral density filters in 0.15 log-unit steps for measurement. Pupillographically, light emitting diodes were placed in front of each eye, alternately flashing for 2 s and a binocular realtime pupillometer recorded the direct and consensual pupillary response. After artifact detection and removal, the amplitudes of pupillary responses were determined. The mean of the direct and the consensual response was used for evaluation. \n\nResults Pupillographically, in 55 subjects (55%) the RAPD was 0.05 log-units or less, in 64 (64%) 0.1 log unit or less. Only 15 persons (15%) exceeded 0.15 log units and only 2 exceeded 0.3 log-units (maximum 0.39). Clinically no RAPD was found in 83 of 102 subjects (81%), in 11 subjects a RAPD of 0.15 log units and in 8 subjects one of 0.3 log units was seen. No RAPD larger than 0.45 was found clinically. All subjects with a RAPD of 0.3 log units and more underwent perimetry, but no field abnormality was detected. \n\nDiscussion A RAPD may be present even in normal subjects. However, this RAPD is very small, both clinically and pupillographically. A RAPD exceeding 0.39 log-units has not been found, even when pupillographical measures were used. The cause of this RAPD may be an imbalance of the afferent pupillary system including the connections between visual pathways and pretectal nuclei in the midbrain. In conclusion: A small RAPD may be found in normals, a RAPD exceeding 0.3 log-units is very unlikely in normal subjects.\n\nAcknowledgement: The development of the automated swinging flashlight test was granted by TOMEY.\nCertification: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to requirements of the Ethics Committee of the University of T\u00fcbingen.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm","Tobias Peters","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Cyriaque Barry","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":484,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-01","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL RESPONSES TO SINUSOIDALLY MODULATED STIMULUS ATTRIBUTES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-01","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":465,"original_file_name":"1170464910796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146354,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":484,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Purpose We introduce a new method for the rapid, automatic extraction of pupil latency and response amplitude to sinusoidally modulated stimulus attributes such as light flux, contrast and chromatic saturation. A test based on this method provides information on both the dynamic and steady state relative afferent pupil defect and is suitable for clinical use. The results obtained using this technique have been compared to those previously reported for single flashes. \n\nMethod Pupil responses were measured using the P-SCAN system (J. Psychophysiol. 5: 223 - 239, 1991), in which stimuli were presented as a sinusoidal train of 10 cycles, at a temporal frequency of 1Hz, with Hanning windows at onset and offset. Different stimulus parameters were interleaved in the same experiment and pupil response parameters were extracted from the mean of several traces. The technique combines averaging and frequency analysis to increase signal to noise ratio. Three groups of stimuli were investigated, the attributes modulated being: 1. light flux change; 2. contrast at a number of spatial frequencies for grating stimuli; and 3. chromatic saturation of a uniform field that remained photopically and scotopically isoluminant. For all stimuli the target consisted of a 7 deg disc centred on fixation and surrounded by a uniform achromatic background subtending 29ox23o. The background luminance and space and time averaged target luminance remained constant at 16 cd m-2. Discrete Fourier Transform analysis of each mean response trace was carried out automatically. This provides the information needed to compute response amplitude and phase shift (at the modulation frequency), as well as measures of signal to noise ratio and response non-linearity. \n\nResults The experimental findings suggest that the amplitude of pupil response increases monotonically with both contrast and chromatic saturation. Pupil response latencies, on the other hand, did not change with stimulus modulation depth for either luminance or chromatic saturation. For grating stimuli, the response amplitude forms a band-pass response with spatial frequency, peaking at ~ 5 c\/o. The pupil response latency decreased at low spatial frequencies and increased at high spatial frequencies, but remained relatively constant between 1 and 10 c\/ o. These latencies were of the same order as those elicited by coloured stimuli, but almost 100 ms longer than those elicited by light flux modulation. \n\nConclusion The new technique provides a rapid and accurate method for the automatic extraction of pupil response amplitudes and latencies to visual stimuli. The pattern of results reported here is consistent with single flash responses (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 265 (1998) 2321 - 2325; Vision Research, 38 (1998) 3353-3358). The phase-lag latencies measured in this study were however longer than the latency to response onset measured in previous studies. Our findings suggest that latency estimates based on phase-shift measurements at low frequencies correlate more closely with the latency to the peak of the pupil constriction, as observed experimentally with single flashes, rather than to its onset response.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Alison Finlay","J. Alister Harlow","John L. Barbur"]},{"item_id":485,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"23-P-02","last_update_date":1173175733,"creation_date":1173175733,"publication_year":1999,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF PENTAGASTRIN ON THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=23-P-02","index":[{"index_id":82,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 1999, Nottingham"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":466,"original_file_name":"1170464912171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":124395,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":485,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"23rd Pupil Colloquium","place":"Nottingham","abstract":"Experimental anxiety in healthy subjects, induced by the threat of an electric shock, is associated with a reduction of the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex, which can be reversed by diazepam (see Bitsios et al, this Colloquium). In this experiment we examined the effects of pentagastrin, a peptide, which has been proposed as a model anxiogen in man [1] on the pupillary light reflex in normal subjects. For comparison we also examined the effects of the cold pressor test, a procedure which has been reported to activate the sympathetic nervous system without markedly increasing subjective anxiety [2]. \n\nTwelve healthy males (18-35 years) participated in two sessions in which they received (1) pentagastrin intravenously and a control infusion (saline), and (2) cold pressor test (immersion of one hand in water at 4o C for 90 seconds) and a control immersion (37o C for 90 seconds), in a balanced single-blind design. In each session the two treatments were administered in 12-min recording periods separated by 60 min. Resting pupil diameter and constrictor pupillary responses to 15 200-ms light pulses (565 nm, 0.43 mW cm-2) delivered to one eye at 30-s intervals were recorded in darkness by infrared television pupillometry; treatments were initiated after the 7th stimulus. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded by finger plethysmography. After each recording subjects rated their anxiety retrospectively on visual analogue scales [3] and the Panic Symptom Scale [4]. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by paired t-test (criterion of significance P < 0.05). Both pentagastrin and the cold pressor test increased resting pupil diameter without any significant effect on the parameters of the light reflex response. \n\nBoth pentagastrin and the cold pressor test caused increases in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, subjective ratings of anxiety and panic symptoms score. Pentagastrin and the cold pressor test had qualitatively similar effects on the pupil and cardiovascular measures, consistent with sympathetic activation. Although both pentagastrin and the cold pressor test increased subjectively rated anxiety this was not reflected in a reduction in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response. Therefore, we can conclude that the psychological anxiogen (ie. threat of an electric shock) and the chemical anxiogen (ie. pentagastrin) evoke anxiety via different mechanisms.\nLines C et al 1995. Br J Clin Pharmacol 93, 235-242.\nMarriott I et al 1990. Clin Sci 79, 43-50.\nBond A J and Lader M H 1974. Br J Med Psychol 47, 211-218.\nVan Megan H J G M et al 1994. Psychopharmacol 114, 449-455.","conference_from_year":1999,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S.J. Tavernor","C.M. Bradshaw","E. Szabadi"]},{"item_id":486,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGES IN OPTIC NERVE FUNCTION OVER TIME FROM UNILATERAL ELEVATIONS IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASURED BY THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":467,"original_file_name":"1170393772999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76358,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":486,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: To study the effect of unilateral high intraocular pressure (IOP) and its treatment on the asymmetry of optic nerve function over time as measured by the pupil afferent input between the two eyes.\n\nMETHODS: Eight patients who presented with acute elevation of IOP in one eye were studied over an average of 138 days (range 70-206 days) of treatment using computerized infrared pupillography. A stimulus-response function (log intensity of stimulus vs. pupil contraction of the normotensive eye) was characterized as a function of light input to the affected eye and fellow, normotensive eye using a Naka-Rushton sigmoid curve fit. The difference in the area under each curve, a reflection of the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), was quantified at each test session.\n\nRESULTS: There was a significant linear correlation between the average IOP over the time of the study and the change in the RAPD (R2=0.670, p value=.007) for the 8 patients. The slope of this line indicated that for every 10 mm Hg increase in average IOP, there was a worsening of approximately 4.4 decibels of RAPD. A significant correlation was also found between maximum IOP and worsening in RAPD (R2=0.506, p value=.048). Worsening in RAPD over time occurred from the initial test to the final test over the course of the study in 5 patients. In 4 patients the IOP was not easily controlled at the onset of the study, resulting in spiking of IOP during the study associated with a worsening in the RAPD, followed by an improvement, when the IOP was lowered. The transient change in function was delayed in 2 of the 4 patients with an IOP spike.\n\nDISCUSSION: Elevation of IOP correlated with a proportional amount of optic nerve damage, as measured by the pupil light reflex, over the course of this study. Acute, transient elevations of IOP can cause a transient worsening of function, but it may be delayed. The pupil light reflex, unlike visual field testing, is objective and may be useful in monitoring changes in optic nerve function with time.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Veteran\u2019s Administration Merit Review Grant, Zeiss-Humphrey Corp, Lew Wasserman Scholarship (Dr. Kardon), and Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["SC Anderson","RH Kardon","YH Kwon","ML Pereira"]},{"item_id":487,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE PUPIL AS A CONTROL SYSTEM","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":468,"original_file_name":"1170391372515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75074,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":487,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The pupil, because of its relative simplicity \u2013 single degree of freedom, non-invasive and easily controlled light stimulus, only a transparent surface between the iris muscle and the instrumentation, and classical reflex to light \u2013 has served as a paradigm for the introduction of quantitative control theory into physiology. \n\nElectrical engineering contributed much. Instrumentation ranged from infra-red reflection photo-cells to video cameras. Very early on-line computers with special analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog ports enabled real-time data acquisition. The bioengineering instrumentation enabled both optical and electronic manoeuvres to produce open-loop and altered gain operational modes. \n\nMathematical analysis concentrated on use of the Fourier series, and thus structured the nature of the input-output experiments. These were small, steady-state signals amenable for averaging and continuous registration as opposed to more usual transient stimuli and responses. Following Norbert Wiener\u2019s correlation and spectral analysis, early studies of both transfer function spectra and of noise outputs were accomplished. Later, these were extended to non-linear functional analysis, with white noise inputs and Volterra-Wiener series outputs.\n\nThe conceptual changes in approach were most important. Control theory required considerations of feedback, open-loop conditions, evaluations of gain and stability. Control theory also enabled one to understand the nature of oscillations as produced by instability conditions. Modelling may be considered as important conceptually. Linear lumped parameter models derived from transfer functions were structured so as to be \u201chomeomorphic\u201d models. This means that the elements of the model had one-to-one relationships with the anatomical and physiological elements of the system being studied. Eventually these models were run on digital computers using rapid matrix multiplication techniques. \n\nThus we were able to not only determine the pupil transfer function, but also to demonstrate how operational changes of gain produced oscillations. A series of noise studies also pioneered many physiological endeavours.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":488,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"ANTERIOR SEGMENT PHARMACOKINETICS \u2014 HOW THINGS MOVE AROUND","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":469,"original_file_name":"1170391486421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75875,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":488,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Earlier work suggested an important role for aqueous convectional flow in anterior segment transport, including pharmacokinetics (J Oc Pharm Therapeutics, 1996; ARVO 1997; ARVO 2000; J Oc Pharm Therapeutics, in press). In the context of such flow, the present work considers drug entry into the anterior chamber, and the subsequent pathway to an anterior segment target. \n\nMETHODS: Convectional flow was modelled in a simplified anterior chamber. The model employed principles of fluid flow, and drew on experimental results and on a theoretical analysis of anterior chamber convection by Canning, Dewynne, Fitt & Greaney. Drugs were \u201capplied\u201d at a single corneal location in the model, and subsequent drug movement was treated as a sequence of steps, each step either by diffusion or by transport in the convectional flow (\u201cbulk flow\u201d). Model results were compared with experimental data from studies using focal application of mydriatics.\n \nRESULTS: From \u201cthree-dimensional\u201d pupil data (shape as a function of time), it is possible to determine a \u201cprimary latency\u201d (earliest effect, occurs on the same side of the iris as the application) and a \u201csecondary latency\u201d (effect appearing on the side of the iris opposite to the application). Estimates of initial latency were in reasonable accord with experimental observations, but secondary latencies showed dramatic discrepancies. For example, with the head upright, modelling predicts that a drug should reach superior iris a few minutes after it reaches inferior iris; however, experimental focal applications to inferior limbus often produced near-zero effect in superior iris (phenylephrine) or an effect with much longer latency than predicted (tropicamide). This discrepancy generalized to some cases with head tilt; e.g., if an eye was tilted temporal-side-down, and phenylephrine was applied focally at the temporal limbus, little effect was observed in nasal iris. A related phenomenon was observed in the data for pupil elongation and center-displacement: \u201cWith-gravity\u201d applications (e.g. at inferior limbus with the head upright) caused pupil elongation and pupil-center displacement; however, \u201cagainst-gravity\u201d applications (e.g. at superior limbus with the head upright) caused pupil elongation but not center displacement. In keeping with the latency results, this seemingly-paradoxical finding is due to drug arriving on both sides of the iris after \u201cagainst-gravity\u201d applications, but primarily on one side after \u201cwith-gravity\u201d applications. \n\nDISCUSSION: Inclusion of secretory flow in the pattern of anterior chamber fluid flow may help to reconcile modelling and experiment. Although secretory flow is slow compared to convectional flow, for some locations \u2014 in particular, near the pupil and near the angle \u2014 it can be significant. One implication of these considerations is that localized application of a drug (e.g. with a sustained release device) might be surprisingly ineffective at reaching certain target locations.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt"]},{"item_id":489,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RABBIT IRIS SPHINCTER AND DILATOR MUSCLES","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":470,"original_file_name":"1170391494577.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":91228,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":489,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: After the first work done by Lawrence Stark (1957), several mathematical models of the pupil have been developed. However, due to lack of the physiological evidence, each model uses assumptions for determining its structure or function. In this study, mechanical properties of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles were experimentally examined in order to develop bio-physiologically plausible model.\n\nMETHODS: Iris sphincter and dilator muscle specimens were prepared from male albino rabbits. Two kinds of experiments were performed: Exp.1: isometric contraction experiment and Exp.2: isotonic quick release experiment. In Exp.1, passive and active tensions at several steps of muscle length were recorded under the isometric condition. Active tension of the sphincter was induced by acetylcholine 10mM and of the dilator was induced by phenylephrine 0.1mM. In Exp.2, first, the muscle was fully contracted by drugs previously described, and then quick release was performed under different load conditions. Tension and displacement of the muscle were simultaneously recorded.\n\nRESULTS: The tension-length relationship was obtained from the Exp.1. The result indicate that, for example, passive tension of the sphincter increases as a function of the length at which the active tension is maximized, however, passive tension of the dilator increases as a function of the relatively shorter muscle length. Comparison of these properties allows us to understand the contribution of each muscle in determining the pupil size at steady state. In Exp.2, load-extension and load-velocity relationships were obtained. The load-velocity curve could be described by Hill\u2019s equation. Moreover, it was shown that viscous-like force, which is obtained from the load-velocity curve, is a function of not only the velocity but also the contractile force.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Tension-length, load-extension and load-velocity properties provide the information for parallel elastic, serial elastic and viscous component of the model, respectively. Our next step is to combine the each component to complete the model, and compare the model response with the pupillary response in vivo to confirm the accuracy of the model.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kazutsuna Yamaji","Takeshi Yoshitomi","Shiro Usui","Yoshitaka Ohnishi"]},{"item_id":490,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"BIOMECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE PUPIL","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":471,"original_file_name":"1170391496765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":73972,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":490,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"In this paper, a computational model for iris structure is proposed, implemented and visualized in matlab environment. The model employs a network of elements based on the Huxley sliding filament model for striated muscle. A simplified concatenation of these active muscle elements, based on symmetries of the iris structure is arranged radially and circumferentially to represent dilator and sphincter of the iris. Passive elasticities are similarly arranged.\n \nSimulations successfully recreated overall non-linear 'length-tension' curve. It also reproduces experimental results from our lab of pupil deformations due to non-uniform application of pupil dilator drugs. These experiments produced oblately-shaped pupils that were captured on a video pupillometer. \n\nA major extension of the model would be to convert the current version to a complete two-dimensional finite element model for greater homeomorphic correspondence. This actuator model is itself a component of an overall pupil model (consisting of both light and distance stimuli and their sensor operators, central nervous system noise generators, cross-connections to the triadic system) that exhibits non-linear behaviors matching real pupillary responses.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yeuk Fai Ho","Corina VandePol","Claudio Privitera","Lawrence W. Stark"]},{"item_id":491,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-05","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES MEDIATING SYMPATHETICALLY EVOKED MYDRIASIS IN RATS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-05","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":472,"original_file_name":"1170391498765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74624,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":491,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"In previous work from this laboratory, we reported that the alpha-adrenoceptors of the cat iris dilator were pharmacologically distinct in that they could not be simply classified as either of the alpha1 or alpha2 subtypes. This study is an extension of that project and was undertaken to determine the alpha-adrenoceptors and subtypes that mediate sympathetically evoked mydriasis in rats. \n\nReproducible frequency-response curves of pupillary dilation were generated by electrical stimulation of the cervical preganglionic sympathetic nerve (1-32 Hz). Systemic administration of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, phenoxybenzamine (0.03-3.0 mg\/kg), prazosin (0.01-1.0 mg\/kg) and phentolamine (0.3-10 mg\/kg), dose-dependently inhibited electrically evoked mydriasis. These drugs also antagonized norepinephrine (1.0-100 ug\/kg, i.v.) induced pupillary dilation. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, rauwolscine (0.1-1.0 mg\/kg), shifted the frequency-response curve leftward, while having no effect on norepinephrine induced pupillary response. Intravenous administration of subtype selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, WB4101 (0.1-1.0 mg\/kg) and chlorethylclonidine (1.0-15 mg\/kg) dose-dependently inhibited electrically evoked mydriasis. The alpha1D subtype selective antagonist, BMY 7378 (1.0 \u20133.0 mg\/kg) had no effect on sympathetically evoked mydriasis but it significantly shifted the norepinephrine evoked pressor response curve rightward. \n\nThese results suggest that both alpha1A and alpha1B subtypes, but not alpha1D adrenoceptors, mediate sympathetically evoked mydriasis in rats. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors do not mediate postsynaptic mydriatic effect, and are located pre-junctionally, inhibiting norepinephrine release during sympathetic nerve stimulation.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael C. Koss","Yongxin Yu"]},{"item_id":492,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-06","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION: AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE OF OPIOID EFFECT?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-06","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":473,"original_file_name":"1170391500859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74806,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":492,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The human pupil constricts with low doses of intravenous opioids. A recent report suggests that pupillary constriction can be observed even in the absence of subjective symptoms such as sedation or euphoria. We hypothesized that a low dose (7.5 mcg\/kg) of intravenous alfentanil would constrict the pupil but not produce any alteration of mood. \n\nMETHOD: After institutional approval and informed consent, patients scheduled for elective surgery were administered an intravenous bolus of alfentanil 7.5 mcg\/kg. Pupil size and light reactivity were measured before and for every min for 10 min following injection. Each subject was instructed to report any subjective feelings of dizziness, sedation, euphoria, nausea, or light-headedness. \n\nRESULTS: Thirteen patients were studied. All patients except one reported feeling some subjective sensation. The pupil constricted in all cases. Peak effect on pupillary constriction was at 3 min. At this time pupil size was 54% +- of preinjection size (P <.05). Recovery of initial size was observed in only one subject 10 min after injection. Because we did not exclude any subject because of disease condition or use of concurrent medication, some unusual pupillary responses were observed. Unusual pupillary responses following alfentanil were observed in 2 patients on dopamine 2 antagonists, 1 patient with advanced diabetes, and in one patient taking methadone for heroin addiction. One subject exhibited an exaggerated response to alfentanil and subsequently became apneic following a second small dose of opioid. \n\nCONCLUSION: There is clearly a use for an objective measure of opioid effect that is not dependent upon a subjective report by the person receiving the drug. Other measures of opioid effect such as end tidal CO2 and CO2 response curves are relatively insensitive and are cumbersome to measure. The large mean pupillary constriction that we observed suggests that even smaller doses of alfentanil might have pupillary effects with no subjective symptoms. The unusual responses we observed in this small sample may have relevance during studies examining the pharmacodynamic properties of mu active opioids.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Claus Niemann","Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":493,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-07","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF TROPICAMIDE ON MYDRIATIC RESPONSE AND LIGHT REFLEX IN ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-07","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":474,"original_file_name":"1170391502749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74546,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":493,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The study objective was to advance our ability to diagnose patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) early in the disease process using a relatively simple, noninvasive, less-expensive, diagnostic test involving the pupillary light reflex and tropicamide blockade of ocular cholinergic functions. Previous studies have not consistently supported the use of these diagnostic tests. \n\nMETHOD: AD patients (n=15), Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n=15) and normal control (NC) participants (n=15) were studied. Pupillographic methods were used to measure changes in pupil diameter and the pupillary light reflex during double-blind ocular administration of tropicamide (0.01%) and saline solutions. \n\nRESULTS: All three groups showed similar pupillary dilation with tropicamide. Tropicamide also reduced the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex to a similar extent for all three groups. The amplitude of the pupillary light reflex with saline and tropicamide was abnormally small in both AD and PD, but AD and PD patients did not differ significantly from each other. \n\nDISCUSSION: Tests involving tropicamide blockage of oculomotor functions are not reliable diagnostic tests for AD. \n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: NIMH grant MH56014 to the first author.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Eric Granholm","Shaunna Morris","Erin Rogers","Boris Vukov"]},{"item_id":494,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-08","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CIRCADIAN CHANGES IN EEG THETA POWER BY YOSS PUPIL STAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-08","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":475,"original_file_name":"1170391504593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75790,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":494,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Significant increases in EEG theta power (increases in theta activity in awake EEG) by Yoss pupil stage (percent of maximum diameter, Stage 1 \u201cawake\u201d = 95-100% to Stage 4 \u201csleepy\u201d = 64-75%) have been found in sleep disorder and normal subjects when pupil diameter and EEG data were collected concurrently at 1400 hours (about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period). The purpose of this study was to determine if theta increased by pupil stage and time of day in a sample of normal subjects (9 F, 6 M, 21-58 years of age) who underwent one day of pupillographic Alertness Level Test (ALT) with concurrent EEG polysomnography (PSG) at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours.\n\nPupil diameter and PSG data were collected concurrently at 256 Hz for 15 minutes with the subjects seated in a quiet, dark room. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and C3\/A2 EEG data to 64 Hz. Power spectral density functions (FFT) were calculated on 2 sec epochs for minutes 5-11, and standardized for each individual by dividing each 2 sec epoch by the mean theta power obtained for the first minute of dark recording. The mean pupil diameter for each 2 sec EEG window was calculated, divided by the largest pupil diameter found for each subject during the fourth minute of dark recording, and classified according to the appropriate Yoss pupil stage. The 2 sec theta values for each Yoss stage were aggregated for each subject regardless of when they occurred during the 5-11 minute period. \n\nANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in theta power ratios by time of day (4 times) and pupil stage (4 stages) [F (15) = 17.66, p .000]. Post Hoc Least Significant Difference testing with Bonferroni correction (critical p .008 or <) revealed there were significant differences in the amount of theta activity both within and between testing times by pupil stage. By time of day statistically significant differences in theta power ratios were as follows: 1000 hr \u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1-3; 1200 hr \u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1-3; 1400 hr\u2013 Stage 4 > Stages 1 & 3; 1600 hr \u2013 Stage 2 < Stage 1 and > Stage 4. Between testing periods, the theta power ratio tended to be significantly greater for the afternoon testing periods and the sleepier pupil Stages 3 and 4. \n\nThese data replicate earlier findings which suggest that the pupillographic ALT, like the EEG-based physiologic sleepiness measures (the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test), is a measure of increasing sleepiness in awake individuals, and is a sensitive measure of a lowered level of alertness at mid-afternoon in normal subjects.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by Mr. J. A. Piscopo.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Minu Patel","Maureen Smith"]},{"item_id":495,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-09","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CAN'T SHAKE THAT FEELING: PUPILLARY AND FMRI ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINED PROCESSING IN RESPONSE TO EMOTIONAL INFORMATION IN DEPRESSED INDIVIDUALS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-09","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":476,"original_file_name":"1170391506562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":78249,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":495,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Cognitive clinical research suggests that depressed individuals engage in elaborative processing of emotional information long after it is presented. Affective neuroscience suggests that there are distinct physiological and brain correlates of such emotional information processing styles, potentially involving increased activity in brain structures responsible for recognizing emotional information (e.g., the amygdala) and decreased activity in areas responsible for shutting them off (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in response to emotional information. We examined whether pupil dilation could be used as an on-line index of cognitive and physiological aspects of sustained processing of emotional information in depressed individuals, and whether this index was related to self-reported rumination.\n\nMETHOD: Depressed and control participants responded to a task comprised of alternating emotional processing (valence identification) trials and non-emotional processing (Sternberg memory) trials during two testing sessions. At the first session pupil dilation was measured during the tasks. The second involved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment on a 1.5T GE scanner. Predictions for pupil dilation and fMRI were generated using a computational neural network model of attention to emotional information.\n\nRESULTS: As predicted, compared to controls, depressed individuals displayed sustained pupil dilation in response to trials requiring emotional processing up to 15 seconds after an emotional word was presented, especially when it was personally relevant. fMRI data revealed that depressed individuals displayed sustained bilateral amygdala activity, particularly in response to negative words, as well as decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity in response to negative information up to 30 seconds after words were presented. Together, sustained amygdala and DLPFC activity to negative vs. positive words predicted 52% of the variation in sustained pupil dilation to negative vs. positive words, after controlling for depression. Moreover, differences in both sustained pupil dilation and amygdala activity to negative vs. positive words were moderately correlated with self-reported depressive rumination.\n\nDISCUSSION: Together, these data suggest that depressed individuals engage in sustained processing of emotional information, characterized by increased amygdala activity and decreased prefrontal cortical activity. This sustained processing is related to self-reported rumination. This research supports the use of pupil dilation as a non-invasive measure for detecting these cognitive and brain disruptions in emotional information processing.\n\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by MH55762, MH30914, MH01306-05, MH16804, & the Veterans Administration","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase","Cameron Carter"]},{"item_id":496,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-10","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE \u2018FEAR-INHIBITED PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX\u2019 AND THE \u2018FEAR-POTENTIATED ACOUSTIC STARTLE RESPONSE\u2019: COMPARISON OF TWO LABORATORY MODELS OF HUMAN ANXIETY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-10","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":477,"original_file_name":"1170391508343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":102317,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":496,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The acoustic startle response consists of the contraction of the skeletal and facial musculature in response to a sudden loud sound, and this response can be conveniently recorded in man by measuring the electromyographic (EMG) response of the orbicularis oculi muscle (startle eyeblink response). The EMG response can be enhanced by exposure to \u2018threatening\u2019 stimuli: for example, cues signalling the imminent delivery of an electric shock (\u2018fear-potentiated acoustic startle response\u2019) [1]. We have shown recently that the pupillary light reflex is attenuated by exposure to cues signalling the threat of an electric shock (\u2018fear-inhibited light reflex\u2019). We have also reported that the inhibition of the light reflex by threat can be antagonised by the anxiolytic drug diazepam [2]. In the experiments reported here, we compared the effects of the threat of electric shock and a chemical anxiogen, pentagastrin, on the two laboratory models of human anxiety.\n\nIn Experiment I, 12 male volunteers participated in three weekly sessions in which they received oral treatment with placebo, diazepam 5 mg and diazepam 10 mg, according to a balanced crossover double-blind design. One hour after ingestion of the treatments, miotic responses to light pulses and EMG responses of the orbicularis oculi muscle to sound pulses were elicited during alternating periods in which the threat of an electric shock (electrodes attached to the subject\u2019s wrist) was present (THREAT) and absent (SAFE). The THREAT condition was associated with a significant increase in the amplitude of the EMG response, a significant reduction of the miotic response amplitude, and an increase in self-rated anxiety. Diazepam attenuated all these effects of THREAT. Diazepam did not affect the amplitude of the miotic response under the SAFE condition, but did suppress the EMG response under this condition.\n\nIn Experiment II, the effects of pentagastrin were compared with those of the cold pressor test, a procedure known to elicit sympathetic activation in 12 male volunteers. The experiment consisted of two parts, each comprising two sessions in which they received (1) pentagastrin (0.3 \uf06dg\/kg, i.v.) and a control infusion (saline), and (2) cold pressor test (90 s hand immersion at 4 C) and a control immersion (37 C), using a balanced single-blind protocol. EMG responses of the orbicularis oculi to sound pulses (Part 1) and miotic responses to light pulses (Part 2) were recorded before, during and after the infusions and hand immersions. The startle response was not significantly affected by pentagastrin, but was reduced during the cold pressor test. Resting pupil diameter increased during both pentagastrin infusion and the cold pressor test, but neither procedure altered the amplitude of the light reflex. The anxiety induced by these treatments, unlike anxiety induced by the threat of electric shock, was not accompanied by potentiation of the startle response or reduction of the miotic response. \n\n1. Grillon C et al., Psychophysiol, 28, 588-595.\n2. Bitsios P et al., Psychopharmacol, 135, 93-98.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E Szabadi","C M Bradshaw and P Bitsios"]},{"item_id":497,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-11","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"DILATION OF THE PUPIL VIA SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS DURING A CONTINOUS PROCESSING TASK","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-11","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":478,"original_file_name":"1170391510734.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74600,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:39","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":497,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Recording of pupil diameter during performance of demanding tasks offers a window on cognitive function. Central mechanisms invoked during continuing processing demands must involve brain regions having the ability to sustain attention and information. Frontal cortical regions have been implicated as subserving such functions , as indicated by neuropsychological deficits in patients with frontal damage, and by neuroimaging studies. Activation of frontal cortical regions has inhibitory effects on the parasympathetic center of the pupil, resulting in relaxation of the pupil sphincter. Change in pupil diameter was used to examine effects of sustained processing related to direct sympathetic stimulation of the dilator muscles, compared with dilation due to inhibition of the parasympathetic pathway. Pupil diameter was recorded in 22 (11 female) normal volunteers who performed arithmetic tasks which were difficult (subtract 7) and easy (add 1). Recordings were obtained both in darkness (to maximize the sympathetic component) and in light (to maximize dilation due to parasympathetic inhibition). Baseline diameter was marginally increased prior to verbalization during the difficult compared to easy task across lighting conditions. There was a significant interaction of task by lighting condition during the period of verbalization: pupil diameter was increased more for the hard relative to easy task in the light than in darkness. For a subgroup of 12 volunteers, recordings were repeated at three additional sessions at which temporary blockade or either the dilator or sphincter of the pupil was accomplished pharmacologically (using dipaprizole or tropicamide, respectively), or placebo was instilled. This allowed activity in the final autonomic pathways to be isolated. The smallest task effect was observed after blockade of the parasympathetic pathway (sphincter blockade), while an enhanced effect of task was observed after blockade of the sympathetic (dilator) pathway, especially for recordings in light rather than darkness. The findings indicate that the greatest contribution to pupillary change for the demanding task was associated with inhibition of the parasympathetic system. This is consistent with the notion of a significant active inhibitory input at the midbrain from descending cortical pathways.\t\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Annette Kasparek","Ruth Condray","Greg J.Siegle"]},{"item_id":498,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-12","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"SLEEPINESS OUTCOMES OF NARCOLEPSPY SUBJECTS ON TRADITIONAL STIMULANTS VERSUS MODAFINIL","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-12","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":479,"original_file_name":"1170392396546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76321,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":498,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Modafinil is a novel Schedule IV wake-promoting compound that is FDA approved to treat the sleepiness of narcolepsy. This add-on study was conducted as part of a Cephalon-sponsored Phase IV open trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of switching narcoleptics from traditional stimulant medications (cylert, methylphenidate, or dextroamphetamine) to 200 or 400 mgs of modafinil [Provigil (TM)] once daily upon arising in the AM. The purpose of this Cephalon-approved add on study was to determine if changes in subjective sleepiness and pupillographic outcome measures could be detected in the sample (6 M, 5 F, 25-68 yrs of age). All subjects met the ICSD criteria for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Data were collected over a period of 8 weeks when subjects were 1) on their traditional stimulant (screen visit), 2) after stimulant medication wash out that was verified by a urine drug screen (baseline) and 3) after 6 weeks of treatment (1 subject was on 200 mgs and 10 were on 400 mgs of modafinil at the 6 week visit).\n\nOn subjective measures the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction (p .017 or <) revealed significant differences in mean rank for ratings on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) between the 3 time periods [Chi-Square (2) = 8.5, p .014]. An ESS score of 0-9 is considered normal, 10-15 moderately sleepy and >15 severely sleepy. At screen the mean (SD) rating was 15.5+\/-4.4, baseline 17.6+\/-5.3 and on modafinil 11.9+\/-5.7. On the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Friedman results approached significance [Chi-Square (2) = 6.7, p .035]. On the FOSQ a lower rating on items associated with the 5 scales denote more difficulty with performing everyday activities (1 = extreme difficulty to 4 = no difficulty, scores are obtained by multiplying the average rating for each scale by 5). The mean (SD) FOSQ scores for the respective time periods were 13.3+\/-2.4, 12.5 +\/-3.6 and 14.6+\/-2.9.\n\nThe 15 minute pupillographic Alertness Level Test (ALT) was conducted at midafternoon with the subjects seated in a quiet, dark room at all three time periods. After cleaning, pupil diameter data were downsampled to 8 Hz and the pupillary unrest index (PUI) was calculated for the 4-11 minute time period of the ALT. Higher scores represent a greater amount of pupil unrest and increasing sleepiness in awake individuals. A mean of 4.9+\/-1.98 has been reported by Wilhelm et al. for normally sleeping, alert individuals. Friedman PUI results revealed no significant differences between the 3 time periods [Chi-Square (2) = 2.2, p .34]. The respective mean (SD) for the 3 time periods were 8.5+\/-4.9, 11+\/-6.1 and 11.1+\/-5.1. Finally, on ratings of medication effectiveness, subjects rated modafinil as equally effective as their prior stimulant in controlling sleepiness (Wilcoxon Z = -1.34, p .18), but indicated greater satisfaction with their prior stimulant (Wilcoxon Z = -2.05, p .04).\n\nVarious reasons that need further investigation but might explain the inconsistencies found between subjective ratings and pupillography findings include 1) the placebo effect, 2) subjective difficulties in assessing their level of sleepiness, 3) residual rebound sleepiness after taking traditional stimulants and 4) inadequate dosing with modafinil.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by Mr. J. A. Piscopo.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Harold C. Schnyders","Boris Vern","Barbara Berger","Anna Stone","Fang Fang"]},{"item_id":499,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-1-13","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE FEAR-INHIBITED LIGHT REFLEX: IMPORTANCE OF THE AVERSIVENESS OF THE ANTICIPATED EVENT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-1-13","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":480,"original_file_name":"1170392397921.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":94537,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":499,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"We have shown previously that the threat posed by the anticipation of an electric shock increases the initial diameter of the pupil and decreases the amplitude of the light reflex response compared to periods when subjects are resting. We termed the threat-induced decrease in light reflex amplitude the \u201cfear-inhibited light reflex\u201d and proposed that it could be a potential laboratory model for human anxiety [1]. It is not clear, however, whether the observed changes in the pupillary measures are specific to the anxiety with which the threat of a shock is presumably associated, or whether they could be caused by the anticipation of any external, not necessarily harmful, event. To address this question, we examined the effects of the anticipation of an electric shock (putative aversive event) and the effects of anticipation of an acoustic stimulus (putative neutral event) on the light reflex.\n\nTwelve healthy volunteers [6 male, 6 female] aged 18-35 years participated in a training session and a few days later in an experimental session. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infra-red binocular television pupillometer. The light stimuli were flashes generated by a light-emitting diode (0.43 mW cm-2, 200 ms, peak wavelength 565 nm). A constant current square pulse (1.5 mA, 50 ms) was delivered twice to the skin overlying the median nerve of the left wrist. Acoustic stimuli (2 kHz, 100 dB, 200 ms) were delivered via headphones over a 70 dB background noise. Mood and feelings were self-rated on visual analogue scales.\n\nThe experimental session consisted of two parts, and each part comprised seven identical blocks of three light stimuli of the same intensity and duration. In each part, responses in each block were recorded under either relaxation (R) or anticipation (A) condition; the two conditions alternated regularly. \u201cA\u201d blocks were associated with the anticipation of an electrical stimulus (\u201cshock\u201d) in Part 1, and with the anticipation of an acoustic stimulus in Part 2.\n\nThe anticipation of the electrical stimulus was associated with significant increases in initial pupil diameter and subjectively rated \u201canxiety\u201d and \u201calertness\u201d, and a decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response, whereas anticipation of the acoustic stimulus was associated with increases in initial pupil diameter and subjective \u201calertness\u201d only.\n\nThese results show that the increase in initial pupil diameter is related to the anticipation of any stimulus, whereas the decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response is associated with the aversiveness of the anticipated stimulus. Furthermore, the increase in subjective anxiety in association with the anticipation of the electric shock indicates that the anticipation of the aversive stimulus was anxiogenic.\n\n1. Bitsios P et.al., Psychopharmacol, 135, 93-98.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P Bitsios","E Szabadi","C M Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":500,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE LATENCY TIME OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX: INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING RATE, STIMULUS INTENSITY AND STIMULUS DURATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":481,"original_file_name":"1170392399155.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76317,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":500,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Variability of the pupil latency time and sensitivity to changes in input are the primary determinants of its clinical usefulness. It is uncertain whether higher sampling frequency during recording of the pupil light reflex would provide any greater accuracy in analyzing the latency time from the tracing of the pupil.\n\nPURPOSE: The variability of the latency time of the pupil light reflex in normal subjects was compared under conditions of changing stimulus intensity and duration by simultaneous recording of the pupil at 60Hz and 1000Hz.\n\nMETHODS: Computerized binocular infrared pupillography was performed on 8 eyes of 4 healthy subjects, recording both pupils at 60 Hz and 1000 Hz, simultaneously. Each eye was stimulated 8 times for 50msec duration every 2.5 seconds at 5 stimulus intensities, increasing by 0.5 log units over a 2.0 log unit range. The effect of stimulus duration on latency time was also measured by stimuli of the following lengths: 16.8 msec, 50 msec, 100 msec, and 200 msec. The beginning of the pupil light reflex was defined as the time where maximal acceleration occurred. Three sampling frequencies were compared: 1) 60 Hz (video of bright pupil diameter), 2) 60 Hz velocity interpolated to 300 Hz using a cubic spline method, and 3) 1000 Hz (photodiode of bright pupil image).\n\nRESULTS: the 1000 Hz recording gave a significantly smaller standard deviation (S.D.=4.94 msec) compared to the 60 Hz (S.D.=6.57 msec) and 300 Hz interpolation (S.D.=6.27 msec). Most of the variability in latency time from reaction to reaction appeared to be represented by biological variability of input and not measurement variability or output variability, since the right and left pupil latency times for each pupil light reflex showed less variability. The latency time became shorter in a highly predictable manner with increasing stimulus intensity and duration. The change in latency time was as great as 20 msec\/0.5 log unit at the dimmest range of intensity and as short as 10 msec\/0.5 log unit at the brightest intensity. The relationship between log intensity and latency time and stimulus duration and intensity time were highly correlated between the input to the right and left eyes of an individual, but varied between subjects.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The 1000Hz data collection is a promising tool in obtaining more precise latency measurement of the pupillary light reflex. In addition, the four-point interpolation of the 60 Hz velocity (to yield 300 Hz data) might improve the diagnostic power of data collected at 60 Hertz. Most of the variability of latency time appears to be due to biologic variability of the pupil light reflex. The non-linear change in latency with changes in intensity and duration appear to make it more sensitive over the dimmer and shorter duration stimulus range.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California, and a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon","Oliver Bergamin"]},{"item_id":501,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"LATENCY OF REFLEX PUPILLARY DILATION DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":482,"original_file_name":"1170392400280.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75095,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":501,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Noxious stimulation in awake subjects produces dilation of the pupil with a latency of between 300 and 400 msec. Preliminary studies have shown that during general anesthesia, the latency of pupillary dilation is much longer than 400 msec. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that the delay in pupillary dilation following noxious stimulation during general anesthesia is longer than 400 msec and is caused by slowly conducting afferent nerve (C) fibers that transmit nociceptive information.\n\nMETHOD: After Human Research Committee approval and informed consent, 8 volunteers were anesthetized with a propofol induction and maintained with 5% end-tidal desflurane. Vecuronium bromide infusion was used to maintain paralysis. Noxious stimuli were provided by 3 sec 100 Hz 60-80 mAmp electrical current every 5 min, alternating between an upper (C5) and lower (L4) dermatome. Infrared pupillary scans at 20 Hz were taken before and during each stimulus. Latency to pupillary dilation was measured by analyzing these initial pupillary scans to determine the time of onset for the first sustained dilation above the baseline diameter. Estimated additional conduction distances in peripheral nerves arising from the L4 stimulus (leg) compared to the C5 stimulus (shoulder) were estimated from body height. Comparisons between the latency of pupillary dilation between the L4 and C5 stimuli were made with unpaired t tests P<.05 was considered significant.\n\nRESULTS: Mean latency of pupillary dilation following stimulation of the C5 dermatome was 900 msec and from the L4 845 msec P < .05. Estimated additional peripheral nerve conduction length for the 8 volunteers was 72 cm.\n\nDISCUSSION: This report demonstrates that pupillary dilation following noxious stimulation has a long latency, approximately twice the latency that has been previously reported during the awake state. It is unlikely that delays in synaptic conduction brought about by desflurane could account for this effect, and suggests that pupillary dilation during anesthesia is brought about by a different mechanism compared to the dilation observed in the awake condition. C fibers, conducting at a rate of 1 meter\/sec would expect to add over 500 msec to the latency of pupillary dilation arising from the L4 dermatome, compared to the C5 dermatome. We observed only a 55 msec delay which would be consistent with the theory that this reflex is generated by the more rapidly conducting A delta pain fibers. The prolonged latency of 800 ~ 900 msec suggests that pupillary dilation is part of the efferent arm, perhaps the motor component of the nociceptive reflex.\n\nReference: 1. Anesthesiology 87:849-855, 1997","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P Berry","MD Larson"]},{"item_id":502,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS BALANCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON PUPIL DIAMETER AND LIGHT SENSITIVITY OF THE PUPIL - A RE-EVALUATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":483,"original_file_name":"1170392401421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74238,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":502,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"The light sensitivity of the pupil shows spontaneous oscillations. These oscillations could be due to the oscillations of the visual sensitivity we have described earlier. On the other hand, fluctuations of the sympathicovagal balance could contribute. As a first step of a discrimination between these possibilities, we investigated the influence of forced oscillations of the sympathicovagal balance on light sensitivity and pupil diameter. We generated these oscillations by a weak periodic work load and measured them by the heart rate. We expected to determine the temporal relations between connected parameters by means of a correlation analysis with the heart rate. In the analysis presented in 1999, we related the different parameters to the time shape of the workload itself. Following discussion with Harry Wyatt we realized that the individual physical and psychological load are very difficult to describe by a common mathematical relation and that therefore our analysis had a weak basis. \nAs the workload, our subjects had to pull the handle of a hand ergometer twenty times during 20 seconds in intervals of two minutes. The total duration of each experiment was 660 s. During this time the ECG, the pupil diameter, and the reactions of the pupil on constant, threshold near light stimuli were recorded. As well as the current diameter, the light reflex amplitudes and the heart rate were calculated from the records. \nThe results show that the investigated parameters are influenced in a characteristic manner. The heart rate and the pupil diameter increase, the light reflex amplitude decreases periodically as a result of the increase of the sympathetic and decrease of the parasympathetic activity due to the workload. The time shifts between heart rate and pupil diameter respectively reflex amplitude were determined by cross correlation. The medians for 11 subjects show a significant earlier decrease of light sensitivity (2.4 s) related to the increase of the heart rate. Between pupil dilatation and increase of the heart rate no significant time shift results.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["F. Thoss","B. Bartsch","H. Luedtke","D. Sandner"]},{"item_id":503,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"VIDEO-BASED RECORDING SYSTEM FOR THREE OCULAR FUNCTIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":484,"original_file_name":"1170392402702.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":77420,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":503,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Three ocular functions, namely pupillary reflex, lens accommodation and eye movement, control the retinal image by functioning co-operatively. To investigate the mechanism of the co-operative behaviour, we developed a video-based recording system which can measure them simultaneously.\n\nMETHODS: In the system developed, the subject sits with his head in a chin-rest, and observes various visual stimulus through the dichroic mirror. The images of right and left eye are taken by CCD cameras respectively. Each eye image consists of two fields: one for a black pupil image (BPI) obtained by illuminating the iris, the other for a white pupil image (WPI) produced by the knife edge optics (KEO). They are captured by a personal computer and then processed in real-time. The BPI is binarized to detect the pupil area using an oval fitting. The pupil diameter and the eye position are measured from its major axis and center co-ordinate respectively. The torsional eye movement is calculated as the angle that takes the maximum value of correlation function of the iris pattern extracted. In the WPI, the fundus reflection is inclined in proportion to the accommodative state by the KEO. The lens accommodation is measured as a slope of the reflection, provided that the slope is normalized by square of pupil diameter. Because of the KEO, it is necessary to keep one eye on the line of sight for measuring accommodation. Therefore the convergence is measured from the other eye position.\n\nRESULTS: The precision of the system is evaluated using schematic eyes. \nThe results are as follows: 1) 0.08mm for pupil diameter, 2) 0.3 and 0.2deg for horizontal and vertical eye position, 3) 0.4deg for torsion, and 4) 0.1D for accommodation.\n\nBy using this recording system, we are now studying the characteristics of triadic ocular function induced by an apparent depth cue based on linear perspective.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: A part of this study has been supported by NTT Cyber Space Laboratories, Japan.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroyuki Sakai","Yasuo Ishigure","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":504,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-05","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL STUDIES IN A PATIENT WITH PARINAUD\u2019S SYNDROME \u2013 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ORGANISATION OF CENTRAL INHIBITION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-05","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":485,"original_file_name":"1170392403890.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":86577,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":504,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Parinaud\u2019s Syndrome (PS) is associated with lesions to the dorsal midbrain\/pretectal area. Classically the pupillary near reaction is preserved, while the pupil light reflex (PLR) is largely absent. Studies in patients with PS syndrome may provide answers to a number of questions concerning the organisation of pupil pathways. In this study we test for:\nA. The existence of pupil response components that may be elicited directly through the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nuclei in the absence of signal processing in the pretectum, and \nB. The hypothesis that the central sympathetic inhibition of the pupil is mediated directly via the EW nuclei and does not require the pretectum.\n\nMETHODS: Clinical and pupillographic examination of a 23 years old patient with Parinaud\u2019s Syndrome who in childhood underwent several operations for a large pretectal tumor. The patient was examined at the Applied Vision Research Centre, City University London and at the Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen. Different pupillographic set-ups were used with modification of stimulus intensity, duration, colour and pattern. In addition, the pupillographic sleepiness test was also applied during sleep deprivation to test for pupil sleepiness waves as a sign of preserved central sympathetic inhibition.\n\nRESULTS:\n\u2022\tThe pupil light reflex response was largely absent. A small pupil response could however be elicited when the subject was presented with long duration stimuli of high retinal illuminance. On the other hand, pupil reactions to colour and pattern stimuli were found to be normal. These findings suggest that pupil colour and pupil grating responses involve central visual pathways and may well be caused by a transient reduction in central inhibition. \n\u2022\tThe PS patient we have studied shows the characteristic pupil sleepiness waves that are normally observed during sleep deprivation. This observation also suggests that central inhibition is preserved even when the pretectum is damaged sufficiently to abolish the PLR response. \n\nCONCLUSIONS: Transient weakening of the steady-state inhibition that controls the response of the pupil may provide the mechanism for the generation of the pupil response to gratings and chromatic stimuli. The sparing of these responses and the preservation of sleepiness waves in our PS patient suggest that the central inhibition of the pupil response is mediated directly via the EW nuclei and does not require the pretectum.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This study was supported by The Royal Society, London","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":505,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-06","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE TIME COURSE OF INTEROCULAR INHIBITION IN THE PRETECTAL NUCLEI","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-06","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":486,"original_file_name":"1170392405093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74395,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":505,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: We have observed evidence of interocular inhibition of the pupillary response in humans after alternating monocular stimulation. Data from sequential hemifield stimulation studies suggested that this inhibition takes place in the pretectal olivary nuclei, where inputs from each eye converge. This study evaluates the temporal characteristics of this inhibition by systematically changing the time of the interstimulus intervals. \n\nMETHODS: Six normal subjects were tested using monocular hemifield stimulations. The hemifield stimulations were given every two seconds and the interstimulus interval varied from 1.95 to 0.016 seconds. Such a cycle was repeated from 4-6 times per test and each test repeated 2-4 times for each subject at each interstimulus interval. Each hemifield was stimulated twice during each cycle, first preceded by stimulation of the contralateral nonhomonymous hemifield (control) and then preceded by stimulation of the contralateral homonymous hemifield (test). The degree of inhibition was taken as the amplitude of the test response divided by that of the control response. We then modelled the pattern of inhibition as a decreasing exponential. \n\nRESULTS: Each hemifield of every subject showed greater inhibition for the smallest interstimulus interval compared to the longest. All but three of the 24 hemifields had data that fit well with a model using a second order exponential decay (each p < 0.05). The initial time constant ranged from 10 to 748 msec. with a median of 116 msec. (std 195 msec.).\n \nCONCLUSION: All subjects showed evidence of inhibitory interactions between homonymous hemifields of the two eyes. In most hemifields the temporal characteristics of the inhibitory interactions could be represented with a second order decaying exponential function.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M.L. Rosenberg","R. Clarke"]},{"item_id":506,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-07","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE PUPIL OF BRAIN DEAD SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-07","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":487,"original_file_name":"1170392406390.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74779,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":506,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The presence or absence of mydriasis is often used as a rough guide to the adequacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The most common explanation for this dilation is that inadequate delivery of oxygen to the midbrain leads to failure of neuronal activity within the pupilloconstrictor nucleus. However, there are scattered reports of successful resuscitation even after prolonged mydriasis. The brain dead organ harvest patient presents a unique opportunity to study pupillary activity in the absence of an intact midbrain and to examine the effects of asphyxia on the pupil. Because the midbrain is dead in these subjects, the pupil has no autonomic control and following aortic cross clamp, no blood can be delivered to the orbit. \n\nMETHOD: After institutional review and approval, 7 brain dead patients scheduled for organ harvest were studied. Pupil size, light reactivity, and reflex dilation were measured from the right eye every min for 5 min before and every 1-2 min for 20 \u00f1 30 min following aortic cross-clamp. Dapiprazole eye drops were instilled into the left eye at least one hour before cross clamp in three cases and pupillary measurements were intermittently taken before and after cross clamp. \n\nRESULTS: Pupil size was stable before cross clamp, even during changes in infusion rates of large doses of dopamine and phenylephrine. Following cross clamp, the pupil dilated in all cases, reaching 8 mm in one case, after a preclamp diameter of 5.2 mm. Mean dilation was 2.2 +- 1.1 mm, Time to peak dilation was 3.9 +- 2.0 min and latency of dilation was 0.8 +- 0.5 min. After the pupil reached maximum size, the pupil gradually decreased in size over the following 20 min. Dapiprazole eye drops prevented the pupillary dilation in contralateral eye of the three cases in which it was used. \n\nDISCUSSION: Because the pupilloconstrictor neurons are already dead in these subjects, the dilation which was observed must be due to factors other than loss of parasympathetic innervation of the pupillary sphincter. Hormonal (epinephrine) or drug delivery to the orbit must also be excluded because immediately following cross clamp, blood flow to the head stops. Because dapiprazole appears to block the dilation, it seems likely that the cause is either a short burst of neuronal activity in the peripheral system innervating the dilator muscle, or release of stored norepinephrine from the presynaptic terminals, as asphyxia intervenes.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":507,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-08","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"OCULAR AUTONOMIC INVOLVEMENT IN BOTULISM","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-08","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":488,"original_file_name":"1170392407437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74307,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":507,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Intoxication by the toxin of Clostridium botulinum is rare and difficult to diagnose if occurring as a single case.\n\nCASE REPORT: A 30 years old male patient noticed dilated pupils and blurred vision. At examination the pupils reacted sluggish to light, not at all to near and accommodation was completely absent. Additionally, after request, he reported gastrointestinal pain and diarrhoea after having eaten vacuumed ham and conserved meat. Lab testing proved botulinus intoxication. The patient survived without further complications. We were able to obtain complete pupillary and accommodation testing including pupillography, pilocarpine 0.1% test and infrared video retinoscopy.\n\nRESULTS: Accommodation paralysis in combination with an absent near reaction of the pupil was the dominating sign. Pupils were somewhat dilated but light reaction was preserved. Both pupils constricted clearly to pilocarpine 0.1%.\n\nDISCUSSION: Botulism is a rare occasion where near reaction of the pupil and accommodation are more impaired than light reaction, probably because of specific high affinity of the toxic protein to the ciliary ganglia cells serving accommodation. The \u201cNear-light dissociation\u201d of the pupil is hardly to understand with our knowledge of the pupillary innervation. There is little doubt that the site of the lesion has to be the ciliary ganglion. However, if it is possible to block the near reaction completely with a partial preserved light reaction, the final common pathway of the light and near reaction has to be reconsidered.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":508,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-09","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGES IN PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX AFTER BOTULINUM TOXIN THERAPY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-09","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":489,"original_file_name":"1170392408546.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":97024,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:40","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":508,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: Systemic side effects on the autonomic nervous system induced by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT\/A) injections have been reported. The effect of BoNT\/A on the pupillary light reaction is discussed controversially.\n\nMETHODS: By means of an infrared pupillograph (250 Hz) (CIP Version 8.00 by AMTech Weinheim, Germany) the pupillary light reflex and pupil diameter were recorded during fixation of a target at a distance of 2.50 m in a dimmed room (4 cd\/m\u00b2) in 11 patients with spasmodic torticollis (age 43 to 63) and 17 normals (age 50 to 64). Stimulation was performed with 78, 157, 627 and 1255 cd\/m\u00b2 light stimuli. In each case 4 pupillograms were recorded. Parameters of evaluation were amplitude, latency, relative amplitude and pupil diameter.\nThe patients were examined immediately before a new injection, and 7 and 14 days later. All patients received reinjection between 10 and 14 weeks after their last injection.\n1. Measurements of the patients before injection therapy were compared with those of normals.\n2. Measurements of patients from the moment just before BoNT\/A injection were compared with their own values of 7 and 14 days later.\nAll results were analysed by means of ANOVA.\n\nRESULTS: 1. Amplitudes, latencies, relative amplitudes and initial pupil diameter in patients before BoNT\/A reinjections were not significantly different than in normals.\n2. After the injection of BoNT\/A the amplitudes decreased. The decrease was small but significant (mean difference 0.05 mm, p<0.0001) and also the latencies became longer (mean difference 4 ms, p<0.001). The relative amplitude decreased significantly, too (mean difference 0.87 % of the initial pupil diameter, p< 0.0001). The pupil diameter showed no significant difference.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: In contradiction to another study (1) our investigations show significant subclinical changes in the pupillary light reflex in patients after injections with BoNT\/A. Decreased amplitude and increased latency seem to be a consequence of a parasympathetic deficit of the iris sphincter muscle caused by blocked acetylcholine release after botulinum toxin A treatment.\n\n1 Schnider et al.: Pupillometry after botulinum A toxin treatment. Neuro-ophthalmology 17 (1997) 5-7","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Esther Bulang","Rolf F\u00f6tzsch and Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":509,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-10","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETINAL NERVE FIBER LOSS, RELATIVE AFFERENT PUPIL DEFECT, AND VISUAL FIELD LOSS IN OPTIC NEUROPATHY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-10","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"conference_id":509,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Permanent loss of axons in optic neuropathy causes thinning of the inner layer of the retina containing the ganglion cells. The amount of functional loss of the eye that is associated with a certain degree of thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer is not known for different causes of optic neuropathy. This information may be useful in understanding how much damage is present and whether recovery of vision is possible in a patient.\n\nPURPOSE: Structural damage of the retinal nerve fiber layer, measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), functional damage, measured by automated perimetry and the relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD) were compared in patients with different causes of optic neuropathies.\n\nMETHODS: 55 patients with different causes of optic neuropathy were studied and included compression, ischemia, optic nerve hypoplasia, optic neuritis (recovered), and glaucoma. Each patient was tested by automated perimetry (Humphrey 24-2 SITA algorithm), and had asymmetry of pupillomotor input measured using neutral density filters to quantify the relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD). The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured in each eye by optical coherence tomography. The inter-ocular asymmetry was compared in all subjects and in each diagnostic category. \n\nRESULTS: A significant linear correlation was found between the interocular difference in nerve fiber layer thickness and the RAPD (correlation coefficient, R2=0.59). A similar linear correlation with the same slope was found comparing the nerve fiber layer asymmetry with the visual field asymmetry (R2=0.58). The correlation between the visual field asymmetry and the RAPD for the entire group of patients was also highly significant (R2=0.70). In compressive optic neuropathy and ischemic optic neuropathy the relationship of nerve fiber layer asymmetry with RAPD and with visual field asymmetry was similar. In recovered optic neuritis, the amount of RAPD per nerve fiber layer asymmetry was almost twice the functional loss measured by visual field asymmetry.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The overall structural-functional relationship of the retinal nerve fiber layer seems to be well correlated in patients with optic neuropathies in this study. Patients with visual dysfunction exceeding the amount predicted from their nerve fiber layer thickness may be showing a reversible component of visual loss or nerve fiber layer atrophy may not have had enough time to occur. Patients showing better visual function than predicted by the nerve fiber layer thickness, may be exhibiting a compensatory mechanism in the visual pathway. Correlation of structure with function in patients with optic neuropathy gives new information that can help classify disorders of the optic nerve, reveal the extent of reversible damage, and may point to compensatory mechanisms that in some cases help to maintain function in spite of structural loss of nerves.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. (Dr. Kardon), and a grant from Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY). Dr. Bergamin is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, and the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon","Oliver Bergamin","Susan Anderson"]},{"item_id":510,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-2-11","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF HORNER'S SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-2-11","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":490,"original_file_name":"1170393744327.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":111286,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":510,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: For the clinical diagnosis of Horner\u2019s syndrome the cocaine test is commonly used. The aim of this study is to investigate an alternative method to diagnose Horner\u2019s syndrome by measuring the redilation of the pupils with the Procyon pupillometer. Therefore Horner patients were compared with patients with physiological anisocoria. \n\nMETHODS: \nSubjects. 11 patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome and 7 patients with physiological anisocoria participated in the study. The diagnosis of Horner\u2019s syndrome or physiological anisocoria was defined by the result of the cocaine test.\nPupillography. The Procyon, a binocular pupillograph (CMT International plc, London), was used for the pupillographic measurements. Three different stimuli (1.7, 17, 94 cd\/m\u00b2) were presented for about 4s. Both pupils were measured for 6.4s with a frequency of 5Hz. The number of measurements per stimulus and patient was varying.\nEvaluation of pupillograms. We analyzed two parameters, the maximum difference in absolute anisocoria in mm and the maximum difference in relative anisocoria in % (relative anisocoria means the absolute anisocoria divided by the mean of both pupil sizes). The minimal and maximal anisocoria were determined before and during the redilation by a special computer program. \nStatistics. The measurements were averaged for each patient and stimulus condition. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test for differences of absolute and relative anisocoria for the two groups. For diagnostic purposes a ROC curve was calculated for each parameter and stimulus. The area under the ROC curve is given.\n\nRESULTS:\nThe absolute and relative anisocoria show significant differences between the two groups except the absolute anisocoria at 1.7 cd\/m\u00b2 (table 1). \n\nDISCUSSION: There are clear differences concerning the redilation of pupils with Horner\u2019s syndrome in comparison with physiological anisocoria. The ROC curve of the relative anisocoria at 94 cd\/m\u00b2 shows a sensitivity and specificity of more than 80% for a certain cut-off value. In this study the results of the cocaine test were used as a gold standard, although this standard has known limitations. Pupillography may be used as a substitute for the cocaine test to diagnose Horner\u2019s syndrome. The best pupillographic results were obtained for the brightest stimulus.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We thank Dan Taylor from CMT who put the Procyon pupillometer at our disposal. holger.luedtke@med.uni-tuebingen.de","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Miriam Schelling","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":511,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"FUNCTION OF THE PUPIL IN VISION AND INFORMATION CAPACITY OF RETINAL IMAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":491,"original_file_name":"1170393763687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":91456,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":511,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"Walter Cannon (1932) and Nobert Wiener (1947) mentioned in their book that the pupil was controlled so as to maintain a constant amount of light impinging on the retina. However, because the movable range of the pupil is about 2 to 8 mm (10^1.2 times in terms of the pupil area) their assumption is not plausible when considering the luminance change in external world which sometimes reaches 10^10 times. \n\nCampbell and Gregory (1960) have demonstrated that the size of the human pupil is controlled to maximize visual acuity (VA) under a given light intensity. VA is determined by multiple factors including quality of the retinal image, and signal processing in retina and the cortex. Of these, the retinal image is closely related to the pupil since spatial frequency properties of the eye optics depend upon the pupil diameter (PD). Our hypothesis was that a function of the pupil is to optimize retinal image quality to maximize VA. \n\nWe tested this hypothesis by quantifying the retinal image quality in terms of its information capacity (IC). The IC is a quantity similar to Shannon\u2019s entropy, and it is a logarithm of the number of images that the retinal photoreceptor array can reconstruct or distinguish. The IC is a function of PD, density of the retinal photoreceptor array, and characteristics of visual scene. We demonstrated by computer simulations that 1) there is an optimum PD which maximizes the IC under each light intensity when using the photoreceptor array with anatomically plausible density, and viewing natural scenes, 2) the optimum PDs are quantitatively in good agreement with experimental data of the light intensity\u2013PD curves, 3) but these do not hold when using other photoreceptor arrays (either too sparse or too dense) or\/and seeing other visual stimulus such as a white noise image. \n\n These results support our hypothesis and suggest that the human pupil optimizes the IC of the retinal image under natural visual environments. Supported partially by the Japan science society grant, and the Naito research grant (YH).","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yutaka Hirata","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":512,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"ADIE'S SYNDROME - TWO OBSERVATIONS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":492,"original_file_name":"1170393765046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74766,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":512,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The tonic pupil or Adie\u2019s syndrome is a frequent and mysterious disorder. In many patients it occurs as an idiopathic phenomenon, in about half of the cases associated with hypo- or areflexia. This presentation comprises two cases that might add some new information.\n\nCASE 1: The first case is a 20-year old man with metastatic osteosarcoma thigh diagnosed at the age of 18 and treated by amputation and chemotherapy. After development of metastasis after chemotherapy he was treated with Gd2 antibodies. Those are combined from humans and mice and directed against gangliosides. During the first iv treatment this patient realised worsening of his near vision and the nurse saw his pupils maximally dilated and unreactive to light. Because of additional renal problems the ophthalmological examination had to been delayed until two days after this first treatment. He showed maximally dilated pupils (8 mm), not reacting to light and near. Accommodation was completely paretic. His pupils constricted strongly to 0.1% pilocarpine (2.75 mm) and dilated slightly to pholedrine (8.75 mm) indicating a functional sympathetic innervation. One year later he showed partially restored accommodation and pupillary near reaction and did not longer need reading glasses.\nThis case gives a hint that auto-antibodies may play a role in the development of a tonic pupil.\n\nCASE 2: The second case deals with areflexia and tonic pupil. Adie summarised under his eponym not only the combination of a tonic pupil and areflexia but also isolated tonic pupil and areflexia. The latter was later put into question. Usually the pupillary abnormality is detected at the same time as the reflex abnormality. We report a 55 year old man who presented with the typical symptoms of a recently acquired tonic pupil (dilated pupil not reactive to light or near vision but reactive to 0.1 % pilocarpine). He reported that he had been hospitalised in the neurology department because complete loss of deep tendon reflexes had been found during a routine examination. There were no other pathologic findings. Pupils were described as being normal at this time. Adie may have been right: Areflexia can precede pupillotonia for many years.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":513,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"GREATER PUPILLARY ESCAPE DIFFERENTIATES CENTRAL FROM PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD LOSS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":493,"original_file_name":"1170393766593.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75810,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":513,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: To test whether pupil escape observed during a constant light stimulus was greater in eyes with central visual field loss compared to eyes with peripheral visual field loss and normal eyes.\n\nMETHODS: 27 normal subjects, 5 patients with central field loss, 11 patients with peripheral field loss, and 8 patients with combined loss (central and peripheral visual field loss) were tested.\nA dual-channel infrared pupillograph was used to simultaneously record the right and left pupil diameters at a rate of 60 Hertz in order to characterize the initial, phasic pupil contraction, and the sustained, or prolonged pupil contraction in response to a 5 second duration light stimulus. Full field light stimuli with a diameter of 60 degrees were presented to each eye at 7 different intensities. \nThe amplitude of the phasic pupil contraction was compared to the amplitude of the sustained pupil contraction at the four brightest intensities (slope of phasic versus sustained contraction) in the normal eyes and in eyes with visual field loss in the center and the periphery.\n\nRESULTS: The sustained pupillary contraction showed a statistically greater reduction in proportion to the phasic component in eyes with central field loss compared to those with peripheral field loss, combination central and peripheral field loss and normal eyes.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Afferent neurons from the central retina normally contribute a substantial component to the sustained pupil response. Eyes with central field loss can be distinguished from eyes with peripheral field loss by a relatively greater loss of the sustained response, causing greater pupil escape.\nThis study showed that pupil movements in response to a non-perimetric full-field light stimulus may provide some degree of mapping of retinotopic sensitivity. This information may be of use in interpreting the pupillary movements during the swinging flashlight test and may help predict the pattern of visual field loss.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland, the Roche Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, New York, a grant from Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California, and a Merit Review and Career Development Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. (Dr. Kardon). Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness).","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":514,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-3-04","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"LOSS AND RECOVERY OF CHROMATIC AND ACHROMATIC SENSITIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE OPTIC NEURITIS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-3-04","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":494,"original_file_name":"1170393767952.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":74649,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":514,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A new pupil perimetry test has been developed to extract small pupil response amplitudes and latencies in response to periodic modulation of stimulus luminance or chromatic contrast. The aim of this investigation was to establish how pupil responses to colour and light flux modulation alter in patients with acute, unilateral optic neuritis (ON) and the extent to which stimulation of the unaffected eye also yields abnormal responses.\n\nMETHODS: A radial pattern was employed to stimulate one of 24 locations in the visual field. The stimulus contrast was modulated sinusoidally at 1 Hz for 10 cycles with a minimum of 8 averages. The coloured stimulus was generated by modulating its chromatic saturation against the neutral background. Each stimulus remained photopically isoluminant throughout and had zero rod contrast. 15 normal subjects and 17 patients with optic neuritis were investigated in this study.\n\nRESULTS: Pupil responses to light flux modulation yield significantly shorter latencies in the normal subject group. The difference in latency between colour and luminance triggered pupil responses can be as large as 80 ms with small inter-subject variability. Optic neuritis patients show significantly longer latencies and much reduced response amplitudes in the affected eye for both luminance and chromatic modulation.\n\nDISCUSSION: Both light flux and colour responses are affected in patients with optic neuritis with much increased latencies. Pupil colour responses are affected most. Some patients also show significantly smaller pupil response amplitudes and increased latencies in the unaffected eye. Recovery of visual acuity correlates well with recovery of the pupil colour response.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sancho Moro","Alister Harlow","Byron Lam","M. Liu","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":515,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-01","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"TRANSIENT AND SUSTAINED MECHANISMS DRIVE THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX RESPONSE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-01","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":495,"original_file_name":"1170393769187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75082,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":515,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: It has long been established electrophysiologically that the pupillomotor nucleus receives input from both transient and sustained neurones. These neurones have different temporal and spatial properties and therefore respond preferentially to different stimulus attributes. In this perimetric study we have investigated how the different spatio-temporal characteristics of visual stimuli can be used to isolate the transient and sustained components of the pupil light reflex response.\n\nMETHODS: We measured pupil responses, elicited either by sinusoidal or square-wave temporal modulation of luminance contrast. Our pupil perimetry program tests 24 stimulus locations, or any combination of these discrete stimuli in the visual field. Each pupil response measurement is based on the average of 8 traces. Pupil constriction amplitude and latency were computed from the first Fourier harmonic of each averaged trace. \n\nRESULTS: Much larger responses were found for square-wave as compared to sinusoidal modulation. This difference cannot be accounted for simply as a contribution of higher harmonics present in the square-wave modulation or the non-linear response properties of the pupil when sinusoidally modulated stimuli are employed. \n\nDISCUSSION: The results are consistent with two mechanisms driving the pupil light reflex response, a sustained and a transient mechanism. The sinusoidal and square-wave modulations favour the sustained and transient mechanisms. The sustained mechanism has a more linear contrast gain, integrates the input signal over large areas of the visual field and is therefore appropriate to control the steady state size of the pupil in response to changes in ambient illumination. The transient mechanism has a non-linear contrast gain and responds preferentially to rapid, spatially localised luminance contrast changes. This component shows much reduced spatial summation. Isoluminant coloured stimuli, on the other hand, produce the same response for both types of stimulation. These findings can be used to explain why in some cases of retinal or optic nerve disease, the transient component of the pupil light reflex response can be spared in patients that exhibit a large RAPD","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur","J A Harlow","Sancho Moro"]},{"item_id":516,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-02","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"WHICH PART OF THE SHAPE OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IS MOST DIAGNOSTIC?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-02","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":496,"original_file_name":"1170393770452.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":76263,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":516,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The waveform of the pupil light reflex contains four well-defined landmarks: A) maximal acceleration during contraction (latency time point, or base line pupil size), B) maximal contraction velocity, C) pupil size at time of peak contraction, and D) maximal dilation velocity. Change of neuronal firing rate during specific time windows of the pupil light reflex can be quantified as change of pupil size between these landmarks.\n\nPURPOSE: We evaluated changes in pupil size (neuronal firing) between different time windows of the pupil light reflex in patients and normal subjects to understand which regions were most susceptible to disease.\n\nMETHODS: Binocular infrared computerized pupillography was performed on 49 healthy subjects and on 30 patients with known unilateral or bilateral visual field damage. 30 degree diameter light stimuli were presented alternatively to the right and left eye for 200 ms duration every 3 seconds. Ten different stimulus intensities were given and each was repeated 4 times. Right and left pupil diameters were recorded at 60 Hz. The change in pupil size from the start to the end of each of the following time windows was determined: (1) latency time point to peak velocity, (2) latency time point to minimum pupil size, (3) latency time point to peak dilatation, (4) peak velocity to minimum pupil size, (5) peak velocity to peak dilatation, and (6) minimum pupil size to peak dilation. For each time window, the change in pupil size for right eye stimulation was plotted against the result from the left eye stimulation for the 10 intensities. A linear regression of this plot was used to determine slope, offset (y-intercept) and regression coefficient (R2) for each normal subject and each patient. These parameters of the linear regression were used as an indicator of symmetry of input between the two eyes. Each patient was then compared to the normal group for each time window of the pupil light reflex.\n\nRESULTS: The time window of the pupil light reflex that showed the greatest difference from normal subjects was peak velocity to minimum pupil size, followed by latency time point to peak velocity, and latency time point to minimum pupil size. 27 of the 30 patients could be identified as having an abnormal amount of asymmetry between the inputs of the two eyes using this technique. The remaining 3 patients had symmetric input.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The most diagnostic part of the pupillary light reflex starts at maximal contraction velocity and ends at minimal pupil size. During this window of time, the input of each eye is very symmetric in normal subjects and is very sensitive to the effects of disease over the intensity range tested.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, Roche Research Foundation, Research to Prevent Blindness, Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, and a Merit Review and Career Development Award from the Veterans Administration.","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Oliver Bergamin","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":517,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"24-P-03","last_update_date":1173175789,"creation_date":1173175789,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":7,"lang":"eng","title":"THE EFFECT OF STIMULUS INTENSITY ON CONTRACTION AMPLITUDE IN SEPARATING PATIENTS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS USING COMPUTERISED RECORDING OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=24-P-03","index":[{"index_id":8,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2001, Asilomar"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":497,"original_file_name":"1170393771687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":75726,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:17:41","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":517,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"24th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Asilomar","abstract":"PURPOSE: To determine how stimulus brightness can influence the ability to differentiate normal subjects from patients with asymmetric visual loss when contraction amplitude is the parameter being measured.\n\nMETHODS; Computerized infrared pupillography was performed on 50 normal subjects with normal visual field testing and 30 patients with asymmetric visual field loss. A light stimulus consisting of a 0.2 second duration light flash subtending a 30 degree radius visual field was alternately presented to the right and left eye every 3 seconds. Ten different stimulus light intensities were used, covering a range of 4.5 log units (3 stimulus cycles per test). The pupil contractions, recorded by computer, were plotted as a function of log stimulus intensity for each of the two eyes to ascertain patterns of damage caused by disease. At each intensity, the asymmetry in pupil contraction (right eye stimulation vs. left eye stimulation) was compared between the normal group and each patient using percentile rank. Patient scores were considered to be outside of normal limits if their inter-eye difference score exceeded the 95th percentile of normals.\n\nRESULTS: There was a highly significant effect of stimulus brightness on the separation of the normal and patient groups. The most common pattern, caused by disease, showed that brighter stimulus intensities were able to more effectively identify a patient as lying outside of the 95th percentile.\n\nCONCLUSION: A brighter stimulus light of short duration allows for greater ease in identifying a patient with unilateral or asymmetric visual dysfunction from normal subjects. This may have implications on how optic nerve and retinal disease affects the ability of ganglion cells to respond to light intensities near threshold (low neuronal firing rate) vs. supra-threshold (high firing rate). The objectivity of contraction amplitude difference between the two eyes, as measured by the pupil light reflex, may prove to have a significant ability to identify \u201csuspect\u201d patients as having truly abnormal optic nerve function better than the subjective measures employed by such tests as the Humphrey Visual Field. Classification of a patient\u2019s pupil response as a percentile score compared to normal subjects provides a useful clinical measure of the extent of disease and change over time.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C and Zeiss-Humphrey Corporation, Dublin, California. Dr. Kardon is the recipient of a Lew Wasserman Scholar Award (Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY)","conference_from_year":2001,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":7,"conference_to_year":2001,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":10,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy H. Kardon","Leigh Bassman"]},{"item_id":518,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-S-01","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Previous Colloquia:8-14th","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-S-01","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":498,"original_file_name":"1170472170484.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":304719,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":518,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. STANLEY THOMPSON"]},{"item_id":519,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-S-02","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillographic Instruments","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-S-02","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":499,"original_file_name":"1170472171640.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":322413,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:10","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":519,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":520,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-01","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The One Minute Automated Test for Quantifying the Relative Afferent Pupil Defect (RAPD)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-01","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":500,"original_file_name":"1170468293421.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138466,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":520,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: A 60 second stimulus protocol was developed to accurately quantify the log unit RAPD using a dual channel computerized pupillometer. The protocol was validated by comparison with the clinical method of RAPD quantification using neutral density filters.\nMETHODS: 40 patients seen in a neuro-ophthalmology clinic and comprehensive ophthalmology clinic had their RAPD quantified by an eye care specialist using the clinical method with neutral density filters and also by automated, computerized pupillometry. For computerized pupillometry, a diffuse light stimulus subtending 30 degrees in radius, was alternately presented to each eye. A CRT display within the pupillometer was divided by a septum to facilitate independent stimulation of the right and left eye. The stimulus was software controlled and had the following characteristics: 0.1 second duration every 1 second, 5 stimulus steps decreasing by 0.5 log units per step, each cycle consisting of 5 intensities was repeated 6 times. For each stimulus, the average pupil contraction of the right and left pupil was tabulated and then the average of all 6 cycles was used to determine the average pupil response for each intensity given to the right and left eye. The stimulus-response line of log intensity vs. pupil contraction for right eye stimulation and for left eye stimulation was fit to a linear function and this was used to calculate the log intensity difference or RAPD.\nRESULTS: The resulting stimulus-response functions for each eye\u2019s input were highly linear with the linear regression coefficient, R2, usually greater than 0.9. The correlation R2, between the computerized log unit RAPD and the clinically determined RAPD was 0.87 (R. Kardon, examiner, 20 subjects), 0.63 (other examiners, 20 subjects) and 0.79 (all examiners combined, 40 subjects).\nCONCLUSION: The one minute computerized RAPD test provided a very accurate means of quantifying the log light sensitivity difference between the two eyes and was highly correlated with the clinically determined log unit RAPD using neutral density filters. This new stimulus and analysis protocol coupled with a portable dual channel pupillometer should provide a means for widespread measurement of the RAPD in a busy clinic.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Susan Anderson","Kalene Fix","Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":521,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-02","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Size Variations are Predominantly a Rod Function at Photopic Light Levels","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-02","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":501,"original_file_name":"1170468688827.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":135175,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":521,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Pupil size variations were measured by remote infrared pupilometry (sampling rate 60 Hz) for 17 adult subjects ranging in age from 23 to 47 years (12F, 5M) in response to changes of spectrum and illuminance. The measurement conditions were natural binocular vision in full field of view with subjects seated in a comfortable chair in a 2.6m by 3.4m room while watching a B-grade movie presented on a small TV. These conditions simulate those of an office environment with a person working at a computer. There were 8 different spectral changes accomplished by combining light from indirect lighting supplied by a bundle of 2 types of commercially available fluorescent lamps of different spectral power distributions mixed with 4 different colour walls. The differing wall colours were accomplished via computer-controlled-fabric rolladen placed on the 2 side and front walls each containing 4 different fabrics. Vertical photopic and scotopic illuminance was measured at the eye position. Evaluations were made for 2 photopic vertical illuminances of 64 and 108 Lux thus giving a total of 16 principal data points. The vertical illuminance at the eye coming from the TV was less than \u00bd % of the illuminance supplied by the ambient lighting. A typical subject session lasted about 3 hours including rest periods and each subject produced several thousand values of pupil area for each principal data point. \nAn analysis of covariance showed that the overall subjects mean pupil areas were in almost perfect correlation with the changes in vertical scotopic illuminance and with any possible additional contribution from photopic illuminance as not significant. This result supports the original studies of Bouma (1962) who employed entoptic pupilometry as well as the conjecture of Alpern & Ohba (1973).\nSubsequently the pupil size changes of 4 children of ages 10 and 11 years (3F, 1M) were measured at their school in Bay City MI in a room outfitted with 2 differing spectral fluorescent lamps. During testing the children viewed a small spot on the forward wall of the room while the vertical photopic illuminance was maintained at about 165 Lux. Video photography was used to measure pupil size for the children at 30 frames \/sec with data collected over several 5-second data intervals following a several-minute adaptation period to the 2 lighting conditions.\nThe mean pupil size variation of the children was compared with previous measurements of adults under similar viewing conditions. The children\u2019s pattern of pupil size variation was in close agreement with that of the adults.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sam M. Berman"]},{"item_id":522,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-03","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Light Reflex - Decreased Parasympathetic Inhibition under Repetitive Stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-03","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":502,"original_file_name":"1170468690093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":148580,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":522,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to address the question if there is an altered pupil light reflex under repetitive stimulation.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study 14 healthy subjects were investigated. Respective to their age they were separated in two groups (older age: 57 to 76, 62.6 \uf0b1 8.5 mean \u00b1 SD; younger age: 19 to 30; 26.3 \uf0b1 5.1 mean \u00b1 SD). A repetitive investigation of 40 times of the pupil light reflex (PLR) was performed. Pupil size, amplitude, relative amplitude (amplitude\/pupil diameter) and latency were measured. The stimulus was elicited and the data recorded by a Compact-integrated pupillograph (CIP; AMTech, Weinheim, Germany). \nStatistical analysis was performed with SPSS. Intragroup changes between the first 5 and the last 5 measurement were analysed with a paired-sample t-test. Group differences were analysed with student\u2019s t-test. \nRESULTS: During repetitive stimulation a systematic change could be observed in both groups such that the pupil diameter decreased (p=0.034), while relative amplitude increased (p=0.001) and latency became shorter (p=0.003). Amplitude didn\u2019t show a significant change over the measurements. Concerning the changes under repetitive stimulation there were no significant differences in pupil diameter, latency or relative amplitude between both age groups.\nDISCUSSION: Although the pupil light reflex is widely used it is a rather unstable diagnostic tool. Besides influences of emotion, alertness and respiration, age is a confounding factor. This is best proven for the pupil where with increasing age a decreasing diameter was demonstrated. Data concerning latency and amplitude are more controversial. In our sample we observed age differences between a group of older and one of younger age regarding latency and amplitude. \nUnder repetitive investigation we found a systematic change of pupil light reflex parameters, that were on one hand a decreasing pupil size and latency and on the other an increasing (relative) amplitude. The changes of pupil size could be related to dark adaptation effects, to a capture behaviour or to augmented tiredness. Tiredness is modulated by a decreased sympathetic activation and therefor less pronounced inhibition of the parasympathetic system. The disinhibited parasympathetic arc results in a more pronounced PLR. Thus under consideration of the more intensive reflex response, e.g. larger amplitude and smaller latency only tiredness can explain the changes of the PLR under repetitive stimulation. Our data demonstrate a non-pharmacological and comfortable way to control experiments for parasympathetic influences. \nFinally it remains to be concluded that the changes under repetitive stimulation are less influenced by age than the simple way of PLR measurement. Thus to control for age in an experiment repetitive stimulation might be more appropriate and reliable than a single measurement.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["D.M. Bittner"]},{"item_id":523,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-04","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Benign Alternating Anisocoria","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-04","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":503,"original_file_name":"1170468691187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134073,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":523,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"AIMS: To characterise and compare the variability of anisocoria measurements in normal healthy subjects and patients with alternating anisocoria. \nMETHODS: Using flash photography or infra-red pupillometry, serial measurements of pupil diameter were made in two patients presenting with alternating anisocoria, both daughters of patient 2 and eight normal subjects. In each subject the distribution of anisocoria measurements was compared with a Gaussian normal distribution using a Chi-squared test. \nRESULTS: The distribution of anisocoria measurements was Gaussian in all control subjects but bimodal in both patients. The elder daughter of patient 2 showed a bimodal distribution which weakly departed from normality (P=0.101) and her younger sister showed a unimodal distribution. In all cases the pupils reacted normally to a light stimulus or an accommodative effort, and visual function, ocular and neurological examination were normal. \nCONCLUSION: Alternating anisocoria is a discreet entity not found in normal subjects but which may be present in more than one member of a family. Because it occurs in otherwise healthy individuals we recommend it should be called benign alternating anisocoria. The neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Fion Bremner","Stephen Smith"]},{"item_id":524,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-05","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A Non-Invasive Method for Studying Visual Performance and an Index of Pupil Diameter in the Rhesus Monkey","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-05","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":504,"original_file_name":"1170468692437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":142580,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":524,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A method has been developed to measure gaze direction, an index of threshold contrast sensitivity and relative pupil diameter, by non-invasive means in minimally restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Such a model was required in order to investigate the effects of low doses of cholinergic compounds which could potentially affect visual performance. Conventional methods of monitoring visual parameters in rhesus monkeys generally use scleral coils and implanted head posts and the aim of this development was to avoid any such invasive procedures.\nMETHODS: A human based eye-tracking system (Eyelink\u2122) was modified for use by the rhesus monkey and a visual task was generated using \u2018Cortex\u2019 software (NIMH). \nAnimals were trained to enter a transport box from their home environment and to place their heads outside of the box in such a way that the Eyelink\u2122 cameras could detect and record their eye movements. All training was achieved by positive reinforcement, using a fluid reward, and was voluntary at all times. The animals were then trained to carry out a visual tracking task. This task aimed to determine the lowest contrast stimulus that the animals could detect and respond to. They were required to fixate upon a target of an inwardly moving spiral positioned centrally on a television screen and then to shift their gaze to a secondary target when it appeared in one of the four corners of the screen. This secondary target was a series of ever-decreasing circles, chosen because it was an attractive object, and its apparent inward motion gave a more stable gaze position. The grating used for the secondary target was a modified Gabor, a concentric circular grating with a radial sinusoidal intensity profile and under a gaussian blob, which had an apparent motion towards the centre of the stimulus at 1 cycle.sec-1. \nThe effects of 4% w\/v pilocarpine nitrate eyedrops upon visual parameters and on the minimum detectable contrast (MDC) were investigated in this model. \nRESULTS: Preliminary findings (from n = 4 animals) showed that, as expected, pilocarpine induced a significant reduction in pupil diameter at 1.5 (72%) and 3 (58%) hours post-exposure. Pre-dose pupil sizes were not recovered until between 24 and 48 hours. There was a significant decrease in the total number of correct responses in the presence of pilocarpine at 1.5h, both compared to saline controls at the same time point (72%, p = 0.036) and when compared to pre-exposure performance (74%, p = 0.04). A non significant trend in an increase in MDC was noted.\nCONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results using this method of studying the visual effects of compounds administered directly to the eye in a non-human primate show that measurements of pupil diameter, MDC and response attempts can be monitored in minimally restrained animals who have a choice of whether or not to take part. This will lead to improved animal welfare and hence, to improved quality of data. \nKEYWORDS: behavioural training, minimum detectable contrast, miosis, pilocarpine.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sarah Fairhall","Peter Pearce","Richard Jones","Carol Dickson","Leah Scott"]},{"item_id":525,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-06","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A New Video-Pupillography Measuring Pupil Change Evoked by Accommodative Stimulus","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-06","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":505,"original_file_name":"1170468693499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":344200,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":525,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: A new binocular video-pupillography (TriIRIS, C9000, Hamamatsu) which measures pupil changes evoked by accommodative stimuli is introduced. \nMETHOD: The method of accommodative stimulus was innovated. The test was moved in front of eyes from 50cm till the near point of accommodation with a constant target velocity of 0.3 dioptres per second and moved back to the 50 cm. This stimulus was repeated 3 times. The velocity of stimulus can be changed, for example 0.15, 0.2 dioptres per second. Simultaneous recordings of pupil and accommodative convergence of both eyes can be made. \nRESULTS: One demonstration of the typical recordings of pupillary movement of the right and left eyes obtained from 20 years old healthy female subject is shown in Figure 1. \nHer point of accommodation was 8.0cm (12.5 Dioptres). From the top to bottom, Target movement from 2 .0 D to 12.5D, convergence movement of the right and left eyes, and pupillary movements of the right and the left eyes(superimposed), respectively. \nA total of 48 normal subjects with the age ranging 20-50 years old were studied. The rate of pupillary constriction against age will be presented. In addition, a few subjects over 60 years old were added. If the time is allowed, a few pathological cases will be presented.\nCONCLUSION: This pupillography combined with a new method of stimulus to accommodation will enable to study especially patients with the difficulty of accommodation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Naotoshi Hakamata","Satoshi Ishikawa","Mari Hiraoka","Taketoshi Suzuki","Hitoshi Ishikawa","Takahiro Wakabayashi"]},{"item_id":526,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-07","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Fear-inhibited light reflex: Effects of Peripheral Sympathetic Blockade with Dapiprazole Eye-drops","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-07","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":506,"original_file_name":"1170468694609.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":163605,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":526,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Background: Fear conditioning (e.g., by the threat of an electric shock) causes an increase in initial pupil diameter, and a decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\"). There is evidence for dissociation between the two responses to threat, suggesting that while the effect on the light reflex response involves central inhibition of the parasympathetic, the effect on initial pupil diameter may reflect more preferentially, the activation of the sympathetic. We examined the effects of peripheral sympathetic blockade with the \u03b11-antagonist dapiprazole on both responses to threat on the basis of the hypothesis that only the response of the initial pupil diameter will be affected, while the response of the light reflex will remain unaffected. \nMETHODS: 12 healthy volunteers (6 male, 6 female) aged 20-25 years participated in one experimental session. Dapiprazole (2 x 20 \uf06dl of a 0.5% solution, repeated 3 times at 5 min intervals) was instilled in subjects\u2019 right or left eye while the contra lateral eye was treated with placebo eye drops (artificial tears) according to a single blind, balanced, cross over design. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infrared binocular television pupillometer (PROCYON 2000D). During the 105 - 120 min window following instillation, the light reflex was elicited with weak (0.35 cd\/m2, 200 msec) light stimuli on the placebo-treated eye only, and the response was recorded from both eyes. There was a total of 6 blocks of 3 light stimuli each, and the average of the 3 elicited light reflexes was taken as the response of a block. Responses in each block were recorded under either safe (S) or threat (T) condition; the two conditions alternated regularly. \"T\" blocks were associated with the anticipation of an electric shock, although no such shock was in fact administered at any point during the session. At the end of each S and T block, subjects self-rated their mood and feelings on Visual Analogue Scales. \nRESULTS: Dapiprazole caused a significant miosis evident at 30 min from instillation and reaching its peak at 90 to 105 min. Threat of shock was associated with significant increases in subjectively rated \"anxiety\" and \"alertness\", significant increase in initial pupil diameter in both eyes and a significant decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response in both eyes. The dapiprazole- and placebo-treated eyes differed significantly only in the levels of initial pupil diameter in the safe as well as the threat conditions. Between-eye comparisons (dapiprazole- vs placebo-treated) of the effect of threat (Safe-Threat subtractions) on the pupillary measures, showed that dapiprazole treatment did not change the effect of threat on any of the two pupillary measures. It is possible that the effect of threat on initial pupil diameter was reduced by dapiprazole, but this reduction was masked by the removal of a ceiling effect due to reduction in baseline pupil diameter. To address this possibility, we repeated the experiment with 8 subjects with smaller pupils than those of our first group. In this group of subjects, dapiprazole showed indeed, a significant suppression of the threat-induced increase in initial pupil diameter.\nCONCLUSIONS: The effect of threat on the light reflex response is unlikely to involve the peripheral sympathetic innervation of the iris. The threat-induced increase in initial pupil diameter reflects both parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation. The latter might be one reason for the previously observed dissociation between the two pupillary responses to threat.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jenny Hourdaki","Stella Giakoumaki","Vangellis Grinakis","Panos Bitsios"]},{"item_id":527,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-08","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Fear-inhibited light reflex: Effects of Conditioned Stimulus Light Intensity and Fear Stimulus Modality","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-08","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":507,"original_file_name":"1170468695687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139205,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:11","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":527,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Fear conditioning (e.g., by the threat of an electric shock) causes an increase in initial pupil diameter, and a decrease in the amplitude of the light reflex response (\"fear-inhibited light reflex\"). Studies of the fear-inhibited light reflex have always assumed that the conditioned stimulus (a low intensity acoustic tone) has no effect in itself, on any of the two pupillary responses to threat. Furthermore, these studies have uniformly employed a standardised light intensity as the unconditioned stimulus while for fear conditioning, they have always employed the association of the conditioned stimulus to a potentially painful tactile electric shock. The aim of this parametric study was to examine the role of conditioned stimulus, light intensity and fear stimulus modality in the mediation of the fear-inhibited light reflex. \nMETHODS: 16 healthy male volunteers aged 20-25 years participated in one experimental session. Pupil diameter was monitored in the dark, in dark-adapted eyes by an infra-red binocular television pupillometer (PROCYON 2000D). The experimental session consisted of three parts, and each part comprised six identical blocks of four 200 ms light stimuli (0.35, 5, 50 and 140 cd\/m2). In Part 1, responses in each block were recorded under either the presence or the absence of a continuous low intensity acoustic tone, in an alternating fashion. In this part, the presence of the acoustic tone was not associated with any threat. In Parts 2 and 3, responses in half the blocks were recorded under the presence of the same continuous low intensity acoustic tone, which was associated with the anticipation of an electric shock (threat of shock \u2013 \u201cTsh\u201d blocks) in Part 2, and with the anticipation of a sound blast (threat of sound blast - \u201cTsb\u201d blocks) in Part 3. The remaining half of blocks in Parts 2 and 3, were recorded under the absence of the acoustic tone (safe condition - \u201cS\u201d blocks); \u201cS\u201d and \u201cTsh\u201d blocks in Part 2 and \u201cS\u201d and Tsb\u201d blocks in Part 3 alternated regularly. No shocks or sound blasts were in fact administered at any point during the session. At the end of each S, and Tsh or Tsb block in Parts 2 and 3, subjects self-rated their mood and feelings on Visual Analogue Scales. \nRESULTS: Part 1: the presence of the acoustic tone did not affect the light reflex response amplitude across all four light intensities but it was associated with a trend for an increase in initial pupil diameter. Parts 2 and 3: \u201cTsh\u201d and \u201cTsb\u201d blocks were associated with significant increases in initial pupil diameter and subjectively rated \"anxiety\" and \"alertness\", and a decrease in the amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response across all light intensities, the threat of shock being more potent in effecting the pupillary results. Calculation of the effect of threat (safe-threat subtractions) on light reflex amplitude and subsequent analyses of these derived data with 2-way ANOVAs (fear stimulus modality and light intensity as the within-subject factors), revealed a significant main effect of light intensity but no significant interactions. \nCONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the conditioned stimulus per se does not modify the light reflex response unless it is associated with a fear stimulus (threat). The fear-inhibited light reflex is independent of the modality of the fear stimulus and may be sensitive to variations in the amount of fear induced by different fear stimuli (threats). Finally, these results suggest that the manifest effect of threat on light reflex amplitude is greater, with increasing light intensity.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jenny Hourdaki","Stella Giakoumaki","Athina Armenaki","Vangellis Grinakis","Panos Bitsios"]},{"item_id":528,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-09","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Discomfort Glare and The Pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-09","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":508,"original_file_name":"1170468696796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":135964,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":528,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether an individual\u2019s sensitivity to discomfort glare is influenced by the lightness or darkness of the iris. The iris is not completely opaque, and as a lighter iris should transmit more light than a darker iris one would expect to find individual differences in discomfort glare susceptibility amongst people with different coloured irides. \nMETHOD: The matt-white interior of a \u201cglare box\u201d was illuminated from above by fluorescent tubes which provided an even illumination of approximately 500 lux. The glare source consisted of a set of variable-luminance halogen lamps, positioned together and facing the participant. \n50 volunteers (25 males and 25 females) completed the study. Participants rested their chin on a chin rest and fixated a cross positioned below the glare source. Participants made repeated discomfort glare assessments with the aim of establishing a threshold value, the Borderline between Comfort and Discomfort (BCD). \nThe glare source was presented to participants for a duration of 1.5 seconds. Following each presentation, participants rated the glare as either comfortable or uncomfortable. A double staircase technique was employed and the presentations of the glare source continued until 10 reversals had been reported. For each participant a digital photograph of one eye was taken and the mean luminance of a section of their iris was calculated in Paint Shop Pro 5. \nRESULTS: Linear regression revealed no relationship between iris darkness, and the threshold at which discomfort was reported from a glare source. \nCONCLUSION: The results are consistent with the idea that all irides transmit the same amount of light, which is surprising given the large individual differences in pigmentation within the sample measured.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Peter A. Howarth","Stacy A. Clemes"]},{"item_id":529,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-10","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship of the Relative Afferent Pupillary Deficit and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness During and Following Acute Visual Loss in Leber\u2019s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-10","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":509,"original_file_name":"1170468697999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138543,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":529,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: LHON is a maternally inherited disorder that typically causes severe, bilaterally symmetric visual loss in young adults. Some clinical and pupillographic studies have demonstrated a visual-pupillary dissociation in patients with LHON, suggesting a relative sparing of retinal ganglion cell bodies or their projections that convey afferent pupillomotor input. Other studies have shown significant deficits in pupillary afferent input. No information currently exists about the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in LHON and its relationship to afferent deficits in either visual or pupillary function. \nPURPOSE: The interocular asymmetry of optic nerve function (visual field and pupil light reflex) and structure (retinal nerve fiber layer thickness) were studied during the course of visual loss in a patient with monocular visual loss due to LHON.\nMETHODS: One patient with acute unilateral visual loss due to LHON was examined every two weeks over a 4 month period. Visual field testing was performed with the Octopus 301 automated perimeter (G1 30 degree). This patient and 40 normal control subjects had pupil recordings with a dual-channel infrared pupillometer. A light stimulus of 30 degree radius was presented alternately to each eye for 0.2 seconds every 2 seconds over a 2.5 log-unit range of light intensities (4 cycles per intensity). The RAPD of the patient was calculated from linear regression lines showing the difference in pupil contraction amplitude from right-eye vs left-eye stimulation. The peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Several patients with other types of unilateral optic neuropathies, selected by similarity of their visual acuity and field deficit, also underwent similar testing for comparison.\nRESULTS: Two months after symptomatic onset of visual loss, the RNFL showed increased thickening in the affected eye while the visual threshold, acuity, and RAPD showed progressive worsening, a structural-functional dissociation not seen with other types of optic neuropathies. In addition, the RAPD (9.5 decibels interocular asymmetry) was unexpectedly greater than the visual threshold loss (3.9 decibels interocular asymmetry), in comparison to other reported patients with Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy.\nCONCLUSION: The increase in RNFL thickness may be an indicator of axoplasmic flow stasis, resulting from diminished cellular energy production caused by the mitochondrial genetic defect in LHON. In this patient with LHON, interocular differences in retinal ganglion cell dysfunction was better detected by pupil dysfunction (computerized pupillographic RAPD determination) than by standard visual threshold perimetry.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Aki Kawasaki","Randy Kardon","Sylvain Crippa","Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Borruat"]},{"item_id":530,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-11","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pharmacological Studies of 8-OH-DPAT Induced Pupillary Dilation in Anesthetized Rats","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-11","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":510,"original_file_name":"1170468699093.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":146520,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":530,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonists have been reported to produce mydriasis in mice, and miosis in rabbits and humans. This study was undertaken in an attempt to explore the mechanism by which 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the modulation of pupillary size in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.003-3 mg\/kg), elicited dose-dependent pupillary dilation, which was not affected by section of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve. 8-OH-DPAT elicited mydriatic responses were attenuated by the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.3-1 mg\/kg, i.v.), as well as by the selective \uf0612-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.). However, mydriatic responses elicited by the \uf0612-adrenoceptor agonist, guanabenz (0.003-0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), were not antagonized by WAY 100635 (0.3-1 mg\/kg, i.v.). \nTo determine whether 5-HT1A receptors, like \uf0612-adrenoceptors, are involved in reflex mydriasis, voltage response curves of pupillary dilation were constructed by the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of WAY 100635 (1 mg\/kg) did not antagonize the evoked reflex mydriasis, which, however, was blocked by RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.). Taken together, these results suggest that 8-OH-DPAT produces pupillary dilation in anesthetized rats by stimulating central 5-HT1A receptors, which in turn triggers the release of norepinephrine, presumably from the locus coeruleus. The latter reduces parasympathetic neuronal tone to the iris sphincter muscle by the stimulation of postsynaptic \uf0612-adrenoceptors within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Unlike \uf0612-adrenoceptors, 5-HT1A receptors are not a constituent of the pathway that mediates reflex mydriasis evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael C. Koss","Yongxin Yu"]},{"item_id":531,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-12","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Photomechanical Response of the Rat Sphincter Pupillae","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-12","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":511,"original_file_name":"1170468700202.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139360,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":531,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Sphincter pupillae smooth muscle cells of most, if not all, vertebrates contract when light is shined on them. It was reported early that the action spectrum of the photomechanical response is similar to the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin and that activating Ca++ comes from intracellular stores[1]. It was also found that the frog photomechanical response can be predicted by a relatively simple biochemical model[2], but that the response of the rat sphincter pupillae is kinetically more complicated[3]. Recently melanopsin has been found[4] to be present in the mouse iris. \nIn the work reported here pharmacological interventions were used and in most experiments intracellular Ca++ and muscle tension were measured simultaneously during photomechanical responses. We found: 1) that the opsin ribosylating toxins, cholera and pertussis, inhibit the photomechanical response, 2) G-protein agents, AlF4 and GTP, elicit contractions, 3) that IP3 elicits contraction and heparin blocks the photomechanical response, and 4) that Ca++-calmodulin blockers block the mechanical portion of the photomechanical response but not the rise of intracellular Ca++ portion. \nOn the other hand, cGMP or cGMP specific agents have no effect on the photomechanical response. Moreover, although cAMP attenuates the photomechanical response, it concomitantly increases the rate constant of force decay while decreasing light intensity or intracellular Ca++ release do not. This appears inconsistent with a role for cAMP in the activation pathway. Therefore, we conclude that the signal cascade includes at least: an opsinC> a G proteinC>phospholipaseCC>IP3C>IP3 activated Ca++ release channelsC> intracellular Ca++ C>Ca++ calmodulinC>MLCKC>PMyosinC>contraction.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tBarr, L. and Alpern, M. (1963). J. Gen. Physiol. 46:1249-1260.\n2.\tBarr, L. (1989) CRC. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 4:325-366.\n3.\tKrivoshik, A.P. and Barr, L. (2000) Amer. J. Physiol. 279: C274-280.\n4.\tProvencio et al. (1995) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95:340-345.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Andrew P. Krivoshik"]},{"item_id":532,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-13","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Artefact Management in Pupillometry Recordings","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-13","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":512,"original_file_name":"1170468706140.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179583,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":532,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: When alert individuals sit in a low-stimulus environment (e.g., a dark, quiet room), their pupils remain dilated and relatively stable in size. Pupil activity in sleepy persons becomes characterized by spontaneous, large amplitude fluctuations in size, called \"fatigue waves\". The changes can be numerically quantified by the Pupil Unrest Index (PUI)[1].\nWe are currently using a computerized pupillometer manufactured by AMTech GmbH, which monitors the subject's pupil using infrared video and digitally records pupil diameter at a rate of 25 Hz. Pupil size recordings are subject to artefact and measurement errors. Obviously, complete eye blinks or closures prevent data collection. Accurate measures of pupil diameter can be made during closures when the eyelid partially occludes the pupil by less than fifty per cent of its diameter [1]. However, partial occlusions of greater than fifty per cent can cause the system to erroneously report a reduced pupil diameter. Loss of focus on the pupil image can result when the subject makes a sudden eye movement followed by an eye blink, or when the subject abruptly changes head position. Until the focus can be re-established by a new search for the video image, no data are collected.\nIt is desirable to maximally conserve valid data while removing artefact and measurement errors. The AMTech pupillometer computer program implements an automatic data-cleaning algorithm similar to the one described in Ludtke et al[1]. This system effectively eliminates isolated eye blinks and other rapid eye closures from the data before calculating PUI's. However, examination of graphs comparing raw data with offset cleaned data suggested that the system might be less accurate in correcting compound events such as slower partial eye closures, or loss of focus events that are more common when testing very sleepy subjects. For our research the accuracy of the PUI's computed by the AMTech system immediately upon completion of data collection needed to be examined.\nMETHOD: Programmers at the CNR developed a Pupillometry Processing computer system (PupPro) for reviewing the pupil data. The program reads raw and cleaned pupil data created by the pupillometer and performs an initial cleaning to remove artefacts from the raw data using an algorithm (CA) somewhat different from the one (AT) used by the AMTech system. Graphs of raw data, CA cleaned data, and AT cleaned data are then displayed. The program also provides for synchronous display of the digitized video images of pupil movements with the data graphs. Manual review of the data and video image of the pupil are possible to evaluate the accuracy of the automatic AT and CA cleaning algorithms, and to perform manual cleaning (CM) when necessary. Manual cleaning is performed using methods similar to those previously developed at the CNR[2]. The program was tested with fifteen subjects (5 untreated narcoleptic, 5 untreated OSA, and 5 controls) who underwent 11 minute pupillometry sessions at approximately 900 and 1300 hours, following an all-night polysomnography. The PUI's were computed for each subject at both time periods following each of the cleaning methods: AT, CA, and CM.\nRESULTS: Correlations were computed across all subjects between the resulting PUI's. All correlations were statistically significant at p<.01.\t\t\t\nCONCLUSIONS: Correlations between the PUI's obtained following the AMTech and the CNR manual cleaning procedures were acceptably high for recordings at both time periods although somewhat lower at 1300 hrs. This may reflect a larger numbers of artefact events due to greater sleepiness resulting from afternoon circadian rhythm effects. With the help of experience obtained in manual cleaning with the PupPro system, we anticipate that it may be possible to improve the accuracy of the automatic CA algorithm to reduce the amount of manual review required. Based upon initial findings, it would seem that optimal PUI measurement accuracy will be realized by graphically surveying raw and cleaned data produced by the AMTech system, and submitting problematic recordings to further review and manual cleaning.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tLudtke, H., Wilhelm, B., Adler, M., Schaeffel, F., and Wilhelm, H. (1998) Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves. Vision Res. 38: 2889-2896.\n2.\tMerritt, S., Keegan, A., and Mercer, P. (1994) Artefact management in pupillometry. Nursing Res. 43: 56-59.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by NIH, RO1 NR04959. \nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen R. Lloyd","Sharon L. Merritt","Boris Vern","Christopher Olopade","Abhinav Singh","Munaga","Rajkumar"]},{"item_id":533,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-14","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Is There Something Better Than The PUI?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-14","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":513,"original_file_name":"1170468708452.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":138673,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":533,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The pupillographic sleepiness test (PST by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness and automated data analysis. The standard metric for the detected sleepiness is the pupillary unrest index (PUI) which has been used in many studies. Are there better concepts of a measure of sleepiness with the data of the PST? \nMETHODS: Subjects: Because of a missing gold standard for sleepiness, data with a clear expectation of the difference in the groups was used. The used data was:\na) Reference values (N=314) and data of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (N=321) \nb) Sleep deprivation data at 21:00h and 5:00h the following day (26 measurements, 13 subjects)\nProcedures: Different parameters were evaluated. Fourier parameters, evaluated after detailed analysis of the fast fourier transformation over the entire recording time, autocorrelation, correlation dimension, blink parameters and of course the PUI and the continuous PUI weighted with time were analysed. \nStatistics: For each group and each parameter a logistic regression was calculated. A model was calculated with several parameters for each group. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves and area under curve (AUC) are presented. A cross validation of the models with data a) and b) was performed: model a) in group b) and vice versa and vice versa. \nPRELIMINARY RESULTS: a) A model could be calculated with 6 parameters with an AUC of 0.94. It has a sensitivity and specificity of 87% both. All parameters in the model are significant. b) A model could be calculated with 3 parameters with an AUC of 0.90. It has a sensitivity and specificity of 85% both. All parameters in the model are significant. The cross validation of the model a) with data of b) results in an AUC of 0.82, while application of model b) in the data set a) gives an AUC of 0.54. \nCONCLUSIONS: Obviously, a combination of parameters may increase the differentiation between groups. To ensure the robustness of the models the best way will be testing these models in a prospective study. It may be possible that sleepiness in sleep deprivation and in OSAS patients have different emphases.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":534,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-15","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Role of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Pupillary Light Reflex of Mice","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-15","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":514,"original_file_name":"1170468710796.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":136726,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":534,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"In mice, a number of non-image forming light responses, including the pupillary light reflex survive the complete loss of rod and cone photoreceptors. The non-rod non-cone photoreceptors that drive these responses employ an opsin photopigment with a \uf06cmax around 480nm and reside in the inner retina. Their cellular identity has recently been addressed. It seems that a subset of retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the site of the primary circadian clock in mammals, are intrinsically photosensitive. These cells contain the putative photopigment melanopsin. Melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells also project to the oliviary pretectal nuclei.\nDisrupting the melanopsin gene provides an opportunity to study the role of this protein in pupillary responses. Although the survival and targeting of the melanopsin class of retinal ganglion cells are not affected by melanopsin loss, their photosensitivity is abolished. Despite this effect, melanopsin knockouts retain a pupillary light reflex. However, combining the melanopsin knockout with lesions of both rod and cone phototransduction cascades renders mice unresponsive to light. Thus, either the melanopsin or rod\/cone systems alone can drive pupil responses, but in the absence of both no other photosystem can perform this function. \nThe finding that both classical and novel photoreceptors can drive pupil responses establishes a challenge to elucidate the interaction between these pathways. Studying both melanopsin knockouts and mice lacking rods and cones has allowed us to explore the role of outer and inner retinal photoreception in the regulation of pupil size. Our findings to date confirm that the information provided by the rod\/cone and melanopsin systems is complementary. Rods and\/or cones are responsible for pupil responses under relatively dim light, while the melanopsin system drives constriction under bright light conditions (>1012 photons\/cm2\/s). The activity of both inner and outer photoreceptors is required to produce a normal pupil response to all intensities.\nA combination of rod\/cone and melanopsin photoreceptors is also involved in other light responses including circadian photoentrainment and the regulation of the neuroendocrine axis. Nevertheless, the quantifiability, reproducibility and ease of measurement of the pupil light reflex make it a powerful tool for establishing the characteristics and functions of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J Lucas"]},{"item_id":535,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-16","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Unrest in Sleepy Versus Non-Sleepy Healthy Subjects","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-16","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":515,"original_file_name":"1170468707187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":158354,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":535,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: In behaviorally and subjectively sleepy individuals the size of the pupils has been observed to oscillate significantly more than in alert individuals. The pupillary unrest index (PUI) has been proposed as a mathematical way of quantifying this oscillation. However, little information is available about how the PUI compares as an objective measure of sleepiness to the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), the current \u201cgold standard\u201d for measuring physiologic sleepiness. The purpose of this study was to compare the PUI and sleep latencies in sleepy (7 M, 8 F, 20-53 years of age) versus non-sleepy (8 M, 14 F, 22-55 years of age) healthy subjects who underwent health screening as well as all night polysomnography (PSG) with pupillometry alertness level testing (ALT) and the MSLT conducted the next day.\nMETHODS: The extensive health screening included: 1.) a review of prior medical records; 2.) completion of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory and a Sleep Log; and 3.) a clinic visit that included a urine drug screen (UDS), selected blood tests, a urinanalysis, an EKG and a complete medical history and physical examination. Further testing was conducted about two weeks after screening data were determined to be within normal limits. The sleep study (PSG) was conducted the night prior to daytime testing. The MSLT was conducted at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 hours following standard procedures for administration. The ALT was conducted at 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 hours with the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test\uf0d4(PST) AMTech GmbH pupillometer. During ALT testing subjects were comfortably seated in a quiet, dark room with instructions to keep their eyes open and try to stay awake without doing anything special to do so. Between the MSLT and ALT sessions, another UDS, and four subjective (introspective) sleepiness measures were administered (order varied between subjects for questionnaires).\nRESULTS: Controls with a mean sleep latency (SL) of < 10 minutes across the four MSLT nap opportunities were classified as sleepy (mean SL of sleepy and non-sleepy subjects were 6.5\uf0b12.4 versus 15.1\uf0b12.7 minutes, t35 = 9.8, p \uf0a3 .01). Analyses of group socio-demographics, subjective sleepiness ratings and amount of sleep revealed the following non-significant statistical results: 1.) no differences between groups in age and gender were found; 2.) no significant difference in mean scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was found (mean of sleepy subjects = 6.4\uf0b13.2 versus non-sleepy = 5.2\uf0b12.5); 3.) no significant difference in total scores on the Functional Outcomes of Sleepiness Scale was found (the mean of sleepy and non-sleepy subjects was 18.3\uf0b12.3 versus 18.9\uf0b11.7); 4.) mean minutes of sleep the night of PSG testing was not significantly different between groups (436.8\uf0b182.9 versus 421.9\uf0b145.9).\nAnalyses of objective measures revealed the following: 1.) the mean PUI (9.2\uf0b1 3.1) and SL (11.6\uf0b15.0) for the 4 testing sessions across groups were moderately and significantly correlated (Pearson r = -.51, p < .01); 2.) MANOVA for the mean PUI and SL between groups revealed significant differences across the four testing periods (F4, 32 = 5.0, p < .01 and F 4, 32 = 22.79, p < .01 respectively); 3.) repeated measures ANOVA for the mean PUI and SL between time periods across the groups revealed significant differences at selected testing periods (F6, 208 = 4.6, p <.01) although the pattern of differences did not necessarily reflect currently hypothesized circadian daytime patterns of sleepiness.\nCONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the PUI is capable of distinguishing between sleepy and non-sleepy healthy subjects. Since ALT testing is more convenient and easier to conduct than polygraphic measures, it could be useful in situations where level of sleepiness is the outcome of interest. Further research is needed to establish PUI norms for healthy non-sleepy subjects by age and gender.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Research supported by NIH, RO1 NR04959.\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the human subject guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago. All co-authors consent to the submission of this abstract.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sharon L. Merritt","Stephen R. Lloyd"]},{"item_id":536,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-17","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Effectiveness of Pupil Size Estimation during Eye-Blink","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-17","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":516,"original_file_name":"1170468703827.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143066,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":536,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Pupillary change can be used as a measure for various phenomena such as assessing emotion and task difficulty. The measure is based upon an evaluation of pupil size or frequency spectrum pupillogram readings. Most methods of analysis are based upon images of the eye, however the problem of 'eye blinks' can affect the data that is collected due to the eye being obscured by the eye lid during 'blink periods'.\nPURPOSE: In order to counter the effects of incomplete data due to 'eye blink' an estimation model of pupil size has been developed which is based upon a multi layer perception (MLP) with a hidden layer that acts as a simple neural network. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation technique was assessed using a task-evoked pupillography form of analysis.\nMETHOD: The estimation model was calibrated through the analysis of pupil responses that were generated either naturally or as a result of subjects being told to blink on cue 'artificial blinks'. It was found that the pupil size during the 'blink period' could be estimated. \nIn order to study task-evoked pupillography, a group of subjects were asked to undergo a series of tests that required them to solve and verbally report either a 1 x 1 or a 1 x 2 digit calculation while being asked to follow a switching visual target; the control condition was an ocular following task with no calculation. The rate of blinks, mean pupil size and the power readings generated by the power spectrum density (PSD) for pupillography were compared and an estimation of the 'blink period' was either applied or not applied. \nRESULTS: The estimation model was applied to pupillary changes during the experiment. It was found that the amount of missing pupil data was reduced from 8.4% to 0.0%. There were no significant differences recorded in the average pupil size once smaller pupil sizes had been omitted using a threshold.\nIn addition, inappropriate power spectrums were also removed by the estimation in the frequency analysis for temporal pupillary change. Pupillography differences in the two task types were found. The PSD in the area of 1.6 - 3.5Hz was significantly affected across the three experimental conditions as well as the generated averages of pupil size. Both PSD and average pupil size were seen to increase with task difficulty. Comparing PSD results of pupillography readings for data that had the 'blink period estimations' and those that did not have the 'blink period estimations' revealed that the removal of the 'blink period' from the data set using the MLP estimation model allowed for the variable 'task solving' and pupil size to be observed.\nCONCLUSION: This result demonstrates that pupil size measured using an MLP estimation model during 'blink periods' is effective for pupillography observation data such as frequency analysis.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Yasutaka Shimizu"]},{"item_id":537,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-18","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Can Peppermint Oil Really Reduce Daytime Sleepiness? A Pupillographic Assessment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-18","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":517,"original_file_name":"1170468704999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":137608,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:12","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":537,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: There seems to be, within popular literature at least, some consensus as to the benefits and effects of various essential oils. In particular, peppermint oil is thought to be both \u2018stimulating\u2019 and \u2018invigorating\u2019. Others make even more specific claims as to its effectiveness in reducing sleepiness, including reviving and stimulating junior doctors while on a night shift or counteracting after lunch sleepiness in the workplace. In contrast to these widely held beliefs about the effects of peppermint oil there are comparatively few empirical studies into these \u2018invigorating\u2019 effects.\nMETHOD: The study incorporated a mixed factorial design with time during the recording as the within group factor and presence or absence of peppermint oil as the between groups factor. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by calculating the pupillary unrest index (PUI) from pupillary fatigue oscillations. Twenty participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental conditions. A bench-mounted monocular infrared video pupillometer (PM_SCAN system) was used to record the pupillary responses, at 50 Hz and with a resolution of 0.01mm. A fixed concentration of undiluted peppermint oil, Mentha x piperita, was used. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) was used as an indicator of initial subjective sleepiness. \nRESULTS: There was no difference in initial subjective sleepiness between the two experimental groups, t = 0.59 (d.f.=16) p = 0.56. During the first minute of the recording the mean pupillary unrest indices for the peppermint and control groups were similar. However, the expected increase in sleepiness during the 11-minute recording was less in the peppermint condition than in the control condition. A two-way mixed factorial ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time, F(1,16) = 52.5, p<0.01 and a significant interaction between time and whether or not peppermint was present, F(1,16) = 11.2, p<0.01. Independent samples t-tests revealed that this interaction was the result of a significant effect of the odour towards the end of the recording (t = 2.64, df=16, p<0.05). \nDISCUSSION: The expected increase in sleepiness during the 11-minute recording was found in both the peppermint and control groups, however this increase was significantly diminished in the peppermint condition. This effect is not a result of individual differences in initial sleepiness. It seems that several of the oft-quoted assertions about the ability of peppermint oil to ward off sleepiness now have some evidential support.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Norrish","K. Dwyer"]},{"item_id":538,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-19","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) Parameters Identification","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-19","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":518,"original_file_name":"1170468701343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":171264,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":538,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The examination of the PLR provides valuable diagnostic information about properties of the anatomical systems, which are connected with the reflex way, both in normal and pathological conditions. The parameters of the PLR reflex in response to different types of stimulation are strong quantitative indicators of specific anatomic system pathology. The obtaining reliable PLR also depend on conditions of stimulation and measurement. \nAuthors have designed the experimental set-up and methods to analysis of PLR parameters (in response to a single pulse and periodic light stimulations).\nMETHOD: In described the experimental set-up the left eye is stimulated and the consensual response of the right eye is recorded. The system of two CCD linear sensors is used as the detection element. It allows to record and digitize the right pupil diameter at the rate of 90 times\/ second, with the accuracy of 0.005 mm. The parameters of the light stimulation i.e. amplitude and time duration of a single light pulse, amplitude, frequency and pulse duty factor of rectangular periodic light pulses are adjustable. The system permits an accurate determination of the time characteristic of the PLR dynamic response. The analysis of the PLR response in time domain recorded for 5 healthy subjects has been performed. \nIn this paper we present two methods to analysis of the PLR. The first method depends on modeling of the PLR pathway as the second order inertial system with response time delay. The response of that system to pulse stimulation with given amplitude and time duration using Laplace transform has been determined. The method enables to calculate two time-constants describing constriction ( ) and dilation ( ) processes, time delay reaction ( ) and amplification coefficient ( ). The accuracy and repeatability of the PLR parameters obtained using proposed method has been investigated. The analysis and the comparison the velocity parameters of the PLR time characteristic recorded for different stimulation shapes have been carried out in the second method. The stimulation parameters in the form of rectangular periodic light pulses or a single pulse light have been adjusted. \nRESULTS: The variability of the model parameters ( ) as a function of time duration (0,1s \u2013 3 s) of the light pulse has been studied. The example parameters obtained for chosen subject are following: (0,253 - 0,607), (0,357 - 4,127), (0,241 \u2013 0,258), (0,943 \u2013 1,250). The most important parameters analyzed in the second method were: maximal contraction and dilation velocity; time of peak contraction; pupil size at the time of peak contraction and dilation; contraction amplitude and time delay reaction. Those parameters were analyzed as a function of stimulation shape. \nThe local minimum effect appearing in the PLR response to periodic stimulation approximately 100 ms after beginning of stimulation has been observed. The explanation this phenomenon has been proposed. \nCONCLUSIONS: We proposed easy and fast quantitative methods to the determination of the PLR parameters. They can be used for diagnostic estimation of the anatomic systems connected with the PLR pathway function.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wioletta Nowak","Andrzej Hacho\u0142","Henryk Kasprzak"]},{"item_id":539,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-20","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Some Important Mechanisms in Iris Responses to Drugs","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-20","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":519,"original_file_name":"1170468702515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":158222,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":539,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"The classical neuronal cholinergic and noradrenergic receptor mediated functional control of mammalian iris muscles is well established. Some unique mechanisms, which control pupillary changes were investigated. The standard quantitative pharmacologic methods were used in vitro or in vivo to measure iris muscle responses.\nI.\tImplications of chemical deposits in pigment cell: Atropine, ephedrine and cocaine dependant slow onset of pupillary dilatation and the long duration of the action was co-related to the drug deposits in the pigment cell. The pigment-bound drugs are released locally onto neuroeffector junctions to influence the kinetics of the pharmacological response. Even other liposoluble molecules like pilocarpine, physostigmine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, \uf038-adrenoceptor blockers, nicotine, chloroquine and organophosphate pesticides were accumulated in the pigment cell melanins. Accordingly, the local pharmacological and\/or toxicological reactions in ocular structures were influenced. Quarternary charged molecules, acetylcholine or carbachol, which are less likely to be transported across the pigment cell membrane for the binding, produce equal miotic-contractions of the iris sphincter in vitro of the tissue either obtained from albino or nonalbino rabbits. The systemic administration of morphine, which produces miosis through activation of oculomotor neurons, exhibited equal miosis in the dog with a hypopigmented and the pigmented iris. Unequal deposits of morphine in such bicoloured irides if any, are irrelevant for explaining the equal pupillary reaction to the drug.\nII.\tSome neuronal drug mechanisms of iris and its functional implications: Physostigmine in a concentration-dependent manner develops slow contraction of the human isolated iris sphincter, indicating the local indirect effect of the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. In such a preparation, residual cholinergic neurons must release some acetylcholine. At the low concentration of physostigmine when the sphincter contractions are small, the effects of exogenous acetylcholine are potentiated. Huperzine-A a new inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase is 2-3-fold more potent than physostigmine in the iris sphincter for such a potentiation of the transmitter.\nThe neuronal norepinephrine content of albino and non-albino rabbit iris was nearly equal. In albino iris dilator muscle, cocaine potentiated (-) norepinephrine mediated contractions. The potentiation at EC50 was 100-fold, while that in pigmented iris dilator of rabbit & human was 37- and 17-fold respectively. The loss of cocaine in the pigment cell partly explains the low potentiation of (-) norepinephrine in the muscle from dark irides. Neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake of (-)-norepinephrine was studied in rabbit iris. The pigment cell accumulates some hydrophilic (-)-norepinephrine but does not metabolize it. The accumulation lacks stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the rates of extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of isoproterenol to o-methylated product were nearly equal in two types of irides. The metabolites can be accumulated in the pigment cell.\nIsolated human iris sphincter obtained from donors with Parkinson\u2019s disease or diabetes potentiated responses to carbachol, a muscarinic agonist. There appears to be some increase in sensitivity in the iris sphincter to the cholinergic agonist in the pathologically denervated iris. In those patients who received antimuscarinic medication before the donation, the iris sphincter was hyposensitive to the muscarinic agonist.\nIII.\tReceptor mechanisms for the pupillary response: Mammalian iris sphincter produces miosis to the muscarinic cholinergic receptor activator. Maximum contraction of the muscle to pilocarpine relative to carbachol (100%) varies greatly 80% in human iris sphincter to only 12% in rabbits. In the latter species pilocarpine acts as a competitive blocker at the muscarinic receptor. The affinity of pilocarpine to the receptor in both human and rabbit appears to be the same. The intrinsic transduction mechanism in the latter must be deficient for the drug.\n\tDo human iris sphincter contain \uf038-adrenoceptor? The answer is \u2018yes\u2019. Isoproterenol, the receptor agonist relaxes the muscle. The 30% relaxation is sensitive to blocking by the antagonist Timolol. Data imply that circulating epinephrine, to a small extent, may produce mydriasis by this mechanism. The activation of the dilator muscle \uf061-adrenoceptor for mydriasis by the hormone is well known. The topical Corneal Barrier Index in humans for pupillary dilation by hydrophilic \uf061-adrenoceptor activator (-) phenylephrine may be as high as 40,000. Thus the cornea provides a major barrier for the drug effect at the iris receptors. \n\tBovine iris sphincter develops tone in vitro. Isoproterenol completely relaxes the muscle. In this species, the pupillary dilatation is mainly via \uf038-adrenoceptor mechanism. In vitro, lowering the temperature of the medium increases the functional response of iris sphincter to cholinergic stimulants in various mammalian species, including that of the human eye. The equilibrium dissolution constant KB of atropine ~1nM either at 17.5\u00b0C or at 37.5\u00b0C is not altered. The concentration (IC50) of atropine, however, to antagonize or reverse the cholinergic receptor-mediated contraction is significantly higher. These facts explain that miotic pupillary response is difficult to antagonize by atropine. The role of co-transmitters and receptors in pupillary homeostasis remains to be explored.\nREFERENCE: Popat N. Patil and Vishambhar N. Puri (editors) Frontiers of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Allied Publishers PVT Limited. New Delhi. 2002.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":540,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-21","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil Responses to Coloured Stimuli, Chromatic Afterimages and Rod Contrast Signals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-21","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":520,"original_file_name":"1170468709687.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":141952,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":540,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Pupil responses to isoluminant chromatic stimuli and the corresponding colour afterimages have been investigated in previous studies (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 96 (20):11637-11641, 1999). Although evidence for the existence of separate visual pathways (Brain 125:2296-2307, 2002) that can mediate pupil colour responses has emerged from a number of studies (see The Visual Neurosciences, MIT Press, 2003: Cambridge, MA, eds. L. M. Chalupa and J. S. Werner, for review), considerable controversy remains as to whether pupil responses to the offset of chromatic stimuli reflect the activity of colour mechanisms. The aim of this study was to understand how chromatic afterimages are generated and whether the pupil constrictions recorded at the offset of an isoluminant coloured stimulus reflect the activity of colour mechanisms. \nMETHODS: Pupil responses were elicited with either luminance changes or the onset \/ offset of isoluminant, chromatic stimuli. Two stimulus colours that were photopically isoluminant and also had zero rod contrast were selected for the study. In addition, pupil responses to coloured stimuli that were only photopically isoluminant and varied in scotopic luminance contrast were also measured. The stimuli were either presented briefly for a specified duration, or the stimulus strength (i.e., luminance or chromatic contrast) was modulated sinusoidally at a frequency of 0.8 Hz. These tests enabled us to examine how rod contrast signals drive the pupil response when the eye is presented with coloured stimuli that are photopically isoluminant. The visual stimuli were then buried in dynamic luminance contrast (LC) noise. The properties of the LC noise were varied systematically and the corresponding pupil responses examined. The aim was to establish whether pupil responses to colour afterimages were also independent of dynamic LC noise. \nRESULTS: Pupil responses can be elicited both at the onset and the offset of isoluminant, chromatic stimuli, even when rod contrast signals are absent. The corresponding pupil response latencies are in general longer than those elicited with luminance contrast signals, even when of larger amplitude. \u201cRed\u201d afterimages generated by a \u201cgreen\u201d stimulus that is photopically and scotopically isoluminant turned out to be particularly effective in driving the pupil response. Pupil responses to chromatic afterimages caused by sinusoidal modulation of chromatic signal strength were found to lag behind the primary stimulus by exactly half a cycle, following the generation of the colour afterimage. In the case of flashed chromatic stimuli, the pupil responses generated, both at stimulus onset and offset remain unaffected by the presence of dynamic LC noise. This was not however the case when the stimulus was defined by luminance contrast or the coloured stimulus was only photopically isoluminant. \nCONCLUSIONS: The results reveal significant pupil responses triggered by both the onset and offset of coloured stimuli that are both photopically and scotopically isoluminant. When the coloured stimulus is buried in dynamic LC noise, the presence of the noise has no significant effect on pupil response amplitudes, either at stimulus onset or offset. This finding is in marked contrast to the large reduction in pupil response amplitude observed with luminance contrast defined stimuli under the same conditions. The generation of chromatic afterimages and the corresponding pupil responses are therefore mediated by colour mechanisms that remain unaffected by the presence of LC noise. The results also show convincingly that rod contrast signals present in coloured stimuli that are photopically isoluminant can drive the pupil response. When such stimuli are employed, the corresponding pupil responses can be affected significantly by dynamic LC noise, even when the light adaptation level is normally considered to be photopic.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M Rodriguez-Carmona","J A Harlow","John L Barbur"]},{"item_id":541,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-22","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Hippus: A Collection of Different Types of Oscillations, Some of which Emanate from the Pretectal Nuclei","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-22","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":521,"original_file_name":"1170471477359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":205308,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":541,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"BACKGROUND: We have shown that the relative input from each pretectal nucleus to the two Edinger-Westfall nuclei can be evaluated in humans. Most normal subjects have asymmetric crossings such that stimulation of a pretectal nucleus results in a mild contraction anisocoria with the contralateral eye contracting more than the ipsilateral eye. In this study we assumed that spontaneous oscillations generated by a pretectal nucleus would show a similar contraction anisocoria. \nPURPOSE: To determine whether or not one can manipulate the pattern of hippus by stimulation of the individual pretectal nuclei and identify some oscillations as originating from the pretectal nuclei.\nMETHODS: Eleven normal subjects underwent binocular infrared video pupillography. A constant dim illumination from a single hemifield in one eye was used while recording several one to two minute segments of spontaneous oscillations. All subjects had recordings during stimulation of both the left and right nasal hemifields. Seven of the subjects had recordings during unilateral temporal stimulation as well. For each spontaneous oscillation, a computer program identified the relative amplitude of constriction of each eye. The number of contractions slightly larger in the right eye was compared to the number of contractions slightly larger in the left eye. Larger contraction anisocorias were ignored as it we felt these were likely to be from the pretectal nuclei\nRESULTS: For all but one of the subjects the number of oscillations with a mild right-sided contraction anisocoria increased during right nasal stimulation. Most showed the reverse pattern with left nasal stimulation. Stimulation of the temporal fields did not have any consistent influence on the type of oscillations generated. The ratio of the number of oscillations slightly greater in one eye compared to the other during nasal stimulation correlated well (R2= 47.7; p < 0.001) with values of the midbrain crossings calculated by previously reported methods. \nCONCLUSIONS: Some spontaneous oscillations originate from the pretectal nuclei and result in a small contraction anisocoria. The effect of single hemifield stimulation on hippus is proportional to the anatomic asymmetry of crossing fibers from the pretectal nuclei to the Edinger-Westfall nuclei. Nasal and temporal stimulations do not have the same effect on hippus.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Michael L. Rosenberg","Harsheel Desai"]},{"item_id":542,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-23","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Still Drowsy in the Morning? Objective Investigation of Hang-over Effects in Valerian\/Lemon Balm Tablets","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-23","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":522,"original_file_name":"1170471478828.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153633,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":542,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Well-known disadvantages of classical hypnotics are drowsiness and sleepiness in the morning hours after application in the evening before. Although the effects of benzodiazepines upon night sleep parameters have been well investigated by polysomnographic studies, there is a lack of objective evidence by any physiological measure concerning the existence and amount of such a hang-over. In the present study the PST (Pupillographic Sleepiness Test) was used as a measure of daytime sleepiness to determine the presence of a hang-over effect in healthy volunteers the day after the administration of tablets containing 120 mg Valerian and 80 mg Lemon balm (Songha\uf0d2 Night, Pharmaton SA, Lugano, Switzerland) compared to 10 mg Oxazepam and placebo.\nMETHODS: Pupillography. The PST (by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness. Parameter of evaluation is the natural logarithm of the pupillary unrest index (ln PUI). Higher values of this index express increased daytime sleepiness. Design. A randomised, double-blind, double-dummy placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Subjects and procedures: 54 subjects (21 m, 33 f, mean age 34.9, SD 11) were randomised and treated. Each subject was tested 6 times: baseline I \/ treatment I, baseline II \/ treatment II, baseline III \/ treatment III. The treatment periods lasted one week each followed by one week wash-out. Placebo, the herbal combination and Oxazepam were given in a randomised order. Pupillary examinations and subjective scales [visual analogue scale (VAS) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)] took place at 8:00, 9:30 and 11:00 a.m. 53 subjects were closed per protocol and evaluated for the efficacy analysis.\nAnalysis: The hypotheses of non-inferiority of the valerian\/lemon balm combination to placebo, followed by non-inferiority and superiority of the herbal combination to oxazepam, respectively, were analysed in an a priori fixed order for the ln PUI. The margin for decision was set to 0.2. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to detect differences of treatments minus baseline in ln PUI and VAS. SSS and global assessments of efficacy and tolerability were analysed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Correlations of differences from baseline in ln PUI and subjective scales were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.\nRESULTS: The non-inferiority hypothesis of valerian\/lemon balm compared to placebo and Oxazepam was confirmed by the results while the superiority hypothesis to Oxazepam was not (n=53, least square means for effect of treatment minus baseline: valerian\/lemon balm combination 0.0609, Oxazepam -0,0190, placebo \u20130,0064). The subjective perception of sleepiness by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) showed no increase in sleepiness after the three treatment periods either. The differences from baseline in PUI and VAS\/SSS by medication correlated closely at all three conditions (total, n=53, average Pearson corr. coefficient for PUI\/VAS 0.44, significant at 8 of 9 time-points).\nCONCLUSIONS: Valerian\/lemon balm reveals no hang-over during the first half of the day neither in objective measures nor in subjective perception. In contradiction to the results of an open pilot study with 10 mg Oxazepam, the same treatment did not cause the expected hang-over either in the main trial. Issues such as differences in subject selection, sample size and design may be considered as possible reasons for this contradiction.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Rainer Schnell","Barbara Wilhelm","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Hubertus Peil","Alberto Vignutelli"]},{"item_id":543,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-24","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Concurrent Pupil Dilation and fMRI Assessment: Applications to Understanding Information Processing in Healthy and Depressed Individuals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-24","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":523,"original_file_name":"1170471480250.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":142862,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":543,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"The use of concurrently acquired pupil dilation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was examined as a way of understanding how healthy and depressed individuals process emotional and non-emotional information. Pupil dilation, as a correlate of cognitive load, can be used to describe the time course of cognitive and emotional processing on a quick time scale. fMRI can be used to provide greater specificity regarding the brain areas used in this processing. \nStudy 1: To introduce the method, sixteen healthy participants completed a working memory task (digit sorting) during measurement of pupil dilation outside the fMRI environment and during concurrent 3T fMRI assessment. Pupil dilation increased parametrically with task difficulty inside and outside the scanner, on a similar time-course suggesting that task demand was similar in both environments. The time-course of pupil dilation during digit sorting was similar to the time course of the fMRI signal in the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggesting that activity in this brain area indexed the engagement working memory processes. Incorporating individual differences in pupil dilation improved the sensitivity and specificity of analyses of activity in this region, above and beyond standard analytic techniques. Results suggest concurrent pupil dilation during fMRI assessment can help to 1) specify whether task demand is the same inside and outside the fMRI environment, 2) resolve the extent to which fMRI signals reflect different cognitive processes that happen in quick succession, and 3) explain variation in fMRI data due to individual differences in information processing \nStudy 2: Depressed individuals historically display impairment on working memory tasks and increased engagement in emotional processing. fMRI can be used to investigate brain activity associated with these phenomena, but hypothesized differences in the time-course of cognitive activity during cognitive and emotional tasks for depressed and never-depressed individuals suggest that incorporating independent measures of individual differences in cognitive and emotional reactivity, such as pupil dilation, into analyses could be useful. \nIn addition to the healthy sample described above, 13 unmedicated clinically depressed participants underwent concurrent assessment of fMRI and pupil dilation during the digit-sorting task. Pupil dilation increased parametrically with cognitive load in both groups but was lower in the high cognitive load condition in depressed than healthy participants. Using pupil dilation as a regressor for fMRI data revealed an area in the left DLPFC in which activity was consistent with pupil dilation in each group, and in which activity was decreased for depressed individuals. Thus, pupil dilation and fMRI data suggested that depressed individuals engaged in less task-relevant cognitive and brain activity associated with executive control on the task. Depressed individuals also experienced increased amygdala activity for difficult items, potentially suggesting that for them, the task became affective. Thus, we suggest that depressed individuals experience decreased executive control and potentially, increased affective engagement when confronted with difficult items. Inhibition of PFC by the amygdala is one explanation for decreased DLPFC activity in depression. \n To understand whether the observed patterns of activity generalize to explicitly emotional contexts, the same participants completed a task in which they identified the emotional valence of words in alternation with digit sorting. Pupil dilation in depressed individuals was increased and sustained in response to the emotional words on this task. Amygdala activity was also greater in the depressed individuals. Decreased activity in the previously identified DLPFC region was observed during the valence identification task. These patterns carried into subsequent digit sorting trials. These data are consistent with the idea that depressed individuals engage in more emotional processing, and less specifically cognitive processing than healthy individuals.\n To understand the extent to which pupil dilation reflects activity in multiple relevant brain regions, activity both the DLPFC and amygdala were regressed against pupil dilation data. Results suggested that activity in both brain regions independently contributed to pupil dilation, consistent with the notion of pupil dilation as an additive measure of brain activity.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase","Cameron Carter."]},{"item_id":544,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-25","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Strategies to Investigate Pupillomotor Receptive Fields","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-25","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":524,"original_file_name":"1170471482171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":160132,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":544,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: It is believed that in the human visual field there are circumscribed areas called receptive fields consisting of two response zones, a central summation zone and a larger surrounding inhibiting area. The pupillomotor sensitivity of the retina has proved to be remarkably similar to the visual sensitivity with a difference in thresholds. Pupil campimetry is an objective method of visual field testing. The aim of our study was to analyse how different characteristics of the light stimulus influence the pupil light reaction. We wanted to find out whether it is possible to define pupillomotor receptive fields and by that specify the properties of the stimulus used in pupil campimetry more accurately in order to improve the method. \nMETHODS: Infrared video-based pupillography was performed in 11 healthy persons (mean age 26,9 years) with no eye pathology and a normal pupil light reaction. In all persons only the right eye was tested. Light stimuli were generated on a computer screen with a constant background luminance of 1 cd\/m2 at a distance of 20 cm from the subject\u2019s eye within a visual field of 30 degrees. The stimuli were presented in upper temporal and lower nasal quadrants at 20\u00b0 eccentricity. The stimulus periodically changed between these two quadrants in order to avoid adaptation processes. The diameter of the stimulus varied from 1 to 10\u00b0 starting with the smallest diameter. Each stimulus was repeated four times and for each stimulus size mean amplitude of the pupil reaction was calculated. Other qualities of the stimulus (stimulus interval, stimulus duration) remained constant. Each stimulus size was tested at four light intensities. Mean amplitude of the pupil light reaction was analyzed in relation to different stimulus qualities. \nRESULTS: When plotting amplitude of the pupil light reaction in all subjects against the area of the light stimulus very similar curves can be observed for higher intensities, showing a steep increase in pupil reaction for smaller diameters and a sudden change to a much slower increase for the larger diameters. Comparing logarithm of the mean amplitude with the logarithm of the stimulus area a linear two-phase curve can be observed. The gain of the stimulus-response curve is much higher for smaller stimulus sizes than for larger stimuli. There is a sudden transition between the two linear parts of the stimulus response curve. This transition relates to a stimulus size of approximately. 3 degrees. There is probably a naso -temporal difference: whereas the slope is identical for large stimuli, i.e. for the 2nd linear part of the curve, the slope is steeper on the side of the nasal field. \nDISCUSSION: The curves remind of the transition between Ricco\u2019s and Piper\u2019s law as known from psychophysical examinations. This is usually considered as the point of stimulus saturation for the on-centre perceptive field. The slope of the stimulus response curve decreases if the surrounding inhibiting areas are covered by the stimulus. Applied to our results this means that the on-centre size of the pupil receptive field would be about 3 degrees at an eccentricity of 20 degrees. The method applied here seems to be promising for mapping the on-centre of the pupil receptive fields.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Karolina Skorkovska","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm","Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":545,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-26","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil in Harlequin Syndrome","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-26","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":525,"original_file_name":"1170471486562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":131194,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":545,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"In Harlequin syndrome the normal skin changes associated with exercise and body heating are partly disrupted. The condition most commonly affects the face but may involve also the neck, arm, hand and upper trunk. The condition is thought to be associated with a sympathetic lesion on the affected side, in which the skin fails to redden or sweat.\nWe report 16 cases on whom we have performed pupillography in between attacks. Rather surprisingly, only 10\/16 patients had relative miosis on the affected side; of these six had frank Horner\u2019s syndrome. One other patient had bilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome. \nWe will discuss the pathophysiology with special reference to the sympathetic nerve supply of the facial circulation.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen Smith","Fion Bremner"]},{"item_id":546,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-27","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Cognitive and Motor Inhibition of the Pupillary Light Reaction in Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorders: Evidence for Effortful Processing in the Parasympathetic Pathway","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-27","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":526,"original_file_name":"1170471487875.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":141723,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:13","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":546,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Performance in a number of cognitive domains is reported to be deficient in schizophrenic disorders. A generalized deficit has often been assumed to underlie the failure of information processing operations. This assumption was challenged by recording the pupillary reaction to light, which is sensitive to both effortful and cognitive influences. We hypothesized that measures of effortful processing should be intact in neuropsychiatric patients who were actively attending to task requirements. This should be revealed in activation of parasympathetic activity from central sources, having the effect of inhibiting activity at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Secondly, we sought to determine the time course of interference in the parasympathetic pathway by the performance of motor responses at varying delays before and after light onset.\nMETHOD: Subjects included 12 healthy controls, 9 schizophrenia patients, and 12 alcoholic patients. In both experiments, a 1000 msec light stimulus was repeated every 4000 msec. In Experiment 1, the light reaction was recorded to 11 light presentations under each of three conditions: 1) no task (Light Only), 2) an easy task requiring a simple verbalization (Add 1 to successive numbers), and 3) a difficult task requiring successive subtraction of 7 from a seed number. In Experiment 2, involving 49 light presentations, the subject was required to press a button whenever a 100 msec tone was presented. The tone occurred randomly in 250 msec steps beginning 1000 msec before and up to 500 msec after light onset, or omitted entirely. For both experiments, average responses to light stimuli were computed. \nRESULTS: Experiment 1: Across groups, prestimulus pupil diameter was smallest in the Light Only condition, larger for Add 1, and largest in the Subtract 7 condition (p < .001). That is, all of the groups showed the same increasing diameter with increasing task difficulty. Light reaction amplitude did not differ for Light Only and Add 1, but was reduced by the Subtract 7 operation for all groups (p = .047). \nExperiment 2: The light reaction was inhibited beginning 750 msec before light onset, was maximally decreased during the \u2013250 to +250 msec window, but showed recovery at +500 msec. The pattern of inhibition was more tightly distributed in the schizophrenia patient group.\nDISCUSSION: Increased diameter with greater demand has been linked to reticular activation. Reduction of the light reaction appears indicative of cortical activation. Both physiological pathways inhibit central parasympathetic activity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that effortful processing reflected in the parasympathetic pathway is intact in schizophrenia patients. The findings are incompatible with a generalized deficit, but do provide evidence of appropriate physiological reactivity to task demands. However, the time course of inhibitory activities appears more disrupted in schizophrenia patients than healthy subjects.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by USPHS MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J.Siegle","Ruth Condray"]},{"item_id":547,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-28","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Noradrenergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Comparison of Modafinil and Clonidine","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-28","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":527,"original_file_name":"1170471489109.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":169982,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":547,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Noradrenergic neurones located in the lower brain stem, mainly in the locus coeruleus, project to most parts of the neuraxis. The ascending projection plays a prominent role in arousal and maintenance of wakefulness, whereas projections to preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones modulate autonomic activity. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine can \u201cswitch off\u201d the activity of the locus coeruleus, thereby leading to sedation, and to a sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic effect[1]. Modafinil is a novel wakefulness-promoting agent licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy[2]. The mode of action of modafinil is not known: one possibility is that it may activate the central noradrenergic system. We have examined the effects of modafinil on pupillary function and compared them with those of clonidine. We have also investigated the possible interaction between the two drugs on the pupil.\nMETHODS: Sixteen healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions at weekly intervals in which they received (i) modafinil 200 mg, (ii) clonidine 0.2 mg, (iii) modafinil 200 mg and clonidine 0.2 mg, (iv) placebo. The four treatments were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Light reflex responses were evoked by green (peak wavelength 565 nm) light flashes (200 ms; 8.5 x 10-3, 7.0 x 10-2 and 0.43 mW cm-2), and darkness reflex responses by switching off the background illumination of 1700 Cd m\u20132. Recordings were made with a binocular infrared television pupillometer (TVP 1015B, Applied Science Laboratories Waltham, MA, USA). Spontaneous pupillary fluctuations in darkness were measured by the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (AmTech, Weinheim, Germany). The level of alertness of the subjects was assessed using both subjective self-ratings, and measurement of critical flicker fusion frequency. Cardiovascular parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) and salivary output were also recorded.\nRESULTS: The effects of the treatments are shown in the table:-\nDISCUSSION: Clonidine exerted effects consistent with its central sympatholytic and sedative properties. In contrast, modafinil had relatively little effect on most of the measures used: it increased resting pupil diameter and the initial velocity of the darkness reflex, indicating an increase in the sympathetic output to the iris. It reduced the pupillary unrest index and critical flicker fusion frequency consistent with its alerting effect; however, it failed to affect subjective alertness. Modafinil was unable to counteract the effects of clonidine on almost all the measures used. These results argue against an action of modafinil via the central noradrenergic system. \nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3):6-18.\n2.\tBroughton, R.J. et al. (1997). Neurology 49:444-451.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. Freeman","H. Hou","R. W. Langley","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":548,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-29","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Serotonergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion and Buspirone","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-29","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":528,"original_file_name":"1170471490515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153573,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":548,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: There is some evidence that serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptaminergic) mechanisms may be involved in the central regulation of pupil diameter. Thus, drugs increasing the activity of central 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT) containing neurones, such as the 5-HT releasing agent fenfluramine and some antidepressants which block the re-uptake of 5-HT (SSRIs) have been reported to cause mydriasis. On the other hand, drugs known to decrease the activity\/influence of central 5-HT neurones, such as the 5-HT depleting agent 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5-HT1A receptor agonists, such as buspirone, which can \u201cswitch off\u201d the activity of serotonergic neurones, and 5-HT2A receptor agonists evoke miosis. (For review see ref. 1). In the present experiment we examined the effects of two variables known to reduce central serotonergic activity (buspirone and acute tryptophan depletion) on pupil diameter at different levels of ambient luminance. Acute tryptophan depletion is a procedure used to reduce central 5-HT synthesis by the ingestion of a cocktail of amino acids excluding tryptophan.\nMETHODS: Fifteen healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions at weekly intervals, in which they received (i) a tryptophan-deficient amino-acid drink (-TP) and placebo, (ii) a control amino-acid drink containing tryptophan (+TP) and placebo, (iii) \u2013TP and buspirone 20 mg, (iv) +TP and buspirone 20 mg. The four conditions were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Capsules containing buspirone or placebo were given 4 h after ingestion of the amino-acid drink. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Measurements were made before and 6 h after ingestion of the amino-acid drink. Pupil diameter data were analysed by two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA (amino-acid condition x drug condition). Light-intensity dependence of the effect of each treatment was analysed by one-factor ANOVA comparing the pre- post-treatment changes in pupil diameter across the four light intensities (significance criterion, p<0.05).\nRESULTS: The four light intensities produced graded miosis. Significant reductions of pupil diameter were produced by both \u2013TP and buspirone. The effects of the treatments were additive, there being no significant interaction between the two factors. The +TP\/placebo condition had no effect on pupil diameter, compared to the pre-treatment baseline. The effects of both \u2013TP and buspirone were greater under the 6 and 91 Cd m-2 lighting conditions than in darkness.\nDISCUSSION: The results confirm the light-dependent miotic effect of buspirone[1], and demonstrate a similar effect of acute tryptophan depletion, suggesting the modulation of the pupillary light reflex by serotonergic neurones. It is of interest that the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine also evokes a light dependent miosis in man[2], probably by \u201cswitching off\u201d central noradrenergic neurones in the locus coeruleus, and thereby disinhibiting the pupillary light reflex[3]. Therefore, it is possible that the effects of serotonergic drugs\/manipulations are mediated via the locus coeruleus. Although the precise neuronal circuitry is unknown, the most parsimonious model is that the noradrenergic neurones receive a tonic excitatory input from the serotonergic neurones, which activate excitatory 5-HT2A receptors on the noradrenergic neurones\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tPhillips, M.A. et al. (1999). J Psychopharmacol. 13:391-397.\n2.\tPhillips, M.A. et al. (2000). Br J Clin Pharmacol. 50:65-68.\n3.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol. 10(Suppl 3):6-18.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","S.J. Graham","S. Patel","W.M.A. Banjar","J. Gazzaz","R.W. Langley","C.M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":549,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-30","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Histaminergic Modulation of Pupillary Function: Comparison of Diphenhydramine and Diazepam","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-30","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":529,"original_file_name":"1170471491953.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143876,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":549,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Histaminergic neurones are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and project to most areas of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum hypothalamus, and many brain stem nuclei[1]. The ascending projection exerts a powerful alerting effect on the neocortex, via the activation of H1 histamine receptors[1,2]. Indeed, the blockade of these receptors may underlie the sedative effects of a number of drugs with affinity for H1 histamine receptors (e.g. first generation antihistamines, phenothiazine antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants). Although the first generation antihistamines have pronounced sedative properties, their pupillary effects are largely unknown. It is of interest that many of these drugs also block muscarinic cholinoceptors, an effect that may also modify pupillary function. We have examined the pupillary effects of one such drug, diphenhydramine, and compared them with those of diazepam. \nMETHODS: Fifteen healthy male volunteers participated in three experimental sessions at weekly intervals in which they received (i) diphenhydramine 75 mg, (ii) diazepam 10 mg, (iii) placebo. The three treatments were administered in a balanced order according to a double-blind protocol. Pupil diameter was measured with a binocular pupillometer (Procyon, UK) under four light intensities (darkness, 6, 91, 360 Cd m-2). Light reflex responses were evoked by green (peak wavelength 565 nm) light flashes (200 ms, 0.43 mW cm-2); recordings were made with a binocular infrared television pupillometer (TVP 1015B, Applied Science Laboratories Waltham, MA. USA). The level of alertness of the subjects was assessed using both subjective self-ratings, and measurement of critical flicker fusion frequency.\nRESULTS: Diphenhydramine caused a significant miosis at all four illumination intensities. The degree of miosis was the same at all illumination levels. Diazepam had no significant effect on pupil diameter. The amplitude of the pupillary light reflex response remained unaffected by the two drug treatments. Both active drugs decreased subjectively rated alertness. Although both drugs caused an increase in critical flicker fusion frequency, consistent with a sedative effect, this change failed to achieve statistical significance. \nDISCUSSION: Although both diphenhydramine and diazepam reduced subjectively rated alertness, only diphenhydramine had a significant miotic effect. The diphenhydramine- evoked miosis is likely to be due to a sympatholytic effect, since there is no indication of disinhibition of the parasympathetic light reflex mechanism[3] (i.e., the miosis was not light dependent, and the amplitude of the light reflex response was not enhanced by diphenhydramine). The central sympatholytic effect of diphenhydramine is likely to be due to the blockade of H1 histamine receptors in the hypothalamus, suggesting that central sympathetic outflow is under tonic histaminergic control. The lack of effect of diphenhydramine on the light reflex response indicates that the drug did not exert any significant anticholinergic effect at the dosage used. The lack of effect of diazepam on pupil diameter is in agreement with previous reports[4]. The present results indicate that there are differences in the abilities of sedative drugs to evoke miosis.\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tSchwartz, J.-C. et al. (1995). In: Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, eds. F. E. Bloom and D. J. Kupfer, pp. 397-405. Raven Press, New York.\n2.\tSaper, C.B. et al. (2001). TRENDS in Neurosci 24:726-731.\n3.\tSzabadi, E. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1996). J Psychopharmacol 10(Suppl 3):6-18.\n4.\tBitios, P. et al. (1998). J Psychopharmacol 135:93-98.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. Freeman","J. Scaife","H. Hou","R. W. Langley","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":550,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-31","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Does Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis have a \u201cSleepiness\u201d Component? A Pilot Study","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-31","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":530,"original_file_name":"1170471824484.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153506,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":550,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Patients suffering from multiple sclerosis complain of fatigue and many show excessive daytime sleepiness[1]. Recently, it has been reported that the wakefulness promoting agent modafinil can alleviate fatigue and reduce sleepiness in multiple sclerosis[1]. The Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) provides an objective quantitative index of sleepiness by measuring pupillary fluctuations in darkness (\u201cpupillary fatigue waves\u201d)[2]. In a pilot experiment we examined whether a single dose of modafinil is effective in reducing pupillary fatigue waves in multiple sclerosis patients suffering from fatigue.\nMETHOD: Five patients with MS (3 females, 2 males; 4 relapsing\/remitting, 1 primary progressive), with prominent complaints of fatigue which failed to respond to treatment with amantadine were recruited. Measurements included the fatigue assessment instrument (FAI) and severity score (FSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), visual analogue self-ratings of alertness, anxiety and contentedness, and physiological tests, including the PST (pupil diameter, total power of fluctuations obtained from a Fast Fourrier Transformation, pupillary unrest index [PUI]) and the critical flicker fusion frequency test. Patients were given either modafinil 200 mg or placebo in two sessions one week apart according to a double-blind crossover design.\nRESULTS: The ESS score was 13.8 +\/- 1.5 (mean +\/- s.e.mean), and the FSS score was 5.704 +\/- 0.68, indicating severe fatigue and sleepiness. Modafinil reduced ratings of sleepiness (ESS), increased alertness, and contentedness, and decreased anxiety, compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Modafinil caused an increase (0.49 +\/- 0.37 mm) in pupil diameter, and reduced the power of pupil fluctuations and PUI. Three patients continued on modafinil 200-400 mg\/day: all showed improvement in the FSS score.\nCONCLUSIONS: In summary, measures of sleepiness co-existed with measures of fatigue in the patients studied, suggesting a contribution of sleepiness to fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Modafinil was effective in increasing measures of alertness in these patients, including pupillary fatigue waves as assessed by PST. The PST may be a useful tool for objective assessment of the sleepiness component of fatigue and the response to anti-fatigue drugs.\nREFERENCES\n1. Rammohan KW et al. (2002). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 72:179-183.\n2. L\u00fcdtke H et al. (1998). Vision Res. 38:2889-2896.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["E. Szabadi","C. S. Constantinescu","R. W. Langley","G .Niepel","C. M. Bradshaw"]},{"item_id":551,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-32","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"The Directional Sensitivity of Cones: A Virtual Pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-32","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":531,"original_file_name":"1170471825765.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":134184,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":551,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Stiles and Crawford showed seventy years ago that the sensitivity of the retina varies with the place of entry of the light in the pupil, and thus with the direction of incidence of light upon the retina. Sensitivity is generally greatest near the centre of the pupil and progressively decreases for more eccentric entry points. This phenomenon is known in the literature as the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE I). \nAlso the term directional sensitivity is now commonly used to denote variations in visual sensitivity when stimuli enter the eye through different parts of the eye pupil and are imaged on the same retinal area. Initially Stiles and Crawford restricted themselves to measuring the effect with a 1 degree (foveal) field, in white light. They assumed that the effect must be a property of the receptors, in this case the cones, themselves. This assumption proved to be correct when it was shown that rods have a very limited directional sensitivity with a common centre of symmetry with the photopic SC-function. The peak of the SC-function is usually located near the centre of the pupil with a slight nasal bias. Wright and Nelson gave an explanation of the effect, which is based on the fact that the refractive index of the cone is somewhat higher than that of the surrounding tissue. Toraldo di Francia described this in terms of cones as dielectric antennas or, in other words, cones as waveguides.\nThe main reason for the existence of the Stiles-Crawford effect is the suppression of stray light in the ocular media. The light from, for example, the sun or the bright sky, will be scattered in the ocular media, and causes a haze over the visual scene, and thereby decreasing contrast. Thanks to the Stiles-Crawford effect, this scattered light will not be perceived. In night time conditions, the visual surround is dark, and disturbing stray light does not exist. The rods do therefore not need directional sensitivity. On the contrary, every photon is then needed, and the 8 mm size of the pupil in night time conditions, that is at the lower end of the luminance range, is very essential. Directional sensitivity of the rods would counteract the effect of the increased pupil size. At mesopic levels, the disturbing effects of a large pupil, like spherical and chromatic aberrations, will be limited for the cones, in the same way as a small pupil does at high luminance levels.\nI therefore propose to consider the directional sensitivity of cones as a virtual pupil.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Pieter L. Walraven"]},{"item_id":552,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-33","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"No Smoking \u2013 No Caffeine? Influences of Daily Life Psycho-stimulants on the Results of the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-33","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":532,"original_file_name":"1170471826984.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":164847,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":552,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Neither consumption of nicotine nor caffeine has been allowed 4 hours before the pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) in any study so far. The aim of this study was to investigate if these conditions are necessary, have to be tightened or can be omitted. \nMETHODS: The PST (by AMTech, Weinheim) consists of 11 minutes recording of spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness and automated data analysis. Parameter of evaluation is the natural logarithm of the pupillary unrest index (ln PUI). Higher values of this index express increased daytime sleepiness. Subjects and procedures: Caffeine Study. 20 normal subjects were examined at four different conditions each (see table) with at least two days interval and underwent 7 PST recordings (PST 1-7) during the first half of the day. \nA standard cup of coffee (caffeine contents 100 mg) was applied at the lab for condition 1 and 3. Nicotine Study: We examined 52 normal subjects, 25 smokers and 27 non-smokers. Smokers were allowed to smoke cigarettes before the first measurement according to their usual habits. After the first measurement smokers smoked one cigarette of their usual brand. Six PST recordings were performed afterwards in time intervals of 45 minutes for both smokers and non-smokers. Subjective data collected were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and \u2013 in smokers - Craving Scale (CS). In both studies, no caffeine, nicotine (except nicotine study) or alcohol and only light meals were allowed between the recordings.\nAnalysis: The four different conditions (caffeine) \/ two groups (nicotine) were tested for equivalence (cut-off at a difference in ln PUI of 0.3). \nRESULTS: Caffeine at any time caused lower PUI values expressing a higher degree of central nervous activation. Throughout the duration of the experiment statistical equivalence between the four conditions regarding caffeine was never fulfilled. At any recording time caffeine effects were evident. After the standard coffee cup in the lab the caffeine effect showed its maximum with a delay of 1:15 h (PST 3). \nNicotine: At any time equivalence of smokers and non-smokers could be shown for the ln PUI with a cut-off of 0.3. There was also no significant difference at any time. Between the first and the second PST recording PUI values increased slightly stronger in non-smokers than in smokers. The difference of the first and second measurement (after cigarette smoking) between smokers and non-smokers was 0.16 (t-test, df=51, p=0.09) in lnPUI.\nCONCLUSIONS: Due to the fact that the recommended recording time for the PST is the first half of the day (7:30 h to 13:00 h) subjects should not consume caffeine at all in the morning before the recording. For clinical routine examinations smoking may be disregarded while for certain study purposes we recommend to keep the smoking restriction.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Gitta Stuiber","Christine Heneka","Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":553,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-34","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in Amblyopia","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-34","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":533,"original_file_name":"1170471828234.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":137963,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":553,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The concept of the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is of great importance for a clinician. It would be desirable that a RAPD always indicates substantial pathology of the visual field. However, how to deal with amblyopia? May an amblyopic eye \u2013 i.e. an eye with no objectively demonstrable pathology \u2013 have a RAPD or not? Reports exists about a mild RAPD in amblyopic eye. Bias of the examiner who usually knows which eye is worse may lead to false pathologic results applying the swinging flashlight test. We therefore wanted to repeat those studies by applying an automated swinging flashlight test. The question was whether or not the RAPD of an amblyopic eye could be found beyond the range of the natural variability of the RAPD. \nMETHODS: We examined 37 adult patients with amblyopia caused by unilateral strabismus or unilateral relative hyperopia with normal optic nerve and no side difference in fundus appearance or optic media. Visual acuity of the amblyopic eye had to be 0.7 or worse. An automated swinging flashlight test using infrared video pupillography (SWIFT by Ocuserv, T\u00fcbingen, Germany) was applied additionally to the conventional swinging flashlight test with neutral density filters. \nRESULTS: In conventional swinging flashlight test 62% had no RAPD, 24% an RAPD of 0.3, 14 % an RAPD of 0.6 log units. In automated swinging flashlight test 67% ranged between an RAPD of 0.2 log units of the good eye and 0.2 log units of the bad eye (i.e. within the range of normal variability). 16% showed an RAPD from 0.2 to 0.4 log units of the bad eye and 14% above 0.4 log units with a maximum of 0.61. One subject had a RAPD of 0.23 of his good eye. There was an average RAPD of 0.17 log units (95%CI: 0.10, 0.24, t-test: p <0.0001) for the amblyopic eyes with a standard deviation of 0.21. A weak correlation between interocular difference of visual acuity and RAPD was found (correlation coefficient Pearson: 0.32). \nCONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that there is an average RAPD due to amblyopia. However, this RAPD is very mild in almost 90% of the cases without clinical significance. Our results confirm earlier studies using neutral density filters to measure the RAPD. 0.6 log units seem to be the upper limit for a RAPD explainable by amblyopia alone.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm","Hagen Scheerle","Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":554,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-35","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"A New Approach to Assessing Glaucomatous Damage Using Pupillometry","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-35","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":534,"original_file_name":"1170471829453.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139327,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":554,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"PURPOSE: Standard clinical perimetry is the gold standard for glaucoma assessment; however, it is slow, demanding, and variable. New test paradigms to supplement perimetry are desirable. \nTEST DESIGN: Based on our understanding of visual testing principles, ocular anatomy, patterns of glaucomatous damage, and properties of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) we have developed a new test paradigm. \nStimulus size and test duration. Testing a large area with a single test could reduce test duration. However, the response to a threshold test may be mediated by undamaged retina near damaged areas; thus, a large-area threshold test is likely to give a \"normal\" result. This problem may be reduced by testing a suprathreshold visual function that summates over a large area; the PLR is such a function. (It is also provides an objective test, making it less demanding.) \nTest signal\/noise. A successful test of a large area requires an \"appropriate\" correlation between tested area and probable damage: probable damage must occupy enough of the area to affect the signal. The insult underlying glaucomatous damage occurs near the lamina cribrosa and often involves a restricted set of ganglion cell axons. Signal\/noise requirements could be satisfied by matching stimuli to regions supplying particular sets of axons. We designed 3 contiguous stimuli in the upper hemifield, which -- together with their reflections about the horizontal meridian -- cover much of the most vulnerable part of the visual field over an area approx 30 deg wide x 20 deg high. \nVariability. To help reduce the variability of pupil responses, a \"subtractive\" test incorporating a built-in control was devised. (The swinging-flashlight test is an example of a subtractive test.) \nPROTOCOL: One stimulus and its reflection are presented alternately to the same eye, each presentation lasting 1 sec. Data are analyzed to determine the \"contrast balance\" -- the upper\/lower stimulus contrast ratio for equal pupil responses. One trial lasts 18 seconds. An initial subject group consisted of young normal subjects (N=10; ages 25 45). Each subject was tested in two sessions, separated by at least one week, to assess between-session variability. During each session, two sets of trials were performed, separated by about 1\/2 hour, to assess within-session variability. \nRESULTS: The average contrast balance did not differ significantly from zero dB, and there was no significant effect of stimulus type or of eye tested. Within-session variability was 0.5-1.0 dB (mean magnitude of the difference between tests in a session). Between-session variability was 0.2-0.6 dB (mean magnitude of the difference between sessions). \nCONCLUSIONS: In the young normal population, pupil responses to stimuli symmetric about the horizontal meridian are approximately equal. This technique appears to be feasible, and tests are underway with patients with glaucoma patients and age-matched normal subjects.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt","Yanjun Chen","William H. Swanson"]},{"item_id":555,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-36","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Mechanism of Pupillary Reflex Dilation in Awake Volunteers and in Organ Donors","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-36","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":535,"original_file_name":"1170471830640.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":145702,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":555,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The mechanism of reflex pupillary dilation was investigated in 8 patients who were declared brain dead following rupture of intracranial vascular malformations and scheduled for organ donation and in 8 awake volunteers. We hypothesized that the reflex was primarily a spinal sympathetic reflex that would be blocked by topical application of the alpha 1 adrenergic blocking agent dapiprazole and it would be present in organ donors with intact spinal reflexes and no prior history of hypoxia. \nMETHODS: In volunteers pupil size was measured with an infrared pupillometer while brief painful electric stimuli were delivered to the finger. Pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale and adjusted with each volunteer to equal 3 on a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0-10. Subjects were studied before and after topical application of the alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist dapiprazole. In organ donors we measured pupil size after high intensity tetanic electric stimulation and in dapiprazole blocked and unblocked pupils after surgically induced nociception.\nRESULTS: In volunteers, the pupil dilated 0.43 \uf0b1 0.23 mm following nociceptive stimuli. Dapiprazole eye drops blocked this dilation, confirming that the reflex in awake humans is primarily a sympathetic reflex. Baseline diameters were 5.7 \uf0b1 0.5 mm before dapiprazole and 4.1 \uf0b1 0.9 after dapiprazole and the blocked pupil failed to dilate to a phenylephrine challenge. In organ donors tetanic electric current failed to dilate the pupil, whereas the skin incision dilated the pupil 0.4 \uf0b1 0.4 mm but this dilation was not blocked by dapiprazole.\nCONCLUSION: We conclude that pupillary reflex dilation, as it is clinically performed in awake subjects by stimulating somatic nociceptors, is a sympathetic reflex. Because it is not present in organ donors, the neural pathway must require a supraspinal pathway for completion.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yang LL","Niemann CU","Larson MD."]},{"item_id":556,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-37","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Studies on Reflex Mydriasis in Rabbits","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-37","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":536,"original_file_name":"1170471831906.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":143506,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":556,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"This study was undertaken in an attempt to identify receptors that mediate reflex mydriasis in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits, in which the cervical sympathetic nerve was sectioned unilaterally. \nVoltage-response curves of pupillary dilation were generated bilaterally by stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Evoked mydriatic responses were mediated mainly by efferent parasympathetic innervation, and to a lesser extent, by sympathetic innervation. The \uf0611-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), antagonized mydriasis of the neurally intact eye, but not that on the sympathectomized side. The \uf0612-adrenergic antagonist, RS 79948 (0.3 mg\/kg, i.v.), potentiated mydriatic responses of the normal eye, but was without either potentiating or inhibitory effect on mydriasis of the sympathectomized eye. \nIn addition, the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (1 mg\/kg, i.v.), inhibited elicited mydriasis of the sympathectomized eye. These results suggest that, unlike some other species (cats and rats), \uf0612-adrenoceptors do not mediate reflex mydriasis elicited by sciatic nerve stimulation in the rabbit, and support previous findings in humans that dopamine receptors may mediate this response.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yongxin Yu","Michael C. Koss"]},{"item_id":557,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-38","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Responses to Single and Sinusoidal Light stimuli in Diabetic Patients using Infrared Pupillography","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-38","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":537,"original_file_name":"1170472168125.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":139167,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:14","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":557,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"AIM\nThe aim of our study was to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the pupillary light reflex (PLR). For this analysis we used a new compact-integrated infrared pupillograph (CIP) which operates also in closed loop. The pupillary response to a single light stimulus (200ms) and to sinusoidal stimuli with four different frequencies (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.3Hz) were examined in 52 patients with diabetes mellitus and 21 control subjects. \nRESULTS\nAs the main result the initial pupil diameter was decreased in the DM group. This was the only parameter which was highly significantly diminished, whereas the maximal contraction velocity, the maximal velocity of the first and second part of redilation, the reflex amplitude and the latency time were significantly reduced only in those patients that showed also signs of autonomic neuropathy of the cardiovascular system. However, after normalization with respect to the initial pupil diameter this reduction was not significant.\nTests of the dynamic pupillary light reflex revealed that the diabetics had a significantly reduced gain at a frequency of 0.1 and 0.3 Hz. With faster frequencies values approached those of normal subjects. The pupil phase lag was significantly increased at 0.1 and 0.3Hz, but showed an inverse trend with frequencies of 0.7 and 1.3 Hz. There was a significant correlation between the response parameters of the dynamic pupillary reflex and the responses to a phasic single light stimulus. We did not find a correlation to the duration or type of the diabetes. \nThe diminished pupillary diameter after adaptation to the dark is an early sign of autonomic neuropathy. Other, significant alterations of the PLR can be found only when symptoms of autonomic neuropathy have shown up as well. \nCONCLUSION\nWe conclude that our pupil data show that both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system seem to be effected by diabetic autonomic neuropathy, and that with pupil recordings only it is not possible to distinguish the amount of the deficit of sympathetic versus parasympathetic system.\nKEY WORDS: Pupil \u2013 infrared reflex pupillography \u2013 autonomic neuropathy \u2013 diabetes mellitus \u2013 neuro-ophthalmology \u2013 sinusoidal light stimuli to the pupil","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wolfgang H. Zangemeister","Thilo Gronow"]},{"item_id":558,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"25-60","last_update_date":1173175859,"creation_date":1173175859,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":9,"publication_mday":10,"lang":"eng","title":"Light evoked pupillography an established tool in drug development.","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=25-60","index":[{"index_id":81,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2003, Crete"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":538,"original_file_name":"1170472169281.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157909,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:15","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":558,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"25th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Crete","abstract":"Light evoked pupillography is a valid non-invasive method. For the last ten years, this method has been accepted as a sufficient tool in drug development, especially for CNS-active compounds. The method can easily be implemented in preclinical studies (animals), phase I studies (healthy subjects) and in phase II and phase III studies (patients). It can, therefore, be used as a biomarker. \nMany old and new CNS-active compounds were investigated by pupillography. In most cases, the results clearly indicated a pharmacodynamic effect (most neuroleptics and antidepressants showed a dose-related reduction of the initial pupil diameter); whereas in other cases, the results were discussed controversially (e.g. cannabinoids; miotic as well as mydriatic effects were observed). This discrepancy of the observed effects can most probably be explained by a dose\/concentration - effect relationship.\nFor 5-HT1A-agonists, the reduction of pupil diameter is accepted as a \u2018standard\u2019 pharmacodynamic effect which is dose\/concentration- effect related. This effect of pupil reaction is more sensitive than other pharmacodynamic parameters, such as hypothermia or QEEG. This has been demonstrated with drugs like repinotan (a novel 5-HT1A-agonist developed in the indication of acute stroke) and dihydrocodeine. As pupillography was able to clearly follow the pharmacokinetic profile of repinotan, this method even differentiated between plasma levels of different genotypes of CYP 2D6, as this is an important excretion pathway of repinotan. Differentiation is possible between extensive and poor, but not between intermediate and extensive metabolizers. In contrast, the administration of dihydrocodeine (also a CYP 2D6 substrate) in poor and extensive metabolizers showed a significant but comparable reduction of inital pupil diameter in both study populations.\nFinally, it will be discussed what the technical prerequisites are for a modern pupillograph to enhance the acceptance in clinical studies.","conference_from_year":2003,"conference_from_month":9,"conference_from_mday":10,"conference_to_year":2003,"conference_to_month":9,"conference_to_mday":14,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher"]},{"item_id":559,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLARY UNREST IN SLEEP DISORDERED VERSUS NON-SLEEPY HEALTHY SUBJECTS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":539,"original_file_name":"1170381494437.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":177540,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":559,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: The Pupillary Sleepiness Test (PST), as measured by the Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI), a measure of pupil size instability, is relatively quick and non-invasive but requires additional validation as a measure of alertness. In this study, we compared PUI with MSLT sleep latencies (SL) as a measure of daytime sleepiness in subjects with Narcolepsy off treatment (n=23), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) off treatment (n=13) and in non-sleepy healthy controls (n=36).\n\nMethods: Subjects were assessed in an academic health center sleep laboratory and underwent comprehensive health pre-screening. Following overnight PSG, a MSLT was conducted at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hours while PUI testing was conducted at 900, 1100, 1300, and 1500 hours with an AMTech GmbH pupillometer. During PUI testing (duration = 11 min.), subjects were seated comfortably in a quiet, dark room with instructions to stay awake and keep their eyes open.\n\nResults: Mean PUI and SL scores across the four testing periods were compared among the three groups. Univariate Planned Contrast analyses were performed to test the specific hypotheses that the Narcolepsy and OSA groups differed from non-sleepy controls. These analyses found significant differences between the sleep disordered groups and the control group in both the mean SL (t60.0=12.23, p<.001) and PUI (t53.6=5.49, p<.001, adjusted for non-homogeneity of variances). The correlation between the SL and PUI across all 72 subjects was moderately high (r = -.506, p<.001).\n\nDiscussion: The PST\/PUI successfully distinguishes between sleep disordered and non-sleepy healthy subjects. In contrast to the MSLT, a more time consuming although current standard measure of daytime sleepiness, the PST offers a quicker determination of excessive drowsiness without the need for naps. Unlike the MSLT, the PST can detect drowsiness before a person actually falls asleep. This has implications for timely detection of excessive sleepiness, which may impair function in real-world situations.\n\nCertification and Acknowledgements: This research involved human subjects and was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the University of Illinois at Chicago and complies with U.S. federal regulations and HIPAA standards regarding privacy of medical information. It was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH, RO1 NR04959 and by Mr. J.A. Piscopo. This research project was initiated and directed by the late Sharon Merritt, EdD, RN.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stephen Lloyd","Fred Meyer","Boris Vern","Christopher Olepade","Joan Shaver"]},{"item_id":560,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"ARGYLL ROBERTSON\u2019S PUPIL IN 2005","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":540,"original_file_name":"1170377579343.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151539,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":560,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"1) CENTRAL - in which the light reaction is impaired and the near reaction spared by a \tproblem in the midbrain, e.g. :\n\ta. a dorsal midbrain tumor such as a pinealoma.\n\tb. neurosyphilis \n\n2) PERIPHERAL \u2013 in which the nerves to the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle are damaged, resulting in a loss of pupil constriction to both light and near (an \t\u201cefferent pupil defect\u201d). The near reaction is then restored by aberrant \tregeneration of fibres into the iris sphincter - fibres that were originally destined \tfor the ciliary \tmuscle. The tonicity of the action in the re-innervated muscle is \tcharacteristic of this kind of sloppy nerve regrowth, e.g.: \n\ta. Adie\u2019s tonic pupil. Autonomic nerve damage to the cholinergic postganglionic \tfibres serving the iris sphincter and the ciliary muscle. This is an idiopathic, focal, \tciliary\tganglionopathy and\/or autonomic neuropathy that may occur in one eye or \tin both eyes sequentially.\n\tb. diffuse autonomic neuropathy such as is seen in diabetes and other peripheral \tneuropathies \u2013 usually involving both eyes\n\n3) OCULOMOTOR NERVE. Some of the damaged 3rd nerve fibres may regrow into \tthe ciliary ganglion resulting in a pupil constriction with any adduction of the eye.\n4) BLINDNESS In the absence of a visible near target a firm constriction of the pupils \tcan still be evoked by crossing the eyes, but there is little or no pupil response to \tlight because of damage to both retinas and\/or optic nerves.\n\n\tIf we set aside temporarily the patients with either abnormal eye movements or poor vision (groups 3 and 4 above) only two groups remain: the central (midbrain) \u201cArgyll Robertson\u201d group, and the peripheral (Adie\u2019s tonic pupil) group. These should be easy to separate: the central variety has a weak light reaction but the near response is spared and strong. Thus there is a clear light-near dissociation without any sector palsy of the iris sphincter, and no tonicity of the pupillary near response. Whereas the peripheral variety (most commonly seen in Adies\u2019s syndrome) has certain characteristic features: a sector sphincter palsy to light, and certain sectors contracting tonically to a near effort. These diagnostic, localizing signs can be seen with slit lamp videography, infrared video pupillography, and infrared video transillumination of the iris sphincter. \n We will present the pupil signs of the peripheral and central causes of light near dissociation using these tools; and since Argyll Robertson pupils are now relatively rare, we would like to encourage widespread study of the light-near dissociation that is seen in association with neurosyphilis, and of the light-near dissociation seen in patients with dorsal midbrain tumours with a view to confirming that they do indeed consistently lack the sectoral signs of peripheral orbital involvement.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. Stanley Thompson","Randy H. Kardon"]},{"item_id":561,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"MID-SIZE TIME FOR PUPILLODILATION : A NEW PARAMETER FOR DETECTING HORNER\u2019S SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":541,"original_file_name":"1170379024999.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150936,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":561,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: A slow and delayed pupillodilation in darkness is a characteristic finding in an eye with an oculosympathetic defect (Horner\u2019s syndrome). We sought to develop a novel approach for detecting delayed pupilloidilation based on the amount of time that a pupil remains at a mid-size percentage of its maximal dilation.\n\nMethods: 13 patients with unilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome and 26 normal subjects were tested with binocular computerized pupillography. The stimulus sequence was a 1 second bright light followed by 19 seconds of complete darkness; the sequence was repeated 4 times. For analysis, each valid pupillodilation curve was partitioned into 10% increments of recovering pupil size, starting from the minimum size (point of maximal pupil contraction) to 100% of the pre-contraction (baseline) pupil size. The number of seconds that the pupil remained at each 10% interval (0-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, etc) of its baseline size was determined. We then calculated the total amount of time that the pupil remained in a mid-size state (operationally defined as between 40% and 80% of the baseline pupil size) during the 20 seconds recording. This was referred to as mid-size time. Abnormally slow dilation was defined as mid-size time exceeding the 95% upper limit of normal subjects .The inter-eye difference in the time spent in each size interval was also assessed. A comparison of methodologies was made.\n\nResults: The median mid-size time for the normal subjects was 4.83 seconds and 8.70 seconds for the Horner patients. The 95% limit of the normal group was 8.64 seconds and 11 of 13 (85%) of patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome exceeded this upper limit. The inter-eye difference of the mid-size time showed approximately the same results as the unilateral pupil analysis. When we applied a previously described method of detecting dilation lag using decreasing anisocoria between 5 and 15 seconds of darkness to our 13 Horner\u2019s patients, only 7 (54%) showed a positive dilation lag.\n\nConclusion: This novel approach to detecting abnormally delayed pupillodilation in patients with Horner\u2019s syndrome has several advantages: it allows for a monocular assessment of dilation lag, can be applied to any standard pupillogram that records pupillodilation and is relatively unhampered by artefacts. Given its relatively high sensitivity for detecting dilation lag, this approach may be particularly useful when combined with the decreasing anisocoria method which has 100% diagnostic specificity.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sylvain V Crippa","Aki Kawasaki","Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Borruat","Randy H Kardon"]},{"item_id":562,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"A RAPID TEST TO EVALUATE UPPER\/LOWER RETINAL ASYMMETRY IN GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC NEUROPATHY USING THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":542,"original_file_name":"1170379249171.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150936,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:43","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":562,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction\/Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a rapid pupil test in evaluating superior\/inferior retinal asymmetry in glaucoma patients, using a small number of large retinal stimuli.\n\nMethods: Subjects sat 75cm away from a display monitor with one eye patched, and fixated a red cross on the monitor. During the test, stimuli were presented alternately at a pair of mirror locations above and below the horizontal meridian (Chen et.al, Vision Res., 2005). Pupil diameter was recorded with an infrared pupillometer (ISCAN EC-101), and analysed in terms of the \u201ccontrast balance\u201d (relative contrast of upper to lower stimulus estimated to give equal pupil responses). Two groups of subjects participated in this study: 20 normal older subjects (ages: 53.5 \u00b1 5.8) and 20 patients with POAG (ages 63.0 \u00b1 10.1). \n\nResults: It took less than five minutes to test both eyes. Patients with glaucoma found the test was less demanding to perform than conventional perimetry. The frequency distribution of contrast balance from older normal subjects centered at about zero, indicating a functional symmetry in upper\/lower retina in the normal subjects on average. (However, there were variations in individual balances, as for younger normal subjects.) Contrast balance values from retinas of patients with glaucoma differed from those of normal subjects, and were correlated with asymmetry predicted from visual field test results (linear correlation, r=0.41, p<0.001). Within-session and between-session test variability was fairly small and did not increase in areas of visual field defects. \n\nConclusion: The present test, measuring upper\/lower retinal functional asymmetry, is a promising technique for assessing glaucomatous retinal damage. \n\nCertification: The experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to Institutional Review Board (IRB).\n\nThe research was sponsored by (1) NIH\/NEI R03 EY01459. (2) Schnurmacher Institute for Vision Research, SUNY State College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yanjun Chen","Harry Wyatt","William Swanson","Mitchell Dul"]},{"item_id":563,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"USE OF RESPONSE AMPLITUDE TO COMPLEMENT RESPONSE BALANCE IN A PUPIL-BASED SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING GLAUCOMATOUS DAMAGE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":543,"original_file_name":"1170379250624.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":150358,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":563,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: We have described a shaped-stimulus system for assessing glaucomatous damage by means of the pupillary light reflex (PLR).A pair of stimuli, mirror-symmetric about the horizontal meridian, are presented alternately for 1 sec each. The shapes of the stimuli were designed to capture territories of probable focal damage due to glaucoma. In our initial work, we concentrated on the \"response balance\", which assessed the relative sensitivity of the pair of territories. Since glaucoma sometimes causes more diffuse loss, we also wanted to know if useful information would be available from the response amplitudes to upper-field or lower-field stimuli.\n\nMethods: In the process of analysing the data to determine response balance, the separate response amplitudes to the upper- and lower-field stimuli were determined. In a single 18-sec experimental trial, there are 3 responses to the upper stimulus and 3 to the lower. The averages of the upper and lower response amplitudes were determined separately. The subjects in these ongoing experiments are recruited for two groups: GP subjects are patients with diagnosed glaucoma; ON subjects are over 45 and have no known ocular pathologies.\n\nResults: The ON data in the form of log amplitudes were reasonably well described by normal distributions, with somewhat different means for the different stimuli. (The distribution was somewhat truncated at the large-amplitude end; except for that, the shape was quite normal.) When the distributions of response amplitudes for the ON and GP groups were compared, there were clear differences. The GP data had smaller mean values and showed a low-amplitude tail. \n\nThe ability of the measures of response balance, response amplitude, and a combination of the two to discriminate glaucomatous from normal eyes was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Both response balance and amplitude had considerable power (ROC areas = 0.81 and 0.82, respectively), and a logical combination of the two was somewhat more effective than either alone (ROC area = 0.86).\n\nConclusions: When response amplitude measures are combined with response balance measures, this test shows considerable promise for fast, easy assessment of glaucomatous damage in an eye.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Harry J. Wyatt","Yanjun Chen","William H. Swanson","Mitchell W. Dul"]},{"item_id":564,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-05","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"IMPACT OF PHOTORECEPTOR FUNCTIONALITY ON THE WAVEFORM OF THE PUPIL LIGHT REFLEX IN MICE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-05","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":544,"original_file_name":"1170315918671.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":162569,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":564,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction\/Purpose: To evaluate the waveform of the pupil light reflex (PLR) in CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice without outer retinal photoreception in comparison to RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 and wild type mice. \n\nMethods: Baseline pupil area, peak response amplitude (in % of baseline pupil area), maximal contraction velocity, and response duration of the PLR were measured in dark adapted eyes from RPE65\u2013\/\u2013, CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013, and wild type mice. A full field flash was used to stimulate one eye while the fellow eye was recorded with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. \n\nResults: In previous studies, the waveform of the PLR of RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice was found to be similar to that evoked by dimmer stimuli in control mice, suggesting loss of retinal sensitivity. Indeed, maximal contraction velocity and response duration of the PLR of RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice were proportionally reduced to the peak response amplitude that was reduced to 16.8% in comparison to 81.1% in wild type mice. In contrast, the peak response amplitude of the CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice was preserved (79.3%). However, the response duration was 1.5 times prolonged compared to that observed in control mice. The maximal contraction velocity was 60% lower and comparable with the maximal contraction velocity of the RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice. \n\nConclusions: Whereas the waveform of the PLR was preserved in RPE65\u2013\/\u2013 mice with a smaller peak response amplitude compared to wild type mice, CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice presented with a preserved peak response amplitude but the timing of the PLR was out of proportion. This time\u2013to\u2013amplitude dissociation of the PLR is presumably due to the missing image\u2013forming photoreceptors in the CNGA3\u2013\/\u2013Rho\u2013\/\u2013 mice.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["O. Bergamin","A. Wenzel","H. Sidler","P. Humphries","M. Biel","C.E. Rem\u00e9 and M.W. Seeliger"]},{"item_id":565,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-06","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"INVESTIGATING THE ESTIMATION PERFORMANCE OF PUPIL-SIZE DURING BLINKS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-06","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":545,"original_file_name":"1170379252515.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179273,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":565,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillography can be used as an index of mental activity and sleepiness. Most methods of measuring pupil-size are based upon the image-processing of the eye. Therefore any 'eye-blink' problem can affect measurement due to the eye being obscured by the eye lid during 'blink periods'. Some estimation methods for pupil-size have been developed and used, however accuracy is often an issue for discussion. \n\nPurpose: In order to improve the estimation performance of temporal pupillary change, an estimation procedure and technique were examined. Estimation performance depends on restoration accuracy therefore pupil-sizes during blinks should be defined appropriately. An estimation model of pupil-size was developed based on support vector regression (SVR) with the prototype patterns of pupillary change. The performance of pupil size was assessed using these estimation methods. \n\nMethods: To obtain periodic pupillary responses, brightness stimuli which consist of four square waves (T=4,3,2,1 sec.) and three triangle waves (T=2.2, 5.3, 10.7 sec.) in the range of 10cd\/m2 and 80cd\/m2 were used. Three subjects who have normal visual acuity took part in this experiment. The pupillary responses to the stimuli were observed using EMR-8. \nThe pupil-sizes during blinks were determined by referring to the periodical pupillary change. The training data for the estimation of pupil-size was prepared as a pair of pupillography with and without blinks. Two out of three sets of participant data were assigned as training data and the remaining set of participant data was assigned as evaluation data.\n\nResults: The performance of the optimised model was compared with test data from other methods, namely, SVR or MLP (Nakayama and Shimizu, 2001), automatic correction, and raw data. Automatic correction is the condition where pupil-size during blink keeps the latest regular size. The total sum of square error was reduced to 25% in the MLP estimation and 47% in the automatic correction. The sum of square error during the blink was reduced to 43% in the MLP estimation and 28% in the automatic correction. In addition, this estimation procedure was applied to the task-evoked pupillography (Nakayama and Shimizu, 2003), where a group of subjects were asked to undergo a series of tests that required them to solve and verbally report either a 1x1 or a 1x2 digit calculation while being asked to follow a switching visual target. The control condition was an ocular following task with no calculation. The power readings generated by the power spectrum density (PSD) for pupillography were compared across three experimental conditions. The filtering performance using estimation of the optimised model for inappropriate power spectrums was higher than that of other processing. Also pupillography differences in the two task types were found again. The PSD in the area over 2Hz was significantly affected across the three experimental conditions \n\nConclusion: The estimation method of pupil-size during blinks was developed by the use of support vector regression technique while the training data was prepared from pupillary response for periodical brightness change. The result demonstrates that the estimation is effective for pupillography observation data such as frequency analysis.\n\nAcknowledgement: This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research 16650208, 2004-2005.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama"]},{"item_id":566,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-1-07","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"SHAPING THE PUPIL\u2019S RESPONSE TO LIGHT IN THE HOODED RAT","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-1-07","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":546,"original_file_name":"1170379253718.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151488,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":566,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the iris musculature to steady state and dynamic response characteristics of the pupil response to light in the hooded rat.\nMethods: The consensual pupil light reflex was recorded in 20 adult Long Evans rats of either sex under Ketamine\/Xylazine anaesthesia. Six of these rats were surgically prepared for electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers in the IIIrd nerve root and pupil recording in the ipsilateral eye. The research was conducted in accordance with international standards of animal care and treatment as set out by ARVO and was approved by the institutional an animal care and use committee of Seton Hall University.\nResults: The amplitude of transient and tonic phases of the consensual pupil response to light depended on luminance intensity, stimulus size, and position of the light stimulus in the visual field. The pupil responded best to stimuli presented in the lower nasal retina and least in the upper temporal retina. The waveforms of pupillary contractions to single or brief trains of electrical impulses applied to the IIIrd nerve were virtually identical to those elicited with short duration light flashes. Individual contractions could be resolved at stimulation rates of 2Hz and below but the size of the contractions declined with increase in frequency. The pupil responded to long trains of stimuli above 2Hz with smooth tonic contractions. Steady state contraction amplitude was linearly related to log stimulation frequency. The mean time constant of pupil constriction to stimulus trains was 1.41s (SD+ 0.71s) and the shortest mean latency was 292msecs (SD + 30msecs). The fastest mean latency of pupil constriction to the brightest light flash used was 295msecs. In contrast, the time constant of pupillary dilation was 7s (SD+ 1.4s) and the latency was 485msecs (SD+ 74msecs). \nDiscussion: The intrinsic properties of the iris musculature are responsible for the asymmetries in pupil contraction, dilation, and latencies as well as low flicker fusion frequency and constriction amplitude characteristics of pupil responses to light.\n\nSupport: Fight for Sight","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Robert J Clarke"]},{"item_id":567,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"SPECTRALLY-DRIVEN PUPIL SIZE DIFFERENCES IMPROVE NEAR ACUITY FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":547,"original_file_name":"1170379254843.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":154898,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":567,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Past studies have shown that light spectrum at fixed photopic levels affects visual acuity of adults of all ages. In this study those results including the vision and energy savings implications are extended to young children.\n\nMethods: Near visual acuity, adjusted for the typical reading condition of 40 cm distance, of 27 children ages 10&11 years was measured by a licensed optometrist under lighting provided by 2 different but readily available fluorescent lamps (CCT of 3600K & 5500K). The measurements were obtained in a school-room outfitted with specially designed fixtures that simultaneously housed both lamp types whose light levels were separately controllable by a wall-mounted switch\/control. The fixtures were designed to provide equal luminance distributions for each lamp type.\nAcuities were measured under 3 lighting conditions, either both lamp types providing equal task luminance or a condition where the task luminance of the 5500K lamp was set to a 50% lower value. The equal luminance conditions had the luminance at the eye of the tested student (in the direction of gaze) adjusted to the value 85 cd\/m2.\n\nResults: For the equal lighting condition, 24 of the 27 children had better acuity under the higher CCT lamp (p<0.001, Wilcoxon sign test). There was 1 tie score while 2 scored better under the standard lamp. Paired t-tests comparing the lower luminance condition showed a significant difference for the 5500K lamps at the 2 luminances, but no significant difference when comparing the 3600K lamps at the higher luminance with the 5500K lamps at the lower luminance. (However there was a strong trend for the 5500K lower luminance condition to provide better acuity). Pupil sizes of 4 children under the 2 different lamp types for the equal luminance condition were also measured based on averaging multiple frames of calibrated video camera images of their eyes. Average pupil size was significantly smaller under the 5500K lighting as compared to the 3600K lighting for all these children consistent with prior measurements of adults. \nDiscussion: The pupil size differences suggest an explanatory mechanism of the results based on the relatively more bluish spectral content of the 5500K lighting causing comparatively greater pupil constriction and thereby improving visual optical quality. Because reading speed begins to slow when letter size is 3 to 4 times acuity size these results have practical implications for typical interior environments and also demonstrate a highly cost effective means for achieving improved vision.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Sam M. Berman","Mojtaba Navvab","Matthew J. Martin","James Sheedy","William Tithof"]},{"item_id":568,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL PLATFORM ON NEUROINFORMATICS DATABASE: XooNIps","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":548,"original_file_name":"1170379256015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":180803,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":568,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Neuroinformatics (NI) is a new research tool that promotes the organization of neuroscience data and knowledge bases by means of Internet technology such as open access databases (i.e., platforms). The Visiome platform is a pioneering example of such a database in vision science realized using NI concepts [1, 2]. Similar databases in other fields will be established in near future. A customisable base platform system is necessary for the development of these databases. In this study, we present the NI base platform system XooNIps and apply it for developing the pupil platform. \n\nBASE PLATFORM SYSTEM: XooNIps was developed as one module of XOOPS [3, 4] which is a contents management system that has been most actively utilized and developed. Data in XooNIps are systematically stored in a tree-structure keyword index that allows users to keep track of the progress in their particular research fields. Several types of user authorization are supported for secure operations. In addition to the directory and keyword search within a certain database, XooNIps searches simultaneously across other XooNIps-based databases on the Internet. Reviewing systems for user registration and for data submission are incorporated to impose the quality control. XOOPS modules containing news, forums schedules, blogs and other information can be combined to enhance XooNIps functionality. These features offer better scalability, extensibility, customisability to the general neuroinformatics community. \n\nPUPIL PLATFORM: Several steps are required in the construction of the Pupil platform based on XooNIps. Based on experience with the Visiome platform [1, 2], it is not easy to create a keyword list encompassing the broad array of pupil research. In the case of the pupil, however, a handbook written by Loewenfeld [5] can be used as a starting point since the handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of pupil research. The next step is the preparation of the initial set of items. Eventually, the pupil platform will be opened to the public and digital resources will be voluntarily exchanged through the platform. Initially however, attractive features may be necessary to draw users to the platform. Thus, we will prepare appealing features in terms of literature information, mathematical models, experimental data and conference information. \n\nCONCLUSIONS: The pupil platform will be one of the first practical applications of XooNIps. We anticipate that the platform will promote knowledge sharing and advance systematic understanding of the pupil. Finally, it is an honour to be involved with the development of a tool that will facilitate the transfer of research efforts by pioneers such as Larry Stark and Irene Loewenfeld. This will enable future generations of researchers to better understand and appreciate their great achievements.\n\nREFERENCE(S): \n1.\tS. Usui, Visiome: neuroinformatics research in vision project, Neural Networks., 16, 1293-1300 (2003).\n2.\tVisiome Platform, .\n3.\tXOOPS official site, .\n4.\tSourceForge.jp site of XooNIps project, .\n5.\tI. E. Loewenfeld (Ed.), The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, (1999).","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Yoshihiro Okumura","Shiro Usui"]},{"item_id":569,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"USING PUPIL DILATION AND fMRI OF EMOTIONAL INFORMATION PROCESSING TO PREDICT RECOVERY IN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (CBT) FOR DEPRESSION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":549,"original_file_name":"1170379257187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155019,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":569,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Unipolar depression is characterized by automatic sustained ruminative and elaborative processing of emotional information, particularly negative information. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) depends on depressed patients learning to use strategies that interrupt automatic and sustained emotional processing with more controlled processing. Having the ability to interrupt sustained emotion-related cognitions when subsequent alternate, non-emotional cognitions are required has been proposed as a pre-requisite for response to cognitive therapy. As CBT is effective for ~60% of depressed patients, being able to predict recovery in this therapy could increase treatment response and decrease unnecessary cost. \n Pupil dilation indexes the time course of cognitive and emotional processing on a quick time scale; the pupil remains dilated during sustained cognitive processing. Similarly fMRI indexes the time course of activity throughout the brain on a coarser time scale. We have shown in multiple studies that compared to never depressed individuals, depressed individuals display increased and sustained pupil dilation as well as sustained limbic reactivity measured using fMRI in response to emotional stimuli, and that these patterns of reactivity are related to self-reported rumination. Many depressed individuals continue to display sustained pupil dilation even during a non-emotional information processing task that follows the presentation of emotional stimuli. Thus, sustained pupil dilation and limbic reactivity in response to emotional stimuli may represent indices that could be used to predict recovery in CBT. \n\nMethods: 41 healthy control participants and 47 unmedicated participants with unipolar major depression completed a task requiring alternation between naming the emotional valence of negative, positive, and neutral words, and putting 5 digits in numerical order during measurement of pupil dilation. 28 of the depressed participants then received 12 weeks (16 standardized sessions) of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. 15 also completed assessment of emotional information processing using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Depressive severity was measured before and after therapy using the Beck Depression Inventory.\n\nResults: Depressed participants reliably displayed sustained pupil dilation for up to 25 seconds following the presentation of emotional words for 250ms; this sustained pupil dilation lasted throughout the completion of subsequent digit-ordering trials. Sustained pupil dilation to negative words 22-23 seconds following emotional stimuli explained 28% of the variation in residualized post-CBT depressive severity, having covaried out initial severity. fMRI data revealed that subgenual cingulate activity in response to negative words explained 57% of the variation in response to CBT. Sustained pupil dilation explained an additional 17% of the variation above and beyond fMRI, which represented a statistically significant contribution. Together these measures explained a total of 74% of the variation in response to CBT.\n\nDiscussion: As in our previous studies, depressed individuals displayed increased and sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli. Assessment of pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli further represents a promising technique for understanding which depressed patients are likely to respond to an empirically-supported therapy for depression. fMRI also represents a promising, if more expensive technology in this regard. fMRI and pupil dilation explain independent variation in recovery and thus, having both measures yields excellent predictive information regarding recovery in therapy.\n\nSupported by: MH064159, MH30915, MH58356, MH55762, NARSAD, Veteran\u2019s Research Foundation","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Stuart Steinhauer","Michael Thase"]},{"item_id":570,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-04","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PROCESSING OF COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS IN DECISION MAKING \u2013 EVIDENCE FROM PUPILLOMETRY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-04","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":550,"original_file_name":"1170379258499.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155309,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":570,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Everyday decision making includes emotional as well as cognitive aspects. If one decides to buy a certain type of car, for instance, a person is guided by both facts and feelings. However, it is still unclear how emotion and cognition interact in information processing. With the present study we aimed to clarify which aspect dominates the other in decision making.\n\nMethods: To approach this question, we developed an analogical reasoning task. Two word pairs were presented simultaneously (n=216). Between the words of each pair there was an emotional (neutral, positive, or negative valence) and a semantic relation (actor, object, or location relation). Half of the items were identical in both their emotional and semantic relations (tumor : brain \/ rat : cellar). The other half did not correspond, either in the emotional relations (tumor : brain \/ shell : beach) or in semantic relations (tumor : brain \/ snake : bite), or both (tumor : brain \/ bird : chirp) did not correspond. Participants (n=30) had to compare emotional and semantic relations and had to decide whether the word pairs corresponded in their emotional as well as in their semantic relations. Response times, error rates, and pupillary responses as a reliable indicator for resource consumption were recorded. To assess emotional arousal, skin conductance was measured.\n\nResults: For response times a 2 x 2 repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-tests were performed. There was a significant main effect for emotional correspondence (F(1,29) = 71.69, p < .001). Subjects responded faster when emotional relations did not correspond. There was no main effect for semantic correspondence (F(1,29) = .81, p = .38). For pupillary responses a 2 x 2 repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-tests showed that both factors had a significant impact on pupil dilation (emotional correspondence: F(1,29) = 18.28, p < .001; semantic correspondence: F(1,29) = 24.31; p < .001, no significant interaction: F (1,29) = .45, p = .51). Pupil dilation increased when either the emotional or the semantic relations did correspond. The highest increase in pupil dilation was measured when both the emotional and the semantic relations did correspond.\n\nThese data indicate that processing corresponding relations is more demanding than processing non-corresponding relations. In particular, response time data show that emotional processing is faster than semantic processing. Pupillary responses, however, clearly indicate that semantic processing is consuming as much cognitive resources as emotional processing. This result suggests that both cognitive and emotional aspects are processed in parallel. Skin conductance data confirm that differences in pupillary responses are not caused by differences in arousal between the experimental conditions. This study emphasizes the need of using both behavioural and psychophysiological measures to differentiate between emotional and cognitive aspects when investigating information processing.\n\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. The study was supported by grants from the Gruter Institute of Law and Behavioural Research, the Graduate Program Berlin (Scholarship Nachwuchsfoerderung), and the BMBF (Berlin NeuroImaging Center, BNIC).","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kristin Prehn","Hauke R. Heekeren","Elke van der Meer"]},{"item_id":571,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-05","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL DILATION DURING A SUSTAINED PROCESSING TASK IMPLICATES INTACT EFFORTFUL PROCESSING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-05","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":551,"original_file_name":"1170379259859.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":154782,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":571,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Schizophrenia is characterized by a wide variety of deficits in cognitive functioning and attention. This includes neuropsychological dysfunction, as well as deviant psychophysiological reactivity during cognitive tasks, including decreased phasic pupillary dilation to signal stimuli. It has been argued that a generalized deficit syndrome may be responsible for both the behavioural and psychophysiological deficits, so that a failure to attend to task demands underlies more complex processing abilities. We have suggested that changes in tonic pupillary activity modulated by the parasympathetic pathway are sensitive to basic effortful processing demands, and could be used to establish relative effort applied to differential tasks. In order to further distinguish sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions, modulation of ambient light can be used to selectively enhance the parasympathetic contribution to dilation. In this study, sustained task activity was examined in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in order to determine the extent to which pupillary changes could be observed as task demand was increased.\n\nMethods: Pupil diameter was measured in 30 healthy controls (15 female) and eight schizophrenia patients (2 female). In a high-load condition, subjects were asked to perform serial subtraction of 7 from a random seed number, verbalizing successive subtractions for one-minute. In the low-load condition, subjects were required to add the number 1 to successive numbers. Each recording began with a 5 sec baseline before responses were cued by a tone. Both tasks were performed in room darkness, and during moderate room illumination (.59 cd\/m2). After artefact correction, average diameters during pre-response baseline and during the response period were automatically calculated.\n\nResults: Across both groups, there was significant dilation between baseline and response periods (p < 0.001), and as expected, larger diameters in dark than light (p < 0.001). Controls showed greater dilation than patients between baseline and response (p < 0.001). In analyses separated by group, control dilations were greater for -7 than +1 (p = 0.001) and the difference in dilation between conditions was greater in light than the darkness (task x light, p = 0.002). For patients, an interaction of task x response indicated greater dilation to the \u20137 than to the +1 condition, regardless of light condition (p = 0.01).\n\nDiscussion: Increased dilation during task performance was indicative of allocation of resources in both patient and control groups. Controls showed modulation of differential response amplitude that was greater for recordings obtained under the light than dark conditions, while patients showed similar increases in dilation to the difficult task (-7) in light and dark. The most critical aspect of these findings is the presence of significantly increased dilation in patients during the difficult task, reflecting greater allocation (or effort) as monitored by pupillary dilation, and evidence of activation of processing resources in patients. The findings are not consistent with notions of generalized deficit in the schizophrenia patients.\n\nSupported by USPHS MH-55762 and the Medical Research Service of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs. This research was approved by the IRB of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs and is in accord with the Helsinki agreement","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J. Siegle","Ruth Condray","Belinda E. Barnett","John A. Gurklis"]},{"item_id":572,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-06","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE USEFUL MIOTIC AND MYDRIATIC ALKALOIDS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-06","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":552,"original_file_name":"1170379261124.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":159593,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:44","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":572,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The medicinal values of Opium and Mandrake have been known through ages. Flower pollens of Ephedra altissima and other plants were discovered near a 60,000 year-old burial in Shanidar Cave of N. Iraq. The evidence suggest a potential use of plants during prehistoric times. Since early times, interesting stories are connected with the utility of Atropa belladonna and Calabar Bean. The isolation of pure active alkaloid of popy-capsule by the German pharmacist Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner in 1805 paved the way for the isolation of atropine (1831), cocaine (1860), physostigmine (1864), l-ephedrine (1887 & 1924), and pilocarpine (~1870). Even though pure morphine was isolated that long ago, the complete steric structure was not elucidated until 1955. J.N. Langley, ~1889, used Nicotine as a tool to localize the ganglia and outline the nervous system. He used pilocarpine, nicotine and (+)-tubocurarine to postulate the \u201cReceptive substance\u201d. Along with the other uses of alkaloids, the miotic and mydriatic actions were recognized as morphine addicts develop a pin-point pupil. The morphologic site of miotic effect of morphine in dog has been localized by Lee and Wang (1975). K.K. Chen discovered the ethnicity related pigment dependent unequal mydriatic effects of ephedrine, atropine and cocaine. Salazar et al (1976) deduced that atropine deposits in ocular pigment are the basis for the long duration of the effect. After pilocarpine was introduced as a miotic-ocular hypotensive agent, its partial agonist activity on human iris sphincter was recognized. The relative order of partial agonist activity of pilocarpine on iris sphincter varies: Bovine, 100>Human, 80%>Horse, 67%\uf0b3Cat, 61-70%>Pig, 50%>Rabbit, 11%. In vitro, pilocarpine functions as a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic receptor of rabbit iris sphincter, with K\uf062 of 4 \uf06dM. Thus, the affinity of the molecule for the receptor in various species is nearly equal while the intrinsic efficacy differs greatly. Arecoline from Betel nut is a full agonist on human iris sphincter and is ~3 times more potent than pilocarpine. In 1884, Carl K\u00f6ller introduced cocaine as the topical aesthetic in corneal surgery. The indirect mydriatic effect of the alkaloid is observed. In Horner\u2019s syndrome if post ganglionic sympathetic neurones are completely destroyed, the topical application will not produce the mydriatic action as seen in the normal eye. Similarly, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine, a miotic drug, will not produce miosis in Adie\u2019s pupil if cholinergic neurones or the endogeneous acetycholine is completely lost. Recently discovered Hyperzine-A from Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata is more potent than physostigmine. New opportunities for the therapeutic application exist.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":573,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-07","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"POTENTIATION OF TROPICAMIDE-EVOKED MYDRIASIS BY CLONIDINE: A POSSIBLE MODEL OF TROPICAMIDE-HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-07","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":553,"original_file_name":"1170379263749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":194412,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":573,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Tropicamide, a muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist, is used topically for diagnostic pupil dilatation. Patients suffering from Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) may show increased sensitivity to tropicamide1. As AD is associated with a severe loss of noradrenergic neurones in the locus coeruleus (LC)2 which contributes to pupillary regulation3, the possibility arises that increased pupillary sensitivity to tropicamide in AD may be due to diminished LC activity. We examined this hypothesis by recording pupillary responses to tropicamide in healthy volunteers after the administration of the \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine which can acutely \u201cswitch off\u201d LC activity. \n\nSixteen (16) healthy male volunteers participated in two experimental sessions (clonidine 0.2 mg or placebo) one week apart, according to a double-blind balanced design. In each session tropicamide (0.01% 10 \u00b5l \u00d7 2) was applied to the left eye and artificial tear (10 \u00b5l \u00d7 2) to the right eye. Pupillary functions (resting pupil diameter in darkness and at three luminance levels, light and darkness reflexes) were recorded with binocular infrared television pupillometry, alertness was measured using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and visual analogue scales (VAS), and blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and salivary output by conventional methods. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with multiple comparisons.\n\nClonidine reduced CFF, alertness on VAS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivation and core temperature. Tropicamide increased resting pupil diameter, velocity and amplitude of the darkness reflex response, and decreased recovery time of the light reflex response. Clonidine affected all these pupillary measures in the opposite direction with the exception of the recovery time of the light reflex response, which remained unaffected by the drug. Although absolute pupil size after treatment with tropicamide was reduced by clonidine, the mydriatic response to tropicamide, obtained as the difference between the sizes of the two pupils, was increased by pre-treatment with clonidine. \n\nThe effects of clonidine on alertness and non-pupillary autonomic functions confirm its sedative and sympatholytic effects. The pupillary effects of tropicamide are likely to reflect its parasympatholytic effect, whereas those of clonidine may be related to its sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic effects. The enhancement of tropicamide-evoked pupil dilatation by clonidine may be due to the abolition of the increase in parasympathetically mediated pupil constriction due to reduced LC activity. Thus, reduced LC activity in AD may underlie the increased sensitivity of patients to tropicamide.\n\nThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham Medical School.\n\n1.\tScinto LF, Daffner KR, Dressler D et al., (1994). Science, 266:1051-1054.\n2.\tLyness SA, Zarow C, Chui HC (2003). Neurobiology of Aging, 24:1-23.\n3.\tSzabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1996). Journal of Psychopharmacology 10(Supplement 3):6-18.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Hou RH","Samuels ER","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":574,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-08","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"LIGHT-EVOKED PUPILLOGRAPHY IS AN EFFECTIVE BIOMARKER FOR","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-08","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":554,"original_file_name":"1170379265015.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153035,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":574,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Initial pupil diameter (INIT) and reflex amplitude (RA) can be easily determined by light evoked pupillography. Both biomarkers have been shown to quantify pharmacodynamic effects on partial or full 5-HT1A-agonists in healthy volunteers.\n\nMethods: To investigate the pharmacodynamic effect of a new full 5-HT1A-agonist with functional dopamine agonist properties (BAY 63-9044), a single dose escalation study was performed in healthy male subjects. BAY 63-9044 was administered as an oral solution to 45 healthy male subjects in doses of 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1.2mg, 2.5mg and 5.0mg in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, group-comparison study. Pupil reaction was monitored up to 24 hours after drug intake. In addition, body temperature, prolactin, cortisol, adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations were measured.\n\nResults: The changes of INIT were observed starting with doses higher than 0.5mg and RA for doses higher than 1.2 mg. Significant changes were found for BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations > 15\u00b5g\/L (INIT) and >30 \u00b5g\/L (RA). Body temperature evaluation revealed a trend in reduction of temperature starting at time of Cmax in the highest doses (2.5mg and 5.0mg). No clear effect was found on prolactin, cortisol and ACTH levels. Additionally, concentration-effect-relationship was calculated for all pharmacodynamic parameters and compared to concentration-effect-relationships of other 5-HT1A-agonists with no dopamine agonistic properties.\n\nConclusion: INIT is the most sensitive parameter and underlines the role of light evoked pupillography as a \u2018standard\u2019 to measure pharmcodynamic effects on 5-HT1A-compounds.\n\nCertification: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, and approved by the local ethics committee.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher","E. Brendel","J. Kuhlmann","G. Wensing"]},{"item_id":575,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-09","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"LIGHT-EVOKED PUPILLOGRAPHY IS AN EFFECTIVE BIOMARKER FOR","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-09","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":555,"original_file_name":"1170379266359.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153035,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":575,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Initial pupil diameter (INIT) and reflex amplitude (RA) can be easily determined by light evoked pupillography. Both biomarkers have been shown to quantify pharmacodynamic effects on partial or full 5-HT1A-agonists in healthy volunteers.\n\nMethods: To investigate the pharmacodynamic effect of a new full 5-HT1A-agonist with functional dopamine agonist properties (BAY 63-9044), a single dose escalation study was performed in healthy male subjects. BAY 63-9044 was administered as an oral solution to 45 healthy male subjects in doses of 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1.2mg, 2.5mg and 5.0mg in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, group-comparison study. Pupil reaction was monitored up to 24 hours after drug intake. In addition, body temperature, prolactin, cortisol, adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations were measured.\n\nResults: The changes of INIT were observed starting with doses higher than 0.5mg and RA for doses higher than 1.2 mg. Significant changes were found for BAY 63-9044 plasma concentrations > 15\u00b5g\/L (INIT) and >30 \u00b5g\/L (RA). Body temperature evaluation revealed a trend in reduction of temperature starting at time of Cmax in the highest doses (2.5mg and 5.0mg). No clear effect was found on prolactin, cortisol and ACTH levels. Additionally, concentration-effect-relationship was calculated for all pharmacodynamic parameters and compared to concentration-effect-relationships of other 5-HT1A-agonists with no dopamine agonistic properties.\n\nConclusion: INIT is the most sensitive parameter and underlines the role of light evoked pupillography as a \u2018standard\u2019 to measure pharmcodynamic effects on 5-HT1A-compounds.\n\nCertification: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, and approved by the local ethics committee.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["M. Boettcher","E. Brendel","J. Kuhlmann","G. Wensing"]},{"item_id":576,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-10","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR IONIZATION AND LIPOSOLUBIILITY ON THE ESTIMATES OF AFFINITIES OF MYDRIATIC-CYCLOPLEGIC DRUGS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-10","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":556,"original_file_name":"1170379262374.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":203353,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":576,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The slow onset of mydriatic and cycloplegic effects of atropine-like drugs is well known.(1). The onset, the magnitude and the duration of the ocular response of a topical medication is influenced by the corneal transport, the drug-disposition and the molecular affinity for the muscarinic receptor at the iris sphincter and ciliary muscles. The chemical structure of the mydriatic drug dictates the affinity. The ionization (pKa) and the liposolubility (log Pc) markedly influence the molecular penetration to the site of action and affect the estimates of \u201caffinity\u201d, the measure of clinical-efficacy. On the isolated human iris sphincter, the potency (IC50) of the blocker was obtained as the dose counteracting the cholinergic carbachol induced response to half. The classical method calls for studying the parallel shifts of the dose-response curve of the agonist on the iris-sphincter in the presence of the blocker to obtain the affinity constant (K\uf062). IC50\/K\uf062 ratios under ideal experimental conditions should be close to 1. However, K\uf062 and IC50 values for atropine (pKa 9.8) were 2 nM and 20 nM respectively, giving a IC50\/K\uf062 ratio of 10. Methylatropine, which is 100% ionized, produced the ratio of 11. Cyclopentolate, with the pKa 7.93 and log Pc of 2.51, had a K\uf062 and IC50 of 8.3 nM and 30 nM respectively; the IC50\/K\uf062 ratio was 3.6. On the ciliary muscle, IC50\/K\uf062 ratios for atropine, methylatropine, scopolamine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide, oxybutynin and pirenzepine were 15, 23, 4.4, 2.6, 1.66, 1.46 and 1.71, respectively. K\uf062 values for each antagonist differed as expected, and higher IC50 values of atropine or methylatropine were related to the abundance of ionized molecules with low liposolubility, properties that limit quick access or the \u201cideal-equilibrium\u201d at the receptor. On the contrary, the relative affinity, based on K\uf062, compared to atropine, of scopolamine, cyclopentolate and tropicamide was ~\u00bd, \u00bcth, \u215bth, respectively. The presence of relatively more unionizable molecules at pH 7.4 and\/ or high liposoluble properties provide better penetrability of the medication at the receptor compartment. This is reflected in low IC50\/K\uf062 ratios of these drugs. Thus the quick onset and faster recovery of some topically applied mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs is explained.(2,3). \n\n(1) The Goodman and Gilman\u2019s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Editors J. Hardman, L. Limbird and A. Gilman Jr., (10th Ed) McGraw Hill, New York, 2001.\n(2) Reversal of Cholinergic Response of Atropine: Drug Antagonism re-examined, Popat N. Patil, In Pharmacology and Therapeutics in the New Millennium P.579-586, (Grupta S.K. editor) Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 2002. \n(3) Parameters of drug antagonism: re-examination of two modes of functional competitive drug antagonism on intraocular muscles. Popat N. Patil, J.Pharm.Pharmocol., 56, 1045-1053, 2004.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil"]},{"item_id":577,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-11","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF SEVERE PAIN ON PUPIL SIZE DURING OPIOID THERAPY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-11","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":557,"original_file_name":"1170380619530.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":162141,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":577,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary constriction is a measure of the central pharmacodynamic effect of opioids and acute pain is known to dilate the pupil. The present study asks the question whether severe pain can dilate the pupil in the presence of opioid therapy. If pain activates an inhibitory pathway into the PCN and opioids depress this pathway by their antinociceptive activity, then severe ineffective opioid-based pain therapy might be manifested by pupillary dilation. \n\nMethods: Eight patients with severe postoperative pain consented to have pupillary measurements in darkness before after administration of thoracic epidural analgesia with ropivacaine. Patients were all taking maximum doses of Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia consisting of Dilaudid 0.2 mg\/6 min for at least 6 hours and were in severe pain as measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (9-10\/10 pain). Both the patient and the nursing staff were concerned that additional opioid therapy would produce undesirable side effects. Static and dynamic pupillary measurements were taken from the left eye with the Neuroptics Foresite hand held pupillometer. The left eye was covered with a rubber eyecup and ambient light was excluded from the right eye. \n\nResults: Age of the patients was 47 +\/- 14 yrs. Epidural analgesia reduced pain scores from a VAS score of 9.5 +\/- 1.2 to 1.4 +\/- 0.2. Dark pupil size decreased from 3.5 +\/- 1.3 mm to 3.3 +\/- 1.1 mm (NS) after epidural analgesia was established. Time between measurements was 36 +\/-\uf0b1 4 min. Several hours after epidural analgesia was established and in the presence of adequate pain control with Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia, pupil size increased to 4.7 +\/- 1.1 mm. Significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and mental status were observed following epidural analgesia. Subtle changes in the shape of the light reflex were observed but could have been related to the small change in pupil size. \n\nDiscussion: This data shows that the pupil is still in a miotic state during severe pain in the presence of opioid therapy. In awake experimental animals, pain produces widely dilated pupils but the effect of opioids on the pupil is species dependent and thus meaningful data on the effect of pain on pupil size during opioid therapy is best obtained from human subjects. During general anesthesia in humans, intense painful stimuli dilate the pupil to diameters above 6mm and this dilation is uniformly blocked by opioids. A reduction of pain in the present study did not significantly alter pupil size and thus pupil size is a reliable measure of central opioid levels even in the presence of pain. The results suggest that opioids initiate a process in the midbrain that produces miosis but is not necessarily related to analgesia.\n\nCertification: This study complies with ethical standards as approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson","Oahn Ha"]},{"item_id":578,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-12","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"EFFECT OF AMBIENT LIGHT ON PUPILLARY REFLEX DILATION DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-12","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":558,"original_file_name":"1170380621187.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151727,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":578,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary reflex dilation during general anesthesia in humans has been described as a robust dilation proceeding in two distinct phases in response to a brief nociceptive stimulus. Opioids are known to depress this reflex in a stereotypical manner but their mechanism of action on the pupil is unknown. One theory proposes that the effect of opioids on the pupil is brought about by direct stimulation of the PC nucleus. If this is true, then other means of stimulating the nucleus might have a similar effect on the reflex as has previously been shown to result from opioid administration. The present study examines the effect of additional ambient light on PRD in lightly anesthetized human subjects. \n\nMethods: Eight consenting patients undergoing surgery with combined epidural \u2013 general anesthesia were studied. PRD was elicited by nociceptive stimulation of the C5 dermatome with a 3 second tetanic electrical current of 70 mamps. Measurement of PRD from the right eye was first taken in total darkness. Five minutes later a continuous light stimulus of 150 lux was directed into the left eye while measuring PRD from the right eye. Five minutes later another measure was taken in total darkness. PRD was quantified as the area above the curve for a ten second pupillary scan following the start of A 3 sec nociceptive stimulus. \n\nResults: The addition of light directed into the opposite eye had a profound depressant effect on the magnitude of PRD. The effects were most apparent on the secondary phase of the dilation with only minimal effect on the first 4 seconds of the scan. The basal pupil diameter constricted 0.1 +\/- 0.01 mm. \n\nDiscussion: This data shows that excitation of the PC nucleus by light in the anesthetized human subject has a profound depressant effect on PRD. This effect is similar to the effect of opioids on PRD during general anesthesia. Although the difference is small, light directed into the opposite eye constricted the pupil. Previous studies with alfentanil and fentanyl did not show an effect of these drugs on pupil size during general anesthesia. The best explanation for the effect of opioids on the pupil remains a loss of tonic inhibition into the PC nucleus. It is theorized that these inhibitory cells are activated by the alerting stimulus and their effect on the PC nucleus is blocked by opioids. \n\nCertification: This study complies with ethical standards as approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson"]},{"item_id":579,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-13","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES AND THE PUPIL \u2013 INSIGHTS BASED ON A NOVEL CLINICAL SYNDROME","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-13","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":559,"original_file_name":"1170380622671.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":153664,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":579,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Case Report: A 37-year old male was assigned to the Department of Neurology because of bladder dysfunction and lower back pain. History taking and physical examination revealed a syndrome composed of photosensitivity due to bilateral Mydriasis, anuria with renal dysfunction as a result of recurrent cystitis due to bladder detrusor acontractility, dry skin due to hypohidrosis, underweight probably due to reduced food intake and reduced motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract. \n\nOn examination, his pupils were extremely dilated, without light and near response. The sphincter region showed marked atrophy. No constriction was seen on pilocarpine 0.1 and 2 %, however, the pupil (already 9 mm in size) dilated by 0.5 mm after instillation of pholedrine 5%, indicating functional sympathetic innervation and responsive dilator muscle. The patient was about 5 D myopic. He had normal visual acuity both at far and near distance wearing his far correction glasses. Accommodation was in approximately normal age range (somewhat reduced but explainable by small depth of focus) and the accommodative changes of the lens could easily be observed and videotaped during slitlamp examination. Other ophthalmological findings were normal.\n\nDiscussion: The complete dissociation of accommodation and pupillary sphincter function is puzzling. Taking the other symptoms, signs and diagnostic results into account, we hypothesize a deficiency of the muscarinic receptor subtype 3 (M3). This hypothesis is supported by M3-knocked out mice that show an almost identical phenotype. A Western Blot analysis of muscarinic receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes yielded an absent band of the M3-protein. Whether the lack of this protein is acquired or genetic awaits further clarification. History taking points toward a congenital disorder that exacerbated in the thirties. Following the M3-deficiency hypothesis the pupillary sphincter muscle function in humans is dependent on M3 whereas the ciliary muscle function providing accommodation is maintained by other receptors. \n\nThis finding shines new light on other rare but merely unexplained findings, e.g. the predominant involvement of accommodation in botulism with relative pupil sparing.\n\nAll research in this patient has been done in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["H. Wilhelm","J.K. Pomper","S.K. Tayebati","T. Haarmeier"]},{"item_id":580,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-14","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"DOES THE PUPILLARY RESPONSE TO ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS CORRESPOND TO SERUM ANTICHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-14","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":560,"original_file_name":"1170380624046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":157602,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":580,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: It is commonly believed that age-related changes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for the cognitive decline seen in older adults. However, a significant portion of this impairment may be due to anticholinergic medications (i.e., muscarinic receptor antagonists) which are known to cause memory loss, confusion, and delirium. Unfortunately, the muscarinic receptor binding properties of most drugs and their metabolites are unknown; therefore it is very difficult to identify patients who are suffering from anticholinergic-induced cognitive impairment. A competitive radioligand binding assay has been used in the research setting to measure the cumulative level of muscarinic receptor binding present in an individual\u2019s serum. This serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) arises from the cumulative effects of exogenously administered medications, metabolites, and possibly endogenous substances. For medications that are extensively distributed into the brain, SAA levels have been found to strongly correlate to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) anticholinergic activity and cognitive performance. However, SAA may not correlate well to CSF anticholinergic activity or to cognitive performance in individuals with medications or metabolites which do not readily distribute into the brain. Pupil dilation may represent a more effective tool in this regard. We further describe this hypothesis and an experiment to test it, so as to obtain critical commentary. \n\nHypothesis: An optimal tool would be one which better estimates drug distribution into the CNS. Measurement of pupillary diameter to administered medications may be informative in predicting cognitive impairment due to anticholinergic medications. The iris-blood barrier, which shares similar characteristics with the blood-brain barrier (e.g., the presence of tight junctions, efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein, and minimal pinocytotic vesicles) limits the amount of exposure that the pupil receives to many endogenous and exogenous substances. Furthermore, ocular drug distribution is correlated to the distribution of drug into the CNS. Existing literature will be reviewed examining pupillary effects of scopolamine (an anticholinergic medication with significant CNS distribution) and tolterodine (an anticholinergic medication with minimal CNS distribution).\n\nAn example of experimental implementation: We suggest that pupillary measurement can be used as a tool to predict cognitive impairment secondary to anticholinergic medications. One proposed evaluation would be a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study examining the effects of scopolamine and tolterodine. Pupil diameter (at rest), blood samples, and cognitive assessments can be performed concurrently at multiple time points throughout an 8 hour testing session. Non-linear, mixed effects modelling can be applied to examine the data. Potential covariates affecting change in cognitive performance including drug concentrations, SAA levels, and change in pupil diameter over time could be examined. Additional relevant variables would include baseline cognitive testing, age, sex, body mass index, number of medications, and total medical burden as measured by standard evaluations such as the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics. \n \nConclusion: We hypothesize that SAA levels and pupillary change together would better predict cognitive impairment than SAA levels alone. SAA levels in conjunction with pupillary response may allow us to identify and appropriately manage those elderly at risk for cognitive impairment due to anticholinergic medications.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Marci L. Chew","Stuart R. Steinhauer","Greg J. Siegle","Robert R. Bies","Bruce G. Pollock"]},{"item_id":581,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-15","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"A CASE OF INTERMITTENT INTER-NUCLEAR IRIDOPLEGIA","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-15","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":561,"original_file_name":"1170380625405.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":151315,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:45","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":581,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"A 57-year-old woman has been suffering from an intermittent multi-focal neurological disorder for the past six years. Her illness started suddenly with flu-like symptoms in January 1999. Since then she has had a number of episodes of malaise, fatigue and neurological focal signs, including facial weakness, impaired vision in the right eye, dry mouth and dry eyes, impaired taste sensation, hyperacusis and pulsatile tinnitus, difficulties with swallowing and vocalisation. \n\nThe patient\u2019s pupil functions were tested on three occasions on 9 November 2004 (Session 1), on 27 January 2005 (Session 2), and on 19 May 2005 (Session 3). The patient was well at the time of Session 2, and unwell at the times of Sessions 1 and 3. The tests carried out included measurement of resting pupil diameter in darkness and at three increasing levels of luminance, and pupillary light reflex responses to a series of light stimuli of increasing intensity applied to each eye separately, while recording the responses of both pupils. Pupil diameter and light reflex responses were recorded with binocular infra-red electronic\/television pupillometry.\n\nIn all three sessions there was a marked anisocoria, the right pupil being consistently larger than the left one. Both pupils were sensitive to light on each testing occasion. In Session 2, there was a good consistency between the responses of the two eyes, each pupil responding to light to the same degree when either eye was stimulated. However, in Session 1, the left eye showed a reduced response when the right eye was stimulated; the stimulation of the right eye evoked a normal response in the right eye. In Session 3, the pattern was different. There was a full response in the left eye when the left eye was stimulated; however, the stimulation of the left eye resulted in a reduced response in the right eye. Furthermore, the stimulation of the right eye evoked reduced responses in both eyes. In Sessions 1 and 3, the recovery time of the light reflex response appeared to be prolonged.\n\nIn Session 2, when the patient was well, there was a normal pattern of pupillary responses to light stimulation. In Sessions 1 and 3, when the patient was unwell, there was evidence of impairment of the consensual light response indicating internuclear iridoplegia. The lesion is likely to be in the pretectal area. Furthermore, in Session 3, there was also evidence of an afferent pupillary defect in the right eye consistent with the patient\u2019s complaint of loss of visual acuity in the right eye, which may reflect an additional lesion of the retina\/optic nerve. The elongation of the recovery time of the light reflex response in Sessions 1 and 3 is indicative of a sympathetic deficit. The identification of internuclear iridoplegia was a significant finding, since hitherto the patient\u2019s symptoms had been ascribed to multi-focal damage to peripheral nerves.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":582,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-16","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"DOPAMINERGIC REGULATION OF PUPILLARY FUNCTION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-16","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":562,"original_file_name":"1170380626749.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179831,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":582,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"The central noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) plays a prominent role in controlling arousal and autonomic functions, including pupillary activity. The LC contributes to sympathetic outflow and also tonically inhibits the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN). Recently, we have shown that modafinil, a wakefulness promoting drug, increases arousal and sympathetic activation of the pupil, consistent with increased LC activity1. It has been proposed that modafinil may act by enhancing the tonic dopaminergic activation of the LC via an excitatory meso-coerulear pathway projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain to the LC2. On the other hand, the sedative anti-Parkinsonian drug pramipexole may cause sedation by \u201cswitching off\u201d the dopaminergic activation of the LC via the stimulation of inhibitory D2 dopamine receptors on the dopaminergic neurones3. We examined this hypothesis by comparing the effects of modafinil and pramipexole on arousal and autonomic functions in healthy volunteers. \n\nSixteen (16) healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental sessions (placebo, pramipexole 0.5 mg, modafinil 200 mg, pramipexole 0.5 mg + modafinil 200 mg) at weekly intervals, according to a double-blind balanced design. Alertness was measured using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF), visual analogue scales (VAS), and pupillary fatigue waves (pupil diameter fluctuations in darkness). Pupillary functions (resting pupil diameter, light and darkness reflexes) were recorded with binocular infrared television pupillometry, and blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and salivary output by conventional methods. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with multiple comparisons (criterion p<0.05).\n\nPramipexole reduced CFFF and subjective alertness and contentedness, and increased pupillary fatigue waves (pupillary unrest index, total power). Pramipexole increased pupil diameter, reduced light reflex amplitude, and tended to increase light reflex latency. Modafinil had no effect on alertness but tended to increase pupil diameter, caused small but significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and tended to increase body temperature. Modafinil failed to counteract the sedative effect of pramipexole, but increased its mydriatic effect. Salivation was not affected by the drugs.\n\nThe sedative effect of pramipexole may reflect the withdrawal of the tonic dopaminergic activation of the LC which was also expected to cause miosis, via a central sympatholytic\/parasympathomimetic mechanism. The unexpected finding of a mydriatic effect of pramipexole suggests that this sympatholytic mechanism was superseded by the operation of a central parasympatholytic mechanism. We propose that this parasympatholytic mechanism may be the \u201cswitching off\u201d of a putative excitatory dopaminergic output from the VTA to the EWN, due to the activation of inhibitory autoreceptors on VTA neurones by pramipexole. Although modafinil had negligible effect on arousal, it showed sympathomimetic effects, consistent with LC activation.\n\nThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham Medical School.\n\n1.\tHou RH, Freeman C, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (2005). \tPsychopharmacology, in press.\n2.\tKeating GL, Rye DB (2003). Sleep, 26:788-789.\n3.\tRye DB, Jankovic J (2002). Neurology, 58:341-346.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Szabadi E","Samuels ER","Hou RH","Langley RW","Bradshaw CM"]},{"item_id":583,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-2-17","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPIL DILATION AS A MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL PROCESSING IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-2-17","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":563,"original_file_name":"1170380628280.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":179212,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":583,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Emerging evidence suggests that child and adolescent affective disorders are associated with disruptions in the processing and regulation of emotion. Pupil dilation during emotional tasks is a peripheral measure of brain activity that can provide valuable information about the intensity and temporal course of emotional reactivity and regulation. Research indicates that adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) show sustained pupil dilation to negative words relative to controls up to 12 seconds after the word has been presented (Siegle, Steinhauer, Carter, Ramel, & Thase, 2003). This study examined whether children and adolescents with MDD and other affective disorders also show sustained pupil dilation to negative words. \n\nMethods: Subjects (n = 42) were participants in a longitudinal study of neurobehavioural factors in pediatric affective disorder. Participants (27 female, 15 male) ranged in age from 7 to 16 (M = 12.70). Structured diagnostic interviews were administered to establish lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and familial genetic loading for affective disorder. Participants were divided into five groups: (a) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD, N=15); (b) Anxiety Disorder (ANX, N=11); (c) High Risk Normals (HRN, N=5); and (d) Low Risk Normals (LRN, N=11). HRN\u2019s had at least one first and second-degree relative with a lifetime depressive disorder. Pupil dilation was recorded at 60 Hz using an ISCAN eye-tracker while participants completed a Word Valence Identification Task (VID). Participants were instructed to identify the emotional valence (positive, negative, or neutral) of 66 words by pressing a corresponding button as quickly and accurately as possible. Words were matched for length and frequency. Each trial included a 1 second fixation mask, the presentation of the word for 5 seconds, and a mask (row of X\u2019s) for the 6 second inter-trial interval. \nLinear trends were removed to eliminate effects of slow drift in pupil diameter not related to trial characteristics, and mean diameter during the first 166 ms of each trial was subtracted as a baseline to index dilation. Linear Mixed Effects Models were computed with subject as a random effect and second and valence as repeated effects. Fixed effects included group, valence, second, and all interactions. \n\nResults: Across diagnostic groups, participants showed greater pupil dilation to emotional than to neutral words. In contrast to adults, MDD children showed blunted pupil dilation relative to low-risk normals 9-12 seconds after the word was presented. High-risk normals and children with anxiety disorders also showed blunted pupil dilation to negative words during the seconds following word presentation. \n\nDiscussion: Blunted pupil dilation in children with, and at risk for, affective disorders may indicate a pattern of avoidance of emotional stimuli or affective flattening. This pattern differs from that of adults and suggests that children with affective disorders may have an ability to \u201cshut-off\u201d emotional processing that is lost later in development. Findings also suggest that pupil dilation during the VID task can be used successfully as an index of emotional processing in child and adolescent populations. Blunted processing of negative emotional information during childhood or adolescence may be associated with risk for affective disorder. \n\nSupported by: MH064159, MH041712-18","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jennifer S. Silk","Greg J. Siegle","& Ronald E. Dahl"]},{"item_id":584,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-01","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"FIT FOR DUTY? A REPORT ON FIRST PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PUPILLOGRAPHY AT THE WORK PLACE","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-01","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":564,"original_file_name":"1170381490046.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":188714,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":584,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleepiness, being a substantial source of failures and accidents at work, is a permanent challenge for preventive strategies. A first objective study aimed at the assessment of the amount of sleepiness present in certain high risk areas of shift work. Target groups of this study performed by order of the Bavarian ministry of health, Germany, were physicians after night duties and miners under extended shift durations at a tube tunnel construction site.\n\nMethods: We applied the Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) which records and analyses pupillary sleepiness waves in darkness and silence for 11 minutes. The PST is a standardized and validated physiological measure of sleepiness that has been widely used in the past years in middle Europe for purposes of sleep research and sleep medicine. Testing is performed in the sitting subject after ten minutes without physical activity. Parameter of evaluation was the natural logarithm of the Pupillary Unrest Index (lnPUI).\n34 physicians (Hospital Kempten) were examined during the first half of the day by the PST and subjective scales. Recordings after a normal night were compared to those after night duties. The miners (U3, Olympiapark) were measured at 6 am, 2 pm and 6 pm by the PST during one day of a day shift week following one week off work. The standard distance to last caffeine \/ nicotine consumption of four hours was reduced to one hour for compliance reasons.\n\nResults and Discussion: We found a substantial increase of objectively measured daytime sleepiness (Wilcoxon test, median of the difference in ln PUI between conditions 0,19, minimum \u20130,71 , maximum 1,29, p = 0,03) in the physicians after a night duty even though the subjects had the possibility to sleep about four hours during the night. Obviously, early morning naps were helpful to prevent or minimize daytime sleepiness. How the existing daytime sleepiness would have increased in case of continued work on the day after the night duty cannot be answered because all physicians had one day off after night duties. \nIn 50% of the workers working day shift in a tunnel already after 8 hours of work extreme daytime sleepiness was found with a high tendency to fall asleep. Five workers fell asleep several times during the recording middle of the day. Mean difference in lnPUI between the morning (1.96) and the second recording (2.38) was significant (0.42; Wilcoxon test: median 0.34, minimum -0.29, maximum 1.2, p <0,001). PUI-values after 8 and 12 hours work did not differ significantly (Wilcoxon test median 0.05, minimum 0.61, maximum 0.74, p=0.42).\n\nOnto the end of the 12 hour shift duration (including altogether 2 hours of rest distributed over the day) their sleepiness remained at this high level. One has to take in account that these miners\u2019 work was physically hard and especially challenging. The question is how the amount of sleepiness at the work place could be prevented by special break schedules or shorter shift duration. \n\nConclusions: The PST can help to detect daytime sleepiness at the work place. It may be used to find out optimal working schedules and conditions in occupational medicine. Another possible application is that of a \u201cfit for duty\u201d test for the preventive identification in certain high risk professions to limit the hazards of sleepiness in the interest of safety.\n\n\nAcknowledgements: This study was sponsored by the *Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz, Referat 742 Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitssicherheitsorganisation, M\u00fcnchen. We thank Cornelia K\u00f6hler for her help with the recordings, Kurt Vogt for his support at the Kempten Hospital, Wilhelm Uschold for excellent organisation at the construction site and Gerhard Otto for a very stimulating and enjoyable cooperation.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm","Anja Widmann","Wilhelm Durst","Holger L\u00fcdtke"]},{"item_id":585,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-02","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"PUPILLOGRAPHY AND THE ASSESSMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-02","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":565,"original_file_name":"1170381491562.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":155159,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":585,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD) is associated with a complex pattern of neurobehavioural consequences across cognitive and emotional domains. Prefrontal cortical function is degraded during SD with corresponding deficits in executive functioning. SD is also consistently associated with mood dysregulation, although past research has relied solely on self-report measures. Pupillography is an ideal objective method to measure emotional processing, sleepiness, and their interaction. Pupillary instability reliably measures sleepiness, and pupil dilation can be used as an index of both cognitive and emotional processing. The extent to which these measures vary independently is unclear. The current pilot study was designed to examine this question.\n\nMethods: Healthy young adults were randomised to a night of total SD or a night of normal sleep (NS). Emotional processing, executive function, and sleepiness were assessed the following afternoon during continuous pupil diameter recording. Pupil dilation was measured during the emotion task which consisted of viewing positive, negative, and neutral emotional pictures (6 s stimulus duration, 6 s inter-stimulus interval). The Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI), the amount of change over time in pupil size, was calculated during the Pupil Sleepiness Test when participants fixated on a red dot for 11 minutes. Every two hours throughout the day, psychomotor vigilance performance and sleep latency (i.e., Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT) were assessed. The afternoon testing session was repeated 1\u20132 weeks later in all participants under rested conditions (i.e., NS trials). Preliminary analyses were conducted on 6 SD and 4 NS participants. Pupil data cleaning, reduction, and analysis used standard methodology employed in Dr. Siegle\u2019s lab.\n\nResults: The PUI was significantly higher during SD than NS, Wilcoxon Z=-2.0, p<.05, and the association between the PUI and MSLT scores was nonsignificant but in the predicted direction, r=-.47, p=.27. There was more pupil dilation\/less constriction to negative pictures during SD compared to NS, significant from .7 s post-stimulus onset until 1 s post-stimulus offset, t(12)=2.71, p<.02, Cohen\u2019s D effect size=-1.46. Additionally, the light reflex following stimulus onset was inhibited in SD. Valence-specific pupil responses were assessed by subtracting neutral from negative responses; a pupil dilation response in SD and a constriction response in NS were observed. SD and NS differed significantly for first second post-stimulus onset, t(12)=3.49, p<.01, Cohen\u2019s D=-1.89. \n\nDiscussion: The association between sleepiness as measured by the PUI and the MSLT was in the expected direction, providing validation for the pupillary approach. The data also suggest that SD disrupts normal processing of emotional stimuli, as indicated by greater initial and sustained pupillary responses to negative pictures. The results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that SD leads to greater emotional reactivity and negatively impacts emotion regulation. Pupillary variation associated with sleepiness did not interfere with ability to detect emotional information processing disruptions. Assessing pupillary responses to emotional and cognitive processing in SD may provide important insights into various neurobehavioural consequences and their inter-relationships. \n\nCertification: This research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to applicable national and local Human-Subjects requirements. All co-authors have read the final, submitted version of the abstract and consented explicitly to having their names included in the list of authors.\n\nAcknowledgement: Supported in part from MH16804, MH30915, RR00056, MH24652, and AG00972","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["P.L. Franzen","D.J. Buysse","D.N. Duryea","G.J. Siegle"]},{"item_id":586,"item_type_id":13,"uid":2,"description":"","doi":"26-3-03","last_update_date":1173175910,"creation_date":1173175910,"publication_year":2005,"publication_month":8,"publication_mday":22,"lang":"eng","title":"CHANGE IN PUPIL DIAMETER RELATES TO SUBJECTIVE DROWSINESS","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"yamaji","name":"Kazutsuna Yamaji","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?id=26-3-03","index":[{"index_id":7,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2005, Bear Mountain"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":566,"original_file_name":"1170381492874.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":175113,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-03-06 10:18:46","file_type_name":"conference_paper","file_type_display_name":"Conference Paper"}],"conference_id":586,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"26th Pupil Colloquium","place":"New York","abstract":"Introduction: Sleep-deprivation experiments have indicated effects on the stability of pupil diameter. The effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation on pupil diameter were investigated. \n\nMethods: Subjects were 13 healthy male students (mean age 21.1 years). Each subject was required to get 8 hours of sleep (baseline, from 2300 to 0700) for 7 days, and 5 hours of sleep (sleep restriction, from 0100 to 0600) for 7 days in an ambulatory condition. The order of the two sleep schedules was randomly assigned. The sleeping hours were estimated using a wristwatch-type action monitor (AMI Co., Ltd., Micro Mini Actigraph). Subjective sleepiness was assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which was a 10-cm straight line. Changes of pupil size in darkness were recorded continuously for 720 seconds using an infrared video camera (IRIS C7364, Hamamatsu). The low frequency components less than 1.0 Hz were calculated by using FFT. \n\nResults: The increase in VAS score in 5-hour sleep deprivation from the baseline was positively correlated with the increase in the low frequency components in FFT (r=0.77 p<0.001).\n\nConclusion: We found a strong correlation between subjective drowsiness and instability of pupil size.","conference_from_year":2005,"conference_from_month":8,"conference_from_mday":22,"conference_to_year":2005,"conference_to_month":8,"conference_to_mday":26,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiko Yamamoto","Reiko Hori","Hirohito Tsuboi","Yasuhiro Akamatsu","Fumio Kobayashi"]},{"item_id":589,"item_type_id":7,"uid":5,"description":"This is re-implementation of the pupil muscle model presented in the following article:\r[1]Hirata Yutaka, Usui Siro, \u2018A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant\u2019, IEICE Vol.J77-D-2, No.1, pp. 170-180, 1994.\r[2]Usui S, Hirata Y,'Estimation of autonomic nervous activity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.', Ann Biomed Eng., Vol.23 No.4, pp.375-387, 1995 \rThe approach taken in this dissertation is based on a newly developed homeomorphic model of the pupillary muscle plant. The model was constructed based on the anatomical and physiological evidence. Validity of the model was verified by comparing its behavior with various experimental evidence. \r","doi":"","last_update_date":1191054381,"creation_date":1190197363,"publication_year":0,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant","item_type_display_name":"Model","item_type_name":"xnpmodel","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=589","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1191054381,"log":""},{"log_date":1190946278,"log":"Modified; Index."},{"log_date":1190254250,"log":"Modified; Comment."},{"log_date":1190253739,"log":"Modified; Related to."}],"related_to":[590],"keyword":["Pupil"," Automatic nervous system"," Human pupillary muscle plant"],"file":[{"file_id":567,"original_file_name":"PupillaryMuscleModel.zip","mime_type":"application\/x-zip","file_size":16934,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-19 19:22:43","file_type_name":"model_data","file_type_display_name":"Model Data"}],"model_id":589,"model_type":"matlab","readme":"* Readme.txt\r\n\r\n** What is this program?\r\n\r\nThis is our re-implementation of the cerebellar model presented in the\r\nfollowing article:\r\n\r\n[1]Hirata Yutaka, Usui Siro, \u2018A Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Human Pupillary Muscle Plant\u2019, IEICE Vol.J77-D-2, No.1, pp. 170-180, 1994.\r\n[2]Usui S, Hirata Y,'Estimation of autonomic nervous\r\nactivity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.', Ann Biomed Eng., Vol.23 No.4, pp.375-387, 1995 \r\nThe approach taken in this dissertation is based on a newly developed homeomorphic model of the pupillary muscle plant. The model was constructed based on the anatomical and physiological evidence. Validity of the model was verified by comparing its behavior with various experimental evidence.\r\n\r\n** Files\r\n\r\nThis folder contains the following files:\r\n\r\npapillary_muscle_model.m :: Matlab Mfile parameter set\r\n\r\nPupillaryMuscleModel.mdl :: Matlab Simulink model\r\n","rights":" - - + + + ); }); @@ -93,23 +103,127 @@ class ItemTypeUtil { return null; } let evenodd = 'even'; - const elements = author.map((value, index) => { + const elements = author.map((value, i) => { evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even'; - return (); + return (); }); return (
\"Creative<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License<\/a>.\r\n\t\t\t<\/td><\/tr><\/table>\r\n\t","use_cc":1,"cc_commercial_use":1,"cc_modification":2,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"creator":["Nishiyama"]},{"item_id":590,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190944989,"creation_date":1190252688,"publication_year":1995,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Estimation of autonomic nervous activity using the inverse dynamic model of the pupil muscle plant.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=590","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190944989,"log":""},{"log_date":1190253769,"log":"Modified; Related to."},{"log_date":1190252756,"log":"Modified; Index."}],"related_to":[589],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":590,"journal":"Annals of biomedical engineering","volume":23,"number":4,"page":"375-87","abstract":"In order to elucidate the mechanism of the pupillary control system, the internal property of the pupillary muscle plant, as well as the autonomic nervous input to the muscle plant, must be analyzed. In this study, we approach the problem first by constructing a new homeomorphic biomechanical model for the human pupillary muscle plant (forward dynamic model). We showed that the model is able not only to reproduce various experimental results that exhibit various nonlinearities but also to explain how such nonlinear responses are generated in terms of the internal property of the model. Then, we contrive a possible method to estimate the autonomic nervous input to the muscle plant. This method utilizes the inverse dynamic model of the pupillary muscle plant so that the autonomic nervous input can be estimated from the pupillary response. We applied this method to the experimental step responses, and showed that the estimated neural input indicates characteristics quite similar to the results of the physiological experiment. Last, we discuss the origin of the pupillary escape and capture as well as the sustained and transient components of the pupillary response, based on the analysis of the forward and\/or inverse dynamic model.","pubmed_id":"7486345","author":["Usui S","Hirata Y"]},{"item_id":591,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953800,"creation_date":1190947804,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation of IOL; true of false?","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=591","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190953800,"log":"Modified; Presentation Type."},{"log_date":1190948721,"log":"Modified; Index."},{"log_date":1190948287,"log":"Modified; Conference Title."},{"log_date":1190948178,"log":"Modified; Presentation File."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":569,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 11:56:18","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":591,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Accommodation of artificial phakic eye after IOL implantation is well\r\nknown. By the classical theory of Helmholtz, it is incomprehensive and called as\r\n\u201cfalse accommodation\u201d. In the present study we used modern technique to measure\r\nthe triad of near response by TriIRIS*. Among the triad, accommodative stimulus is\r\nemployed as a trigger and accompanying pupillary reaction with converging eye\r\nmovement are recorded simultaneously on both eyes. Continuous three trials are\r\nanalyzed to calculate the \u201caccommodative contraction rate\u201d (ACR) of pupil.\r\nMethods: Ten subjects of each control group from 50 to 80-age decade with normal\r\nnear vision, full convergence and prompt pupillary reaction are examined. Age\r\nmatched IOL groups of two months or more post-operative period are compared\r\nwith non-IOL ones. Maximum loading of accommodative stimuli depending on\r\nsubjective response are taken to measure the ACR. The initial pupil size (T1),\r\nloading dioptor to induce the accommodation (Load Diopt) and ACR % is compared.\r\nAlso differences of age, IOL-material and pre-operative refractive myopia (over \u20135D)\r\nare analyzed. To calculate the maximum accommodative diopter standard curve of\r\nnormal workers on 50th is applied1).\r\nResults: Control Group IOL Group\r\nn=10 T1 mm Load Diopt ACR % T1 mm Load Diopt ACR %\r\n50 th 5.0 3.8 40 5.2 4.6 38\r\n60 th 5.1 3.8 37 4.5 4.5 32\r\n70 th 4.6 3.9 34 4.5 4.6 36\r\n80 th 4.6 3.6 32 4.2 3.9 31\r\nConclusion: Age-dependent difference of 50th and 80th is almost 10% decrease\r\non T1 and ACR. The artificial phakic eyes have almost equal accommodative ability\r\nto each control group measured by pupillary contraction. This finding reveals the\r\ntrue accommodation is occurred to IOL-implanted eyes. Actual reading diopter to\r\nmaintain the near vision is almost a half of maximum power measured by this\r\nmethod1). The dynamic connective tissue theory of accommodation2) is given the\r\nevidence to understand this finding. Novel machine \u201cTriIRIS\u201d is reliable to measure\r\nthe quantitative and qualitative accommodation objectively. And further development\r\nof accommodative IOL will be appraised by this method.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Hiraoka, M et al: Dynamic measurement of pupillometry with horizontal eye\r\ntracker by accommodative stimulation. J. Jap. Ophthalmol. Soc. 107:702-708, 2003.\r\n2) Hiraoka, M et al: Immunohistochemical study of the extracellular matrices related\r\nto accommodation in monkeys. J. Jap. Ophthalmol. Soc. 106:565-573, 2002.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mari Hiraoka"]},{"item_id":592,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948516,"creation_date":1190948516,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Is the central sympathe tic inhibition impaired","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=592","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":570,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:01:56","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":592,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil colloquium","place":"Hamamatu","abstract":"Objective: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is an ophthalmologic disease of\r\nstill unknown origin. Irene Loewenfeld hypothesized from observations in single\r\ncases that the central sympathetic inhibition was reduced in POAG. Such\r\nhypothesis was based on the shape or in other words the dynamics of the pupillary\r\nlight reflex (PLR). Our aim was to investigate this hypothesis in a clinical trial in\r\nnormals and POAG patients with standard pupillographic procedures regarding the\r\nPLR and spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness.\r\nMethods:\r\nPatients with POAG were recruited from the glaucoma clinic in T\u00fcbingen. The\r\ndiagnosis of POAG was based on an intraocular pressure above 26 mmHg\r\n(measured twice) and typically excavated papilla. Main exclusion criteria for normal\r\nsubjects were: any ocular pathology except refractive errors, no history of ocular\r\ndisease and no family history of glaucoma. Pupil examinations took place in a dark\r\nroom in the pupil lab of the eye hospital T\u00fcbingen.\r\nCIP (AMTech, Germany) is an automated infrared video pupillograph with a CCD\r\narray, which enables a high temporal resolution of 0,004 seconds. We tested the\r\nPLR at four different stimulus intensities: 0.43, 1.36, 7.84 and 30.20 lux. Each\r\ncondition was repeated four times and averaged. Parameters of evaluation for the\r\nPLR were: baseline pupil diameter, latency, amplitude (mm), constriction velocity,\r\nvelocity of the early and late phase of redilation.\r\nPST (AMTech, Germany) records spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness\r\n(duration 11 minutes) as an indirect measure of central inhibition. Primary parameter\r\nof analysis was the Pupillary Unrest Index (mm\/min).\r\nResults: 30 patients (16 m, 15 f; aged 37 to 76 y; median 64y) were compared to 31\r\nnormals (12m, 19 f; aged 38 to 76; median 63y). In the parameters of the PLR we\r\nfound a number of trends in the expected direction of differences between both\r\ngroups, the vast majority scarcely missing the mark of significance. The velocity\r\n(mm\/sec) of the early redilation phase, which is regarded to represent the action of\r\ncentral inhibition, was significantly slower in POAG patients than in normals for the\r\n1.36 (POAG 0.90+\/-0.33; normals 1.02 +\/- 0.27) and 7.84 (POAG 1.07+\/-0.32;\r\nnormals 1.21 +\/- 0.31) lux condition. The PUI showed a tendency to be higher in\r\npatients than in normals; this difference was not significant (POAG mean 1.77\r\n+\/-0.467, median 1.75; normals mean 1.69 +\/- 0.54, median 1.85). In comparison to\r\na larger sample of normal subjects of the same age group from a former PST study\r\n(normative study, n=349, mean 1.50 +\/- 0.389, median 1.49), the PUI of the POAG\r\ngroup was higher than in normal subjects (Wilcoxon Test p=0.003).\r\nConclusions:\r\nIn the majority of parameters \u2013 though not in all of them - our findings from this\r\nclinical trial gave hints at a confirmation of the hypothesis of Irene Loewenfeld: there\r\nare indeed signs of decreased central inhibition in patients with primary open angle\r\nglaucoma.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Barbara Wilhelm, Moritz Ho eltzermann, Tobias Peters,","Holger L\u00fcdtke, Helmut Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":594,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948906,"creation_date":1190948661,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Blink before and after you think: B links occur prior to and following cognitive load indexed by pupillary responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=594","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190948906,"log":""}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":571,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:04:21","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":594,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: Pupil dilation and blinks provide complementary, mutually exclusive\r\nindices of information processing. Though each index is associated with cognitive\r\nload, the occurrence of a blink precludes the measurement of pupil diameter. These\r\nindices have generally been assessed in independent literatures. As literature\r\nsuggests that blinks occur before and after cognitive load while pupil dilation occurs\r\nduring cognitive load, they could provide complementary information regarding the\r\ntime-course of cognitive information processing.\r\nMethods: We examined the extent to which these measures are related on two\r\ncognitive tasks (Stroop and digit-sorting, in which participants put digits in numerical\r\norder) using a novel method that quantifies the proportion of trials on which blinks\r\noccur at each sample acquired during the trial. This measure allowed\r\ncross-correlation of continuous trial-related pupil-dilation and blink waveforms.\r\nResults: On both tasks, blinks occurred during early sensory processing and\r\nfollowing sustained information processing. Pupil dilation better reflected sustained\r\ninformation processing.\r\nConclusions: Together pupil dilation and blink indices provide a rich picture of the\r\ntime-course of information processing, from early reactivity through sustained\r\ncognition, and after stimulus-related cognition ends.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg J. Siegle","Naho Ichikawa","Stuart Steinhauer"]},{"item_id":595,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190948903,"creation_date":1190948903,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Relative afferent pupillary defect with normal vision:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=595","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":572,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:08:23","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":595,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27 th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatu","abstract":"Objectives: To demonstrate pupillographic results of a patient with a presumed\r\nlesion of the interconnection between the optic tract and the midbrain.\r\nMethods: Clinical examination, CT-scan, pupillographic measurement of the\r\nrelative afferent pupillary defect by a binocular pupillographic system (SWIFT),\r\npupillary hemifield stimulation using a custom built pupil campimetry system\r\ncovering 36x27 deg of the visual field on a CRT monitor.\r\nResults: A 65 year old woman suffered from a basal ganglia bleeding which\r\nextended to the right posterior thalamus and the right posterior midbrain. On\r\nexamination, a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was seen on the left side.\r\nVisual acuity was normal, visual field did not reveal any hemianopia or other defect\r\nexplaining an RAPD, and optic discs were not atrophic one year after the\r\nhaemorrhage.\r\nThe RAPD was quantified with 0.9 log units by neutral density filters and 1.33 by\r\npupillography. In this patient we had the opportunity to do hemifield stimulation using\r\none stimulus in each quadrant of varying size (3, 6, 12 deg) and luminance (8 and\r\n16 cd\/m2 on a 1 cd\/m2 background). A typical left hemiakinesia resulted, i.e. the\r\nresponses in the left hemifield were markedly reduced as compared to the right.\r\nHowever, there was also a reduction of both hemifields of the left eye as compared\r\nto the right.\r\nConclusions: Several similar cases have been published but no pupil perimetry\r\nhas been demonstrated yet. Our finding of pupillary hemiakinesia indicates that this\r\nRAPD with normal visual function is a variant of the RAPD found in optic tract\r\nlesions. It is not yet sufficiently explained by present concepts of the pupillary\r\npathways and of the differences in pupillomotor sensitivity between the temporal\r\nand nasal hemifield. In this case it could be demonstrated that the pupillary pathway\r\nconnecting the optic tract and the dorsal midbrain is organized in a similar way as\r\nthe optic tract.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Chen CJ, Scheufele M, Sheth M, Torabi A, Hogan N, Frohman EM. Isolated\r\nrelative afferent pupillary defect secondary to contralateral midbrain compression.\r\nArch Neurol 2004;61:1451-3.\r\n2. Eliott D, Cunningham ET, Miller NR. Fourth nerve paresis and ipsilateral relative\r\nafferent pupillary defect without visual sensory disturbance. A sign of contralateral\r\ndorsal midbrain disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991;11(3):169-72.\r\n3. Ellis CJ. Afferent pupillary defect in pineal region tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg\r\nPsychiatry 1984;47:739-41.\r\n4. Forman S, Behrens MM, Odel JG, Spector RD, Hilal S. Relative afferent pupillary\r\ndefect with normal visual function. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:1074-5.\r\n5. Girkin CA, Perry JD, Miller NR. A relative afferent pupillary defect without any\r\nvisual sensory deficit. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1544-5.\r\n6. Johnson RE, Bell RA. Relative afferent pupillary defect in a lesion of the pretectal\r\nafferent pupillary pathway. Can J Ophthalmol 1987;22:282-4.\r\n7. Kardon R, Kawasaki A, Miller NR. Origin of the relative afferent pupillary defect in\r\noptic tract lesions. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1345-53.\r\n8. King JT, Jr., Galetta SL, Flamm ES. Relative afferent pupillary defect with normal\r\nvision in a glial brainstem tumor. Neurology 1991;41(6):945-6.\r\n9. Kupfer C, Chumbley L, Downer JC. Quantitative histology of optic nerve, optic\r\ntract and lateral geniculate nucleus of man. J Anat 1967;101:393-401.\r\n10. Newman SA, Miller NR. Optic tract syndrome. Neuro-ophthalmologic\r\nconsiderations. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1241-50.\r\n11. Schmid R, Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H. Naso-temporal asymmetry and contraction\r\nanisocoria in the pupillomotor system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol\r\n2000;238:123-8.\r\n12. Staubach F, Pieh C, Maier P, Lagr\u00e8ze WA. Relative afferent pupillary defect with\r\nnormal vision and vertical strabismus-implications for pupillary pathway anatomy.\r\nGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:321-3.\r\n13. Taguchi H, Kashii S, Kikuchi M, Yasuyoshi H, Honda Y. Superior oblique paresis\r\nwith contralateral relative afferent pupillary defect. Graefes Arch Clin Exp\r\nOphthalmol 2000; 238:927-9.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Helmut Wilhelm, Thomas Wermund, Eleni Papageorgiou"]},{"item_id":596,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190954400,"creation_date":1190949046,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Recovery of visual and p upil response deficits in","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=596","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190954400,"log":"Modified; Author."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":573,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:10:47","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":596,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: To examine whether achromatic and chromatic signals can yield useful\r\nand independent information about relapsing and remitting phases in demyelinating\r\ndiseases using both visual psychophysics and pupillometric techniques\r\nMethods: The recovery of visual performance and pupil responses were\r\ninvestigated in patients with demyelinating optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. The\r\nresponse amplitude and time delay (latency) of the pupil response were measured\r\nin 14 patients with a previous history of unilateral optic neuritis (five of them were\r\nalso diagnosed later with MS) in response to either achromatic (luminance) or\r\nchromatic (isoluminant) stimulus modulation. In addition, we measured detection\r\nthresholds for achromatic stimuli using standard visual field perimetry and chromatic\r\nthresholds using a new Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test, which\r\nisolates the use of colour signals.\r\nResults: Pupil light reflex and pupil colour responses were measured binocularly in\r\nrepose to monocular stimulation of each eye. The use of sinusoidal modulation\r\ntechniques made it possible to extract automatically the pupil response amplitude\r\nand latency (Barbur et al, 2004). Colour thresholds (red-green and yellow-blue)\r\nwere measured in each eye using methods that isolate the use of colour signals\r\nwww.city.ac.uk\/avrc\/colourtest.html\r\nConclusions: The results show that, despite significant improvements in visual\r\nfunction (visual acuity and fields) observed after the acute phase, important pupil\r\nresponse deficits can persist. The data also show that precise measurements of\r\npupil responses and chromatic thresholds can reveal deficits that may remain\r\nundetected with more conventional techniques. We believe that these new\r\ntechniques can provide useful information about remitting and relapsing\r\ndemyelinating phases that are often observed during MS and ON.\r\nReferences:\r\nJ. L. Barbur, S. Moro, J. A. Harlow, B. L. Lam and M. Liu: Comparison of pupil\r\nresponses to luminance and color in severe optic neuritis. Clinical Neurophysiology\r\n115:2650-2658, 2004.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur, S. I. Moro, M. L. Rodriguez-Carmona, E. C. Frost1 and G. T. Plant"]},{"item_id":597,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949049,"creation_date":1190949049,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Dynamic variation in pupil diamete r as a measure of non-task-related information processing: Examples in healthy and depressed individuals","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=597","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":574,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:10:49","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":597,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: For decades, systematic variation in pupil diameter in response to\r\nstimuli has been used as a measure of task-related information processing on\r\ncognitive tasks. The conventional explanation for this observation, supported by\r\nbrain imaging data, is that task-related pupil dilation reflects activity in brain\r\nmechanisms subserving cognitive and emotional processing. By the same logic,\r\nvariation in pupil dilation which occurs during a task, but not at the frequency of\r\ntask-stimuli might reflect brain activity associated with task-unrelated processes\r\nsuch as rumination, distraction, in addition to sleepiness, with which such\r\noscillations have previously been associated. If this is true, both task-related and\r\ntask-unrelated variation in pupil diameter should be related to performance on\r\ncognitive tasks. This type of analysis could be particularly useful for understanding\r\ninformation procesisng in depressed individuals, who are believed to suffer from\r\ndecreased performance due to task-unrelated thought processes such as\r\nrumination.\r\nMethods: Pupillary responses were assessed during performance on the Paced\r\nAuditory Serial Attention Task (Gronwall, 1977), in 21 healthy individuals and 43\r\ndepressed individuals. On this task participants added digits to previously presented\r\ndigits continuously, where digits were presented at trial frequencies presented in\r\nblocks in which the interstimulus interval varied from one digit every 2.4 seconds to\r\none digit every 1.2 seconds. Participants also completed self-report measures of\r\ntrait rumination.\r\nData on all tasks were recorded using an ISCAN RK426 eye-tracker at 60Hz.\r\nPupil-diameter data were subjected to wavelet transformation to yield\r\ntime-frequency representations of the pupillary motility. Pupillary responses\r\noccurring at the stimulus frequency were assumed to be task-related. Pupillary\r\nmotility occurring at other low frequencies were considered to be non-task-related\r\nvariation.\r\nInitial regressions were performed in which performance and trait rumination were\r\nthe dependent variables, and in which task-related and task-unrelated variation in\r\npupil diameter were simultaneously entered as independent variables.\r\nResults: Results suggested that the wavelet transformation method reliably\r\nquantified task-related variation in pupil diameter. Task-related pupillary motility was\r\npositively related to performance both between participants and within participants\r\non a trial-to-trial basis. It was also positively related to rumination. Task-unrelated\r\npupillary motility was negatively and independently related to performance and\r\nrumination above and beyond task-related pupillary motility, and was negatively\r\nrelated to performance within individuals on a trial-to-trial basis. The difference in\r\ntask-related power to correct and error trials was related to self-reported rumination\r\nwhereas the difference in task-unrelated power to fast and slow trials was related to\r\nself-reported self-punishment. Task related and unrelated variation in pupil diameter\r\nwere significantly associated with performance above and beyond depression\r\nstatus.\r\nTo rule better understand whether observed results for non-task-related variation in\r\npupil diameter, a different data set using sleep-deprived individuals on a comparable\r\ntask was explored \u2013 group differences in task-related and non-task-related pupillary\r\noscillatory activity were not observed in that data.\r\nConclusions: These data suggest that on difficult, speeded tasks, irregular\r\nnon-task-related dynamic variation in pupil diameter varies inversely with\r\nperformance and may reflect cognitive processing not associated with the task (e.g.,\r\nrumination).","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Greg Siegle","Neil Jones","Peter Franzen"]},{"item_id":598,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190954615,"creation_date":1190949211,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Absence of pupil response co mponents in small scotomas caused by cortical lesions","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=598","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190954615,"log":"Modified; Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":575,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:13:32","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":598,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: To investigate the integrity of pupil response components within a small, bilateral scotoma (~ 3oH by 5oV), straddling the vertical meridian and just below the horizontal meridian, caused by occipital head injury. To assess and compare the effectiveness of visual psychophysics and pupil-based perimetric techniques in patients with small scotomas. \r\n\r\nMethods: The patient investigated had an unusual visual field defect caused by damage to the occipital lobes, both sides of the calcarine fissure, slightly more extensive above. The lesion is small and passed unnoticed in the first MRI scan. Perimetry testing was carried out using a customised Advanced Perimetry Program (APP), pupil perimetry and Humphrey VFA. The dynamic component of the Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) and Pupil Colour Responses (Barbur, 2004) were also measured with small stimuli located within the centre of the scotoma.\r\n\r\nResults: The perimetry maps show very localised loss of visual sensitivity that\r\naffects all stimulus attributes. The increased resolution of the APP reveals fine detail within the scotoma that remains undetected in VFA. Pupil measurements show complete absence of both PLR and PCR components.\r\n\r\nConclusions: Advanced perimetry techniques can be used to reveal islands of visual field loss that remains undetected using clinical perimetric methods. Damage to the occipital pole causing very localised loss of visual field sensitivity also eliminates the dynamic pupil light reflex and the colour response components.\r\n\r\nReferences:\r\nBarbur J. L. (2004) in The Visual Neurosciences, eds. Chalupa L. M. and\r\nWerner J. S. (MIT Press), pp641-656.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["John L Barbur, Matilda O\u2019Neill- Biba, M Rodr\u00edguez-Carmona,","Katherine Miszkie, Fion Bremner"]},{"item_id":599,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949219,"creation_date":1190949219,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The estimation of the spontaneous pupillary fluctuation variability using time-frequency representation and fractal dimension","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=599","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":576,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:13:39","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":599,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: The phenomenon of spontaneous pupillary fluctuation (SPF) represents a\r\ndynamic equilibrium of pupil size for which the sympathetic and parasymphatetic activity\r\nmodulated by central nervous system is responsible [1]. The analysis of SPF signal is used\r\nin neurology and neuro-ophthalmology for monitoring the level of alertness in the clinical\r\nconditions, for diagnosing sleep disorderes, and for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic\r\ninterventions [2].\r\nThe literature analysis shows that typically the classical Fourier Transform (FT) is applied\r\nto analyse SPF spectrum in range up to ~1Hz. The limitation of the spectra range results\r\nmostly from the resolution of the accesible apparatus to the SPF measurement.\r\nFrom our research it results that the signal SPF is nonstationary, so the usage of the\r\nclassical FT in this instance seems a too large simplification.\r\nIn the work, the time-frequency analysis and fractal dimension analysis are proposed to the\r\nestimation of the variability SPF signal. The SPF signal registered using the original and\r\nquick pupillometer (worked out by authors) was analysed in the range up to 20 Hz [3].\r\nMethods and results: The signal was registered with proposed pupillometer with the\r\nfrequency 90Hz and the linear resolution 0.008mm. On the basis of the KPSS and ART tests,\r\nthe strong nonstationary of the SPF signal was showed. A short-time Fourier Transform\r\n(SWFT) with Hamming window of the length equal to L\/4 (L-signal length) was used for\r\ntime-frequency analysis. To the quantitative description of obtained characteristics were\r\nused proposed parameterers: the power instability factor, the frequency instability factor and\r\nstatistical parameters (range, mean, variance) describing the characteristic power spectral\r\ndensity as a function of time. To calculate the fractal dimension of the signal the Higuchi\r\nalgorithm was used. The variability of the fractal dimension as a function of the time using\r\nthe range of the dimension, the mean value and tha standard deviation was analysed.\r\nThis work presents example results obtained for 4 different subject cases.\r\nConclusions: The respiratory, blood pulse and higher harmonics components in a range up\r\nto 20 Hz in SPF spectra were obserwed. The natura of this occurence is not well-known and\r\ndemands further fundamental clinical research. Additionally, the distribution of power\r\nspectral density amplitude peaks was different for different frequencies. The detection of\r\nthose irregularities would not be possible with use of the classical FT.\r\nThe obtained parameteres are indeed different for examined cases. The proposed\r\nparameters can be very useful as clinical diagnostic indicators in the estimation of the SPF\r\nmechanism irregularity. However it demands further clinical reasearch.\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] Loewenfeld IE: The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications, University of\r\nIowa Press, Iowa City, 1993\r\n[2] O\u2019Neill WD, Oroujeh AM, et al: Neurological pupillary noise in narcolepsy. J. Sleep Res 5,\r\n265-271, 1996\r\n[3] Hacho\u0142 A, Szczepanowska-Nowak W, et al: Measurement of pupil reactivity using Fast\r\npupillometry. Physiol Meas 28, 61-72, 2007","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Wioletta Nowak","Andrzej Hacho\u0142"]},{"item_id":600,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949367,"creation_date":1190949367,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Feasibility of Assessing Usability with Pupillary Responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=600","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":577,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:16:07","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":600,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: System usability is often discussed as a human-computer interaction\r\n(HCI) issue. Most methods are based on the observer's criterion, therefore, a more\r\nobjective analysis is required. To develop an objective and temporal evaluation\r\nindex for HCI may help to improve the HCI environment.\r\nPurpose: The relationship between pupillary change and the traditional subjective\r\nindex for \u201cusability'', pupillary responses such as pupil size and power spectrum\r\nreading of pupillary changes were investigated to assess the usability as HCI.\r\nMethod: An experiment for observing system usability was conducted as an input\r\noperation task. The input devices were a Mouse, a Keyboard (KeyBD) and a\r\nKeypad (KeyPAD) (Nakayama and Katsukura, 2007).\r\nTwenty successive trials were conducted three times, once for each input device,\r\nand the duration of each trial was 5 seconds. Subjective usability for the three\r\ndevices was measured using a Japanese version of the system usability score\r\n(SUS). The temporal pupil sizes were measured using a video-based eye-tracker\r\n(nac:EMR-NL8), and the sampling rate was 60 Hz.\r\nResults: Firstly, SU-scores and error rates were compared amongst the three\r\nexperimental conditions. For SU-scores, Mouse scored the highest and KeyPAD the\r\nlowest. For error rates, the rate for KeyPAD is the highest, and the rate for Mouse is\r\nthe lowest. Secondly, mean pupil sizes were compared amongst the four\r\nexperimental conditions. The order of the pupil sizes corresponds to the results of\r\nthe SU-scores and error rates. Thirdly, to examine the relationship between\r\nSU-scores and average pupil size, the correlation coefficient was extracted. As a\r\nresult, there is a significant negative correlation (r=-0.72, p<0.01). Fourthly, average\r\nPSD for all three input devices for each 0.5Hz period were summarized up to 4Hz.\r\nThe average PSD of pupillary changes increased with input devices in the frequency\r\narea between 0 and 2.0Hz in the order of Mouse, KeyBD and KeyPAD. This order\r\ncoincided with the error rate. There were significant differences between PSDs for\r\nMouse and KeyPAD for 0-1.5 Hz.\r\nConclusion: During an input operational experiment, pupil size significantly\r\ncorrelates with subjective system usability scores, and the order of pupil size was\r\nmaintained in each trial. The order of PSDs for pupillary responses coincided with\r\nan index of usability. These results provide evidence that the pupil can be used as\r\nan index of usability.\r\nReference:\r\nM. Nakayama & M. Katsukura, Proc. of AUIC 2007, pp.15-22 (2007)","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Makoto Katsukura"]},{"item_id":601,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949396,"creation_date":1190949396,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry detects differen t degrees of involvement of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=601","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":578,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:16:37","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":601,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We had previously reported that myasthenia gravis (MG) affects the pupil.\r\nParasympathetic pupillometric parameters are mostly affected, pointing to a defect of the iris\r\nautonomic neuromuscular junction. In this study, we analyzed the degree of pupillometric\r\nchanges in MG in relationship to the severity of the disease.\r\nMethods: We performed infrared dynamic pupillometry (IDP) on 42 patients diagnosed with\r\nMG and on 93 healthy controls. We subdivided the patients into subgroups of 2 categories\r\neach: generalized versus ocular MG, no thymectomy versus status-post thymectomy,\r\nsymptoms present versus absent at the time of testing. We compared pupillometric\r\nparameters between patients and controls, between the categories within each subgroup\r\nand between each subgroup category and controls.\r\nResults:\r\n1) Patients versus Controls; Reflex Amplitude (RA) was lower, Constriction Velocity (CV)\r\nslower and Latency longer in patients (p<0.001) than in controls. Maximal Redilation\r\nVelocity (MRV) was also slower in patients (p=0.029).\r\n2) Generalized versus ocular MG; Latency was longer in generalized than in ocular MG\r\n(p=0.013)\r\n3) No thymectomy versus thymectomy; CV was slower (p=0.047) and RA lower\r\n(p=0.024) in non-thymectomized than in thymectomized patients.\r\n4) Symptomatic versus asymptomatic; Mean CV was slower and mean RA lower in\r\nsymptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients, but this difference was not statistically\r\nsignificant.\r\n5) Generalized MG, non-thymectomized and symptomatic patients showed more significant\r\ndifferences with controls in RA, CV and Latency (p<0.001) than did ocular MG,\r\nthymectomized and asymptomatic patients (p varied from 0.005 to 0.88 for the above\r\nparameters).\r\nConclusions:\r\n1. The autonomic neuromuscular junction is affected in MG at the iris sphincter and dilator,\r\nmore severely at the sphincter.\r\n2. IDP detected different degrees of pupillary abnormalities in MG, corresponding to different\r\ndegrees of disease severity. It is a precise test of pupillary autonomic function that deserves\r\nfurther exploration.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Baptista AG, Silva SH: Pupillary abnormalities in myasthenia gravis: report of a case.\r\nNeurology 11, 210, 1961\r\n2. Bryant RC: Asymmetrical pupillary slowing and degree of severity in myasthenia gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 7, 288-289, 1980\r\n3. Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, et al: Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 6,\r\n29-33, 1979\r\n4. Vernino S, Cheshire WP, et al : Myasthenia gravis with autoimmune autonomic\r\nneuropathy. Auton Neurosci 88, 187-192, 2001\r\n5. Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis.\r\nA pupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60, 575-580, 1976","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kamal R. Ch\u00e9mali, Robert W. Shields"]},{"item_id":602,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949472,"creation_date":1190949472,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"FLUID INTELLIGENCE AND NEURO-COGNITIVE EFFICIENCY","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=602","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":579,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:17:52","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":602,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It has long been argued that the essence of intelligent insights primarily lies in\r\nmaking fluid analogies (cf., French, 2002). Individuals who score high in fluid intelligence\r\nconsistently perform better than individuals who score low across a broad range of cognitive\r\ntasks. This observation has led to the proposal that individuals differ in the efficiency with\r\nwhich a limited set of fundamental cognitive operations or processing resources are\r\nperformed (cf., Just & Carpenter, 1992; Rypma et al., 2006). Deary (2000), Haier (2003),\r\nand Rypma and D\u2019Esposito (1999) found negative correlations between intelligence and\r\nbrain activation. On the contrary, some studies have shown a positive correlation (cf.,\r\nDuncan, 2003, Gray et al., 2003, Lee et al., 2005). The aim of our study was to investigate\r\nthe activation-performance relations in individuals who differ in fluid intelligence in more\r\ndetail.\r\nMethods: Thirty five pupils attending the 13th grade of a Berlin school specialized in natural\r\nsciences participated in the experiment (26 males, 9 females, mean age: 18,4 years, SD:\r\n0,44). All participants were screened with regard to their fluid intelligence (Spearmans\r\ng-factor) administering the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices. Participants were\r\ndivided into a superior intelligence group (IQ\/RAPM=126, SD=12) and an average\r\nintelligence group (IQ\/RAPM=99, SD=10; i.e., normal controls). They performed a low-level\r\ncognitive task, namely choice reaction time, as compared to a higher-level cognitive task,\r\nnamely solving two-dimensional geometric analogies which differ in relational complexity (cf.,\r\nWharton et al., 2000; van der Meer, 1996). Our strategy was to relate processing speed\r\n(RTs) and processing quality (error rates) (1) to central activation by observing pupillary\r\nresponses (indexing resource consumption, cf., Beatty & Lucero-Wagoner, 2000) and (2) to\r\nspecific patterns of brain activation by fMRI scanning during processing geometric analogies\r\n(cf., O\u2019Boyle et al., 2005). Imaging was performed in a subgroup of participants (N=15\r\nmales).\r\nResults: (1) Participants with superior fluid intelligence showed significantly shorter\r\ninspection times, moderately shorter RTs and lower error rates in analogical reasoning, and\r\nsignificantly higher pupil dilation in processing geometric analogies compared to normal\r\ncontrols. (2) Processing geometric analogies resulted in activation of a fronto-parietal\r\nnetwork. Orbitofrontal brain activation was positively correlated with IQ. When solving\r\ncomplex analogies a reduction of brain activation over time was seen, suggesting a more\r\nefficient processing of the task over time through learning (cf., Sayala et al., 2006).\r\nConclusions: For processing a high-level cognitive task, that is, geometric analogies,\r\npupillary responses support a positive activation-performance relation in individuals who\r\ndiffer in fluid intelligence. Compared to RTs, pupil data provided more sensitive and\r\nadditional information about the quality and efficiency of information processing. FMRI-data\r\nconfirm the positive activation-performance relation and provide fine-grained insight into\r\nwhere analogical reasoning processes occur in the brain. The identified network is known\r\nfrom letter string analogies (Geake and Hansen, 2005), verbal analogies (Bunge et al.,\r\n2005; Green et al., 2006), analogical mapping (Wharton et al., 2000), and nonverbal\r\nreasoning tasks (Kroger et al., 2002). The present results suggest the existence of a\r\ncognitive efficiency mechanism that mediates interindividual performance differences. A\r\nsimilar mechanism may mediate intraindividual learning-induced performance differences.\r\n(cf., Jung & Haier, 2006; Rypma et al., 2006). The combination of pupillary response, fMRI\r\nand behavioral data is a powerful approach to study the interplay of mind and brain in more\r\ndetail (cf., Siegle et al., 2003)","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Elke E. van der Meer Isabell Wartenburger"]},{"item_id":603,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190955010,"creation_date":1190949609,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Neuroinformatics Database for Pupil Research","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=603","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1190955010,"log":"Modified; Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":580,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:20:09","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":603,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Neuroinformatics (NI) is a new field to provide informatics technology that supports neuroscience research. Recently, the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) was established and various NI projects have begun in many institutions and organizations under the INCF. In this context, we have proposed a concept of the NI database for pupil research (Pupil Platform: PP) [1], and a test site is now in operation. This presentation introduces various potential benefits emerging from the PP with some examples of content registered in the test site.\r\n\r\nPupil Platform: The PP has been constructed using a NI database system XooNIps[2], and tentatively opened at http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp. As the initial contents, we registered all the abstracts presented in the Pupil Colloquium (since 1997) with appropriate metadata such as author names, title, conference place, etc. Site visitors can search the abstracts with arbitral keywords and download their PDF. In addition, source codes for mathematical models of the pupil light reflex are available on the PP. Visitors can download the models and simulate\/modify them within fair use. Moreover, if desired a visitor can also register his\/her research resources after obtaining a user account on the PP. In the registration process, one can control who can download his\/her registered resource as well as the license terms.\r\n\r\nConclusion: We have launched a NI platform for pupil research using XooNIps. The PP may provide a site for information and resource sharing for pupil researchers. We hope that the PP becomes a way to support the revitalization of pupil research. The INCF Japan-node (http:\/\/www.neuroinf.jp\/) will support the official operation for the PP upon the request.\r\n\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Usui S, Yamaji K, Sakai H, Okumura Y. A proposed neuroinformatics platform for\r\nthe pupil. Proceedings of the 4th StarkFest Conference on Vision and Movement in Men and Machines, 49-51, ERL, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 2005\r\n2. Yamaji K, Sakai H, Okumura Y, Usui S. Customizable neuroinformatics database\r\nsystem: XooNIps and its application to the pupil platform. Comput Biol Med, 37\r\n(7, Special Issue for the 4th StarkFest Conference), 1036-41, 2007","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Shiro Usui","Yutaka Hirata","Kazutsuna Yamaji","Hiroyuki Sakai","Junpei Nishiyama"]},{"item_id":604,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949715,"creation_date":1190949715,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Cardiac and Respiratory Variations Expressed in Spontaneous Pupillary Oscillations","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=604","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":581,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:21:55","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":604,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Thoss et al. (1999) at this meeting and Calcagnini et al. (2001) have\r\nstudied the effect of external influences on the relationship between heart rate and\r\npupil diameter and found that forced changes in cardio-respiratory and\r\nbaro-receptor activity were detectable in pupil recordings. We employed wavelet\r\nanalysis to further investigate the possible relationships between spontaneous\r\npupillary oscillations and variability of the heart and respiratory systems.\r\nMethods: Pupil diameter (PD), heart rate (HR) and respiration were recorded\r\ncontinuously for 20 minutes on three control subjects and one patient with severely\r\nimpaired autonomic function. A wavelet transform was then performed on all data\r\nsets, which calculated continuous time-frequency signals over a set of bandwidths\r\nranging from 0.02 to 1.5 Hz. The correlations between each system (PD, HR and\r\nrespiration) for each of these bandwidths were calculated.\r\nResults: Strong correlations, both positive and negative, were detected for all\r\nsubjects between the heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration signals at\r\nrespiration frequencies between 0.2 and 0.4 Hz. At these respiratory frequencies the\r\ncorrelations between respiration and PD were weak for two of the three controls, but\r\nstrong for the patient. The relationship between HRV and PD was variable. At\r\nrespiratory frequencies the correlation varied with a weak relationship in two\r\nsubjects and strong correlations in the patient and other subject. At lower\r\nfrequencies (0.02-0.04 Hz) there were strong correlations between HRV and pupil\r\nfor all subjects.\r\nConclusions: The frequencies of forced cyclic changes in the cardio-respiratory\r\nsystem have been previously identified in pupil recordings. Correlations were\r\ndetected between respiration and both cardiac and spontaneous pupillary\r\noscillations at respiratory frequencies of 0.2 \u2013 0.4 Hz. As expected, the HRV and\r\nrespiration were linked in a known way. It was also observed that the respiration and\r\npupil were linked, as has been previously reported (Otshuka 1988). What is of\r\ninterest is that the common frequencies of the HRV, respiration and PD were\r\nevidenced in the correlations between the pupil and HRV at respiratory frequencies.\r\nUnexpectedly, there were also strong relationships between HRV and pupil in the\r\nVLF frequency range that are not present between respiration and pupil. The origin\r\nof the VLF component of HRV remains a topic for debate (Togo 2006). Our data\r\nsuggest that the cardiac and pupil control systems share a common ANS center\r\nwhile this and\/or other centers may provide input to these systems individually.\r\nReferences:\r\nCalgcagnini G., Giovannelli P., Censi F., Bartolini P. and V. Barbaro.\r\nBaroreceptor-sensitive fluctuations of heart rate and pupil diameter. IEEE EMBS\r\n2 3rd International Conference 2001; Istanbul, Turkey.\r\nOtshuka K., Asakyra K., Kawasaki H. and M. Sawa. Respiratory Fluctuations of the\r\nHuman Pupil. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71: 215-217.\r\nThosss F., Lutdke H. and D. Sandner. Forced parallel oscillations in the pupil system\r\nand the heart rate. Abstracts of the 23rd Pupil Colloquium 1999; Nottingham, UK.\r\nTogo F., Kiyono K., Struzik Z.R. and Y. Yamamoto. Unique very low-frequency heart\r\nrate variability during sleep in humans. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006; 53(1): 28-34.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Anne Marie Petrock","Michael Rosenberg"]},{"item_id":605,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949814,"creation_date":1190949814,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measuring the time-course of anticipatory anxiety with the pupil","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=605","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":582,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:23:35","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":605,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"The time course of the inhibition of the pupillary light reflex and the pupillary\r\nmydriasis induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 12 normal\r\nvolunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 2 s of 20-s threat\r\nconditions but not during 20-s safe conditions. Consistent with previous data, overall\r\nbaseline pupil diameter levels were greater and overall light reflex amplitude levels\r\nwere lower during the threat than during the safe conditions. However, the light\r\nreflex amplitude became progressively more inhibited in the threat condition as the\r\nshock was becoming more imminent and then it abruptly returned to normal with the\r\nonset of the safe condition. These effects of the threat of shock on light reflex\r\namplitude are interpreted in terms of anticipatory anxiety. Baseline pupil diameter\r\ndid not follow the same pattern. It was greater at the beginning of the threat and safe\r\nconditions alike, becoming progressively smaller with time. There was a small\r\nanticipatory mydriasis in the threat condition, as the shock was becoming more\r\nimminent. These effects on baseline pupil diameter are interpreted in terms of\r\narousal and context. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of\r\nanticipatory anxiety and response to contextual changes in humans.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Bitsios P","Koudas V","Giakoumaki S"]},{"item_id":606,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190949952,"creation_date":1190949952,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Analysis of TcES effe ct on NAION patients -Relationship between electrical pupillary reflex and visual acuity improvement-","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=606","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":583,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:25:53","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":606,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: A recent challenge has been to apply transcorneal electrical stimulation\r\n(TcES) to the treatment of NAION patients. The improvement of visual function\r\nelicited by TcES should be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively. In this\r\nstudy, we tested the hypothesis that pupillary reflex, rather than visual acuity, is a\r\nbetter objective index of improvement of visual function.\r\nMethods: Consecutive patients with NAION who were examined between March of\r\n2003 and July of 2006 and who had been followed up for more than half a year after\r\nTcES was performed were entered into the study. Cases with bilateral involvement\r\nwere excluded. The number of patients was 31. During TcES application, a biphasic\r\ncurrent was applied to the retina through Burian-Allen contact lens electrodes\r\n(current; 600-1000\u03bcA, frequency; 20Hz, duration; 10msec). During TcES treatment\r\nan infrared pupillometer, the IRISCORDER\u00ae (HAMAMATSU, Japan), was used to\r\nmeasure the electrical pupillary responses (EPR) induced by TcES (1000\u00b1200\u03bcA).\r\nLinear regression analysis was performed using out EPR and electrical current\r\ndata, and we compared this with the improvement of visual acuity (VA) (\u22670.3\r\nlogMAR). EPR was considered normal when the slope of this line was greater than\r\nhalf of that of the healthy volunteers\u2019, and poor when it was less than half. Four\r\ngroups were then created: (1) patients with improved VA and normal EPR (2)\r\nimproved VA \/ poor EPR (3) no improved VA\/normal EPR, (4) no improved VA\/poor\r\nEPR. We analyzed the relationship between EPR and VA in these groups using\r\nFisher\u2019s exact test.\r\nResults: When all cases were analyzed, the number of group (1) was 2, (2)\u2019s was 7,\r\n(3)\u2019s was 10, (4)\u2019s was 12. EPR had no significant relationship to VA\uff08p=0.42\uff09. If only\r\ncases with best corrected VA s more than (0.1), the number of group (1) was 2, (2)\u2019s\r\nwas 7, (3)\u2019s was 10, (4)\u2019s was 2. In this case EPR had a significant inverse\r\nrelationship to VA (p=0.03).\r\nConclusions: The ganglion fibers involved in the pupillary reflex and those involved\r\nin the visual pathway appear to respond differently to ischemia. Analysis of EPR\r\nshould take into account the consideration that moderate cases of NAION have an\r\ninverse relationship between VA and EPR.\r\nReference:\r\nFujikado et al: Jpn J Ophthalmol.; 50:266-273, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kenji Matsushita","Takashi Fujikado","Hiroshi Shimojo","Yoschiyuki Kitaguchi","Yositaka Okawa","Takeshi Morimoto","Yasuo Tano"]},{"item_id":607,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950110,"creation_date":1190950110,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Correlation between age and pupil c onstriction and myopic shift under binocular viewing conditions in patients with intermittent exotropia","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=607","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":584,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:28:30","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":607,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To investigate the age-related changes of the pupil constriction and\r\nmyopic shift under binocular conditions in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT).\r\nMethods: Forty-five patients with IXT; 21 were \u22649 years (children group), 11 were\r\nbetween 10 to 19 years (adolescent group), and 13 were between 20 to 43 years\r\n(adult group), were studied. The angle of strabismus was determined by the\r\nalternating prism cover test (APCT). The spherical refractive error and pupil\r\ndiameter were measured simultaneously by infrared video retinoscopy and\r\npupillography under monocular and binocular viewing conditions at 1m.\r\nResults: The change of the spherical refractive error (\u0394R) and pupil diameter (\u0394P)\r\nbetween binocular and monocular conditions were significantly larger in the adult\r\ngroup (\u0394R=-1.11 \u00b1 1.01 diopters (D), \u0394P = - 0.89 \u00b1 1.15 mm, average \u00b1 standard\r\ndeviation) than in the children group (\u0394R = -0.34 \u00b1 0.34 D, \u0394P = -0.06 \u00b1 0.56 mm; p\r\n<0.05, ANOVA). The \u0394R was significantly correlated with the angle of exotropia only\r\nin the adult group (R2 = 0.31, P = 0.04). After the strabismus surgery, \u0394R and \u0394P\r\nwere reduced in the adult group (N = 3).\r\nConclusions: Large myopic shifts and pupil constrictions were detected under\r\nbinocular conditions in IXT patients older than 20-years-of-age. The degree of\r\nmyopic shift is reduced after strabismus surgery. Even if functional disturbances are\r\nnot observed in children or adolescent IXT patients, a myopic shift with pupil\r\nconstriction can occur after 20-years-of-age.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Burian, Hermann M: Intermittent (facultative) divergent strabismus: its influence\r\non visual acuity and the binocular visual act. Am J Ophthal 28, 525-527, 1945\r\n2. Seaber JH: Pseudomyopia in exodeviations. Am Orthopt J 16, 67-72, 1966\r\n3. Sasamoto K: The resting position of exophoria, a discussion of phoria myopia.\r\nGannka Ronsho Iho (Japanese) 75, 290-292, 1981\r\n4. Wilhelm H, Schaeffel F, et al: Die Altersabhangigkeit der pupillennahreaktion. Klin\r\nMonatsbl Augenheilkd 203, 110-116, 1993","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Takashi Fujikado","Sanae Asonuma","Yoshiyuki Kitaguchi","Hiroshi Shimojyo","Kenji Matsushita"]},{"item_id":608,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950205,"creation_date":1190950205,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillometry detects differen t degrees of involvement of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=608","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":585,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:30:06","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":608,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We had previously reported that myasthenia gravis (MG) affects the pupil.\r\nParasympathetic pupillometric parameters are mostly affected, pointing to a defect of the iris\r\nautonomic neuromuscular junction. In this study, we analyzed the degree of pupillometric\r\nchanges in MG in relationship to the severity of the disease.\r\nMethods: We performed infrared dynamic pupillometry (IDP) on 42 patients diagnosed with\r\nMG and on 93 healthy controls. We subdivided the patients into subgroups of 2 categories\r\neach: generalized versus ocular MG, no thymectomy versus status-post thymectomy,\r\nsymptoms present versus absent at the time of testing. We compared pupillometric\r\nparameters between patients and controls, between the categories within each subgroup\r\nand between each subgroup category and controls.\r\nResults:\r\n1) Patients versus Controls; Reflex Amplitude (RA) was lower, Constriction Velocity (CV)\r\nslower and Latency longer in patients (p<0.001) than in controls. Maximal Redilation\r\nVelocity (MRV) was also slower in patients (p=0.029).\r\n2) Generalized versus ocular MG; Latency was longer in generalized than in ocular MG\r\n(p=0.013)\r\n3) No thymectomy versus thymectomy; CV was slower (p=0.047) and RA lower\r\n(p=0.024) in non-thymectomized than in thymectomized patients.\r\n4) Symptomatic versus asymptomatic; Mean CV was slower and mean RA lower in\r\nsymptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients, but this difference was not statistically\r\nsignificant.\r\n5) Generalized MG, non-thymectomized and symptomatic patients showed more significant\r\ndifferences with controls in RA, CV and Latency (p<0.001) than did ocular MG,\r\nthymectomized and asymptomatic patients (p varied from 0.005 to 0.88 for the above\r\nparameters).\r\nConclusions:\r\n1. The autonomic neuromuscular junction is affected in MG at the iris sphincter and dilator,\r\nmore severely at the sphincter.\r\n2. IDP detected different degrees of pupillary abnormalities in MG, corresponding to different\r\ndegrees of disease severity. It is a precise test of pupillary autonomic function that deserves\r\nfurther exploration.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Baptista AG, Silva SH: Pupillary abnormalities in myasthenia gravis: report of a case.\r\nNeurology 11, 210, 1961\r\n2. Bryant RC: Asymmetrical pupillary slowing and degree of severity in myasthenia gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 7, 288-289, 1980\r\n3. Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, et al: Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 6,\r\n29-33, 1979\r\n4. Vernino S, Cheshire WP, et al : Myasthenia gravis with autoimmune autonomic\r\nneuropathy. Auton Neurosci 88, 187-192, 2001\r\n5. Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis.\r\nA pupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60, 575-580, 1976","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kamal R. Ch\u00e9mali, Robert W. Shields"]},{"item_id":609,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950223,"creation_date":1190950223,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measurements of Pupil and Cerebral Oxygenation - Technical Introduction","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=609","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":586,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:30:23","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":609,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Pupil reactions are caused by various factors and are closely related to\r\nthe brain activation. Therefore the simultaneous measurement of pupil reactions\r\nand changes in cerebral oxygenation caused by the brain activation is expected to\r\ncome up with new information for pupil studies. We introduce the technology of\r\nvideo-pupillography and non-invasive cerebral oxygenation monitor, and some\r\nmeasurement results of pupil and cerebral oxygenation are presented.\r\nMethods: Using healthy subjects, reactions of pupil to mental tasks and\r\naccommodative stimuli were measured by video-pupillography (Iriscorder C7364\r\nand TriIRIS C9000, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), while the cerebral oxygenation\r\nwas continuously monitored (NIRO-200, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.).\r\nResults: Measurements were successfully\r\ndone with little stress given by the probes of\r\ninstrument to the subjects and quality of the\r\nmeasured data was acceptable for further\r\nanalysis. Although investigations of the\r\nmeasured data have not been done\r\nminutely from a physiological point of view,\r\nexpected reactions of pupil and cerebral\r\noxygenation to the given stimuli were\r\nobserved. An example of the measured\r\ndata (a mental calculation task) is shown.\r\nConclusions: Use of the video -\r\npupillography with the cerebral oxygenation\r\nmonitor was suggested to be useful for\r\npupil studies.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Tsuyoshi Kamada","Kota Inoue","Yukio Kobayashi","Tsuyoshi Suzuki","Sumio Takasaki","Takeo Ozaki","Susumu Suzuki"]},{"item_id":610,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950310,"creation_date":1190950310,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"New methods for the assessment of accommodative convergence","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=610","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":587,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:31:51","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":610,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To develop a new objective method for measuring vergence eye\r\nmovement based on the first Purkinje image using infrared CCD cameras, and to\r\ncompare the stimulus AC\/A ratios as determined by standard gradient methods.\r\nMethods: There were 20 patients, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years, who had\r\nintermittent exotropia (10 eyes) and accommodative esotropia (10 eyes).\r\nMeasurement of accommodative convergence in millimeters (mm) was based on\r\nthe first Purkinje image, and was performed using a TriIRIS C9000. The stimulus\r\nAC\/A ratio was determined using the alternate prism cover test that measures the\r\nphoria (\u22bf) at 5 m and 0.33 m with the subject\u2019s full optical correction in place,\r\nfollowed by additional measurements using pairs of minus and plus lenses (i.e.,\r\nusing the far and near gradient methods). The average values of the horizontal eye\r\nmovement distance (mm) and eye deviation (\u22bf) (a) before and (b) after an\r\naccommodative stimulus of 3 D were calculated by using the following formula:\r\naccommodative vergence eye movement (mm \/ D) and the stimulus AC\/A ratio (\u22bf \/\r\nD) = (b \u2013 a) \/ 3.\r\nResults: The average value for the stimulus AC\/A ratio using the far gradient\r\nmethod and the average value of the vergence eye movement were 3.9 \u00b1 1.5 \u22bf \/ D\r\nand 0.5 \u00b1 0.2 mm \/ D, respectively. In all subjects, the correlation analysis\r\ndemonstrated that there was a strong positive correlation between these two\r\nparameters (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient: r=0.93, p<.0001). Moreover,\r\nemploying infrared CCD cameras to measure pupil constriction amplitude was\r\nuseful in the determination of the ability to fixate on the target clearly.\r\nConclusions: Our new method can be displayed as tracing results and which is\r\nrepeatable. Since this technique uses infrared CCD cameras and eye monitor, this\r\nallows for rejection of results with artifacts such as eye or head movements. Thus,\r\nthe new methods used in this study now make it possible to obtain objective\r\nrecordings of accommodative convergence in many clinical situations when lack of\r\nsubjective responses and values is a problem.\r\n.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Effert R, Barry JC et al: Self-assessment of angles of strabismus with\r\nphotographic Purkinje I and IV reflection pattern evaluation. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp\r\nOphthalmol 233, 494-506, 1995\r\n2) Schiavi C, Orciuolo M: Automated measurement of strabismic deviation. Curr\r\nOpin Ophthalmol 3, 731-734, 1992","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Ken Asakawa","Hitoshi Ishikawa"]},{"item_id":611,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950321,"creation_date":1190950321,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Photophobia in myasthenia gravis pa tients; questionnaire and intraocular","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=611","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":588,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:32:02","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":611,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To make it clear that photophobia is one symptom of myasthenia gravis\r\n(MG).\r\nMethods: We studied clinical frequency of photophobia complaints in 19MG\r\npatients and 18 healthy volunteers with questionnaires, and evaluated their pupillary\r\nlight response with Iriscorder (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan).\r\nResults: Over 40 percent of MG patients experienced photophobia. Group of MG\r\npatients with photophobia showed changes of pupillary light response.\r\nConclusions: Photophobia is one symptom to discuss in MG patients, and\r\nintraocular muscles might be involved in MG.\r\nReferences:\r\n\uff65Dutton GN, Garson JA, Richardson RB. Pupillary Fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis.\r\nTrans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K 102 (1982), pp. 510-513\r\n\uff65Kuks JBM, Oosterhuis HJGH. Clinical presentation and epidemiology of\r\nmyasthenia gravis. In: Kaminski HJ, Editor, Myasthenia gravis and related disorders\r\nHumana Press Inc. New Jersey (2003), pp. 93-113\r\n\uff65Lepore FE, Sanborn GE, Slevin JT. P. Pupillary Dysfunction in Myasthenia Gravis.\r\nAnn Neurol 6 (1979), pp. 29-33\r\n\uff65Lebensohn JE. The nature of photophobia. Archives of Ophthalmology.12 (1934),\r\npp. 380-390\r\n\uff65Loewenfeld IE. Pupillary pathology: Pupillary signs in various diseases.\r\nMyasthenia gravis. In: The Pupil: anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications. vol.\r\n1 1st ed. Wayne State University Press, Detroit. (1993), pp. 1364-1366\r\n\uff65Lu CZ, Hao ZS, Liu HK, Zhang MK. Dynamic pupillographic response to positive\r\ndifferential light stimulation in myasthenia gravis. Chin Med J (Engl). 98 (1985), pp.\r\n405-408.\r\n\uff65Shima K, Doi S: Symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Clinical Neuroscience 23 (2005),\r\npp. 398-399. (In Japanese)\r\n\uff65Yamazaki A, Ishikawa S. Abnormal pupillary responses in myasthenia gravis-a\r\npupillographic study. Br J Ophthalmol 60 (1976), pp. 575-580","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hirokatsu Takahashi, Naoki K awaguchi, Shin Munakata,","Yuko Nemoto, Takamichi Hattori"]},{"item_id":612,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950449,"creation_date":1190950449,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Combined sympathetic and parasym pathetic denervation of the pupil:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=612","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":589,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:34:10","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":612,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To describe the pupil and clinical findings in patients who have both\r\nHorner\u2019s syndrome (H) and a tonic pupil (T)\r\nMethods: A retrospective case-note review of all patients on our database with both\r\npupil abnormalities (H+T)\r\nResults: Of 688 patients on our database listed as having Horner\u2019s syndrome\r\nand\/or a tonic pupil, only 20 (3%) had both (H+T). The records were available in 18\r\nof these cases. The majority of these patients (12\/18) had generalised autonomic\r\nfailure throughout the body caused by diabetes (3), pure autonomic failure (PAF, 2),\r\nautoimmune\/paraneoplastic processes (2) or unknown aetiology (5), and as\r\nexpected in these patients both pupils usually showed signs of both sympathetic\r\nand parasympathetic denervation (9\/12). Of the remaining cases, one patient with\r\nlongstanding Holmes-Adie syndrome (HAS) later developed a coincidental Horner\u2019s\r\nsyndrome caused by a Pancoast tumour. However there were 5 other patients who\r\nseemed to have tonic pupils and tendon areflexia typical of HAS but who were also\r\nfound to have an idiopathic Horner\u2019s syndrome. 4\/5 of these cases were female\r\n(median age 50) and all were in excellent general health. In all cases the Horner\u2019s\r\nsyndrome was unilateral and in 4\/5 cases associated with ipsilateral harlequin\r\nsyndrome (which was not found in any of the other patients). Autonomic function\r\ntests showed mild disturbances in sweating and in cardiovascular control in some of\r\nthese patients but none seemed to have a generalised dysautonomia or peripheral\r\nneuropathy and no cause could be found for the Horner\u2019s syndrome.\r\nConclusions: Combined sympathetic and parasympathetic lesions are rarely found\r\nin the same patient, and usually occur in the context of widespread dysautonomia.\r\nOccasionally both lesions may arise by coincidence as a result of unrelated\r\nconditions. However we have identified a small group of patients with idiopathic\r\nunilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome in the context of Holmes-Adie syndrome: we\r\nhypothesise that these patients may have a limited form of autonomic\r\nganglionopathy which is distinct from more widespread peripheral neuropathies,\r\nprogresses slowly (over decades) and carries a good overall prognosis.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Bremner F, Smith S. Pupil findings in a consecutive series of 150 cases with\r\ngeneralised autonomic neuropathy. J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psych. 2006; 77, 1163-8.\r\n2. Caparros-Lefebre D, Hache JC, Hurtevent JF, Dereeper O, Bille F, Petit H.\r\nUnilateral loss of facial flushing and sweating with contralateral anhidrosis: harlequin\r\nsyndrome or Adie\u2019s syndrome? Clin Auton Res. 1993; 3: 239-41\r\n3. Kalapesi FB, Krishnan AV, Kiernan MC. Segmental facial anhidrosis and tonic\r\npupils with preserved deep tendon reflexes: a novel autonomic neuropathy.\r\nJ Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2005; 25: 5-8.\r\n4. Shin RK, Galetta SL, Ting TY et al. Ross syndrome plus, beyond Horner,\r\nHolmes-Adie and harlequin. Neurology 2000; 55: 1841-6","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Fion Bremner, Stephen Smith"]},{"item_id":613,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950460,"creation_date":1190950460,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of the recovery in eye-strain by chiropractic treatment","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=613","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":590,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:34:20","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":613,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: We made a presentation of Pupil Measurement System (TriIRIS C9000\r\nHAMAMATSU) in Crete (2003) and showed the results that Pupil Response may\r\nexpress the eyestrain. In this presentation, we would like to report the effect of\r\nrecovery from the eye-strain by Chiropractic treatment (Chiropractic).\r\nChiropractic has been used as one of the healing disciplines especially on\r\nmuscle-skeletal problems. We postulated chiropractic adjustments evoke a positive\r\neffect on an abnormal human nervous system possibly via autonomic nervous\r\nsystem. Problems have been treated in the patients with a low back pain as well as\r\na general fatigue. In the modern working circumstance, the eye strain is an\r\nannoying problem although there are many etiologies.\r\nThere may be abnormal constriction or relaxation of the tonicity of the ciliary muscle,\r\npupillary sphincter muscle, and orbicularis oculi muscle etc... We considered a\r\nchiropractic therapy may improve those eye strains. We have employed our\r\n\u201cActivator Method\u201d .This method uses the instrument so that we can treat the patient\r\nwith almost the same intensity.\r\nWe have measured the pupil response elicited by photic stimulation (intensity:10\u03bc\r\nWatts (W) \u00b1 3\u03bcW and with the duration of 1 second) as well as accommodative\r\nstimuli before and after the Chiropractic.\r\nMethods:\r\n1. Chiropractic: The \u201cactivator method\u201d uses the leg length inequality to find a\r\npossible joint dysfunctions of spine and extremities in combination with isolation\r\ntests. These tests can help examiner to find out a possible specific segments of\r\ndysfunctional joints. This method uses the specific instrument for adjusting a\r\nconsistent low-force and a high-speed execution.\r\n2. Pupil study: We measured 44 healthy volunteers with the eye strain. They did not\r\ntake any pills prior to the examination. The subjects were selected from the office\r\nworkers with visual display terminal users. They are 29 males and 15 females. Their\r\nage ranged 24-50 years and the mean age was 33.5 yeas, respectively. All subject\r\nfollowed the following protocol: A, B and C were the time when the pupil\r\nmeasurements and Chiropractic were made.\r\nTable I\r\nA: 1st measurement B: 2nd measurement C: 3rd Measurement\r\nNormal Room Dark Room Chiropractic Dark Room\r\n(200 Lux) (0 Lux) (100 Lux) (0 Lux)\r\n5 minutes 5 minutes 20 minutes 5 minutes\r\nResult: The size of the pupil diameter did not change in A, B and C conditions. Only\r\nthe rate of constriction showed the significant differences in A, B and C. (Table\u2161)\r\nTable II\r\nAmplitude of the Constriction Ratio\r\n0.23\u00b10.05 0.39\u00b10.05 0.43\u00b10.05\r\nMean\u00b1S.D.\r\nP<0.01 P<0.01\r\nConclusion: The present data indicated that Chiropractic therapy may help to\r\nreduce the annoying strain of the eye possibly in patients with VDT syndrome.\r\nThe rate of constriction of the pupil both prior and after the therapy changed\r\nsignificantly. This is possibly due to an improvement of constriction dynamics of the\r\npupil strengthening a function of the eye followed by chiropractic.\r\nRefernces:\r\n1. Ishikawa, S, Naito, M and Inaba,K : A new video pupillography. Ophthalmologica:\r\n160:248-259, 1970\r\n2. Ishikawa, S: Examination of the near triad in VDU operaters. Ergonomics:\r\n33:787-798, 1990\r\n3. Hiraoka.M, Moroda, M, Touya, Y and Hakamata,N : Near Triad Meter; Dynamic\r\nmeasurement of pupillometry with horizontal eye tracker by Accommodative\r\nstimulation. J of Jpn of Ophtalmological Socity: 107:702-708, 2003","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroshi Matsuda","Naotoshi Hakamata","Yoshifumi Arakawa","Yoshinori Satake Yoshiharu Nakajima","Satoshi Ishikawa"]},{"item_id":614,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950592,"creation_date":1190950592,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Observation of spontaneo us pupillary movement by the new high speed camera system","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=614","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":591,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:36:32","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":614,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To observe slight spontaneous pupillary movement by the new high\r\nspeed camera system.\r\nSubjects and Methods: We measured pupillary movement in 3 normal male using\r\nthe 1kHz video camera system developed newly by Hamamatsu Photonics. The\r\nexamination which continues for 30 seconds in the gloomy room is done before and\r\n60 minutes after instillation of the parasympatholytic agent. The preservation of the\r\n1000 pictures which are acquired in each 1 second and the representation of\r\ndiameter graphic are performed automatically.\r\nResults: The graphic of spontaneous pupillary movement by the new high speed\r\ncamera is smoother and more detailed than the graphic by an old camera.\r\nPupillary unrest that was bigger movement seen about 1.5 times at 1 second and\r\npupillary fluctuation that was smaller movement seen about 7 times at 1 second was\r\nobserved. As a result of carrying out mydriasis by instillation of the\r\nparasympatholytic agent, pupil became macroscopic almost constant. Although the\r\npupillary unrest was decreasing at that time, pupil fluctuation existed.\r\nConclusions: The pupillary fluctuaton can be observed by this new system.This\r\nslight spontaneous movement is exist even when the autonomic nerve changed\r\nextremely.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Jumpei Matsuda","Nakamura Yoshiko","Suzuki Kazutaka","Haruyoshi Toyoda","Naotoshi Hakamada","Morio Ueno","Satoshi Kawasaki","Shigeru Kinoshita"]},{"item_id":615,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950600,"creation_date":1190950600,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Three cases of acetamiprid i ntoxication suspected from","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=615","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":592,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:36:41","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":615,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Recently, the use of neonicotinoid insecticide as an alternative of\r\norganophosphate is increasing in agricultural\/forest regions in USA and Japan,\r\nwhich act mainly as insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor1). Acetamiprid, a\r\nneonicotinoid insecticide, was developed in Japan. The chronic toxicity of\r\nacetamiprid is rather strong, no-observed-adverse-effect-level for chronic toxicity\r\n(NOAEL) in rats is 7.1mg\/kg\/day. However, the report on the human health effect is\r\nlacking except our study2). In 2006, we reported the cardiac symptoms and ECG\r\nabnormality of the 63 patients after acetamiprid spray to the pine trees. In June 2007,\r\nwe reported more than 100 patients had been visited with the complaints of\r\nautonomic nervous system. They are almost identical ECG abnormalities with the\r\nabnormal heart rate, ST-T changes e.g. chest pain, muscle weakness, finger tremor\r\nand\/or memory disturbance2).\r\nMethods: Three cases visited clinic A (Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture) between\r\nMarch 1st till August 31st, 2007. The authors are studying sequel of the inhabitant\r\nwhere a massive spray of mainly organophosphates and carbamates, and a spray\r\nof acetamiprid 40 m into the air with insect sprayer have been repeatedly performed.\r\nBy detailed interviews with the patients, it was considered that oral intake of\r\nacetamiprid via certain foods; especially vegetables, fruits, green tea (over\r\n400-500ml per days) and\/or insecticide spray in the nearby field are most likely\r\nfactor to produce those clinical manifestations.\r\nClinical symptoms and the findings of Electrocardiography (ECG), Auditory\r\nBrainstem Response (ABR) and the Pupil function followed by photic stimulation\r\nexamined by infrared pupillography (Iriscorder C7364, Hamamatsu, Japan) were\r\nmade.\r\nResults: Mild neutrophilia (8200\/\u03bcl) and CRP increase (0.97mg\/dl) were shown in\r\nCase 1. Other routine laboratory examinations were within normal limits. The\r\nresidue of acetamprid in the patient\u2019s blood and urine was not made. Clinical\r\nsummary of the results are shown in the Table below. Tachycardia and ST-T change\r\nin ECG, V wave shortening in ABR, as well as abnormal function of the autonomic\r\nnervous system was seen by pupillographical test.\r\nDiscussion: Neonicotinoid insecticide acts as an agonist at \u03b14\u03b22 subtypes of\r\nnicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which exist at the brain of human1). A metabolite of\r\nneonicotinoid insecticide, for example, imidacloprid acts as stronger agonist on the\r\n\u03b13 subtype, which exist at the autonomic ganglia of human3).\r\nEnvironmental exposure of pesticides is hard to diagnose when a suspected patient\r\nvisits the physician with unidentified complaints. We need objective tests to\r\ndiscriminate from psychosomatic syndrome. As introduced here objective tests of\r\nECG, ABR and Pupillography may help to establish the diagnosis. Although clear\r\nroute of entry and the dosage dependency of acetamiprid has not been established,\r\npresent three cases may give us important clinical suggestion to find out the\r\nsubacute or chronic toxicity of neonicotinoid which is considered as a major\r\npesticide all over the world in the future.\r\nReference:\r\n1) Tomizawa M, Cas ida JE, Annual Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005; 45: 247-268\r\n2) K Taira, Y Aoyama & M Kawamata : Long QT and ST-T change associated with\r\norganophosphate exposure by aerial spray. Environmental Toxicology and\r\nPharmacology. 22: 40-45, 2006\r\n3) Tomizawa M, Casida JE. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:115-122\r\n4) Autonomic nervous function tests 2nd.Edition ed by M.Uono: Pupil function tests:\r\nResults of normal pupillary reaction against age, 218-225, 1995 in Japanese.\r\nTable 1: Clinical manifestations of 3 cases.\r\nCase 1\r\n\uff0828 y.o. female\uff09\r\nCase 2\r\n\uff0831 y.o. male\uff09\r\nCase 3\r\n\uff0851 y.o female\uff09\r\nSuspicious\r\nSource green tea green tea\r\ninsecticide use Insecticide use\r\nClinical\r\nSymptoms\r\nheadache\r\npalpitation\r\nmyalgia\r\nthroatpain\r\nconstipation\r\nfever (38.5\u2103)\r\nmemory disturbance\r\nheadache\r\nchest pain\r\nmuscle weakness\r\ndepression\r\ninsomnia\r\nmemory disturbance\r\nfinger tremor\r\nmuscle weakness\r\ndyspnea\r\npalpitation\r\nmyalgia\r\nfinger tremor\r\nECG Tachycardia\r\nST depression\r\nST elevation\r\nRV conduction delay\r\nTachycardia\r\nT wave flattening\r\nABR V wave shortening V wave shortening V wave shortening\r\nPupillography 4) D1\u2193, A1\u2193, CR\u2193, D1\u2193, A1\u2193, CR\u2193, D1\u2191, A1\u2191, CR\u2193,\r\nIn the darkroom t1\u2191, t2\u2191, t3\u2191, t5\u2193 t1\u2191, t2\u2191, t3\u2191, t5\u2193 t3\u2191, t5\u2191\r\nfindings Parasympathetic? Parasympathetic? Sympathetic?","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Kumiko Taira, Naomichi Moribayashi, Yoshiko Aoyama"]},{"item_id":616,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950690,"creation_date":1190950690,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Reduced lateralization of pupillary dynamics in patients with chronicheadache by Kampo medicine (Japanese herbal medicine)","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=616","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":593,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:38:11","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":616,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Autonomic nervous imbalance is associated with in chronic headache.\r\nWe investigated the effects of goshuyuto\uff0da representative Kampo medicine for\r\nheadache\uff0don the lateralization of the pupillary autonomic nervous system by using\r\nbinocular infrared video pupillography (Iriscorder C7364, Hamamatsu Photonics,\r\nHamamatsu, Japan).\r\nMethods: Patients with chronic headache were administered with goshuyuto\r\nextract (TJ-31; Tsumura & Co., Tokyo, Japan) for 1 month (1st stage). After 1\r\nmonth of discontinuation of goshuyuto, the patients were randomly divided into 2\r\ngroups: placebo and goshuyuto. In the 2nd stage, placebo or goshuyuto was\r\nadministered for 3 months to the respective groups. The pupillary dynamics were\r\nmeasured at the beginning and at the end of the randomized, double-blinded, and\r\nplacebo-controlled comparative study.\r\nResults: The subjects comprised 23 patients (male\/female: 1\/22; mean age, 39.0\r\nyears). Of these, 9 patients were assigned to the placebo group, 14 to the\r\ngoshuyuto group. There was no significant difference in the laterality response\r\nbetween the 2 groups at the beginning of the 2nd stage. After 3months, the average\r\nlaterality had decreased significantly in the goshuyuto group.\r\nConclusions: Goshuyuto resulted in a significant decrease in laterality. These\r\nresults suggest that goshuyuto relieves chronic headache by reducing the\r\nautonomic imbalance in the pupils.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Odaguchi, H., et al: The efficacy of goshuyuto, a typical Kampo (Japanese herbal\r\nmedicine) formula, in preventing episodes of headache. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 22:\r\n1587-1597, 2006\r\n2) Wakasugi, A., et al. Differentiation between Hangekobokuto and Kososan based\r\non pupillary dynamics -Evaluation of autonomic nerve function-. J. Trad. Med. 23:\r\n132-140, 2006\r\n3) Wakasugi, A., et al. Effect of Kampo medicine on pupillary dynamics and heart\r\nrate variability: establishment of an objective evaluation method. Auton. Nerv. Syst.\r\n43: 424-430, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Akino Wakasugi","Hiroshi Odaguchi","Tetsuro Oikawa","Toshihiko Hanawa"]},{"item_id":617,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950732,"creation_date":1190950732,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Sick building\/house syndrome du e to organophosphorus pesticide","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=617","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":594,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:38:52","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":617,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: During the past 10 years, sick building\/house syndrome (SBS) has\r\nbecome a critical health problem, especially due to the use of chemicals and\r\nair-tight structure in a newly built house. A major factor that generates the syndrome\r\nis anti-termite pesticides and volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde.\r\nPhysicians are visited by the patients with unidentified complaints. In Japan, a\r\nperson who is extremely sensitive to the environmental chemicals is referred to as\r\n\u201cchemical sensitive or environmental sensitive patients\u201d and presumably about\r\n700,000 patients exist domestically. However, it is quite difficult to exclude the\r\npatients due to the other etiology such as psychological problem in origin. ---A\r\ncareful analysis of the environmental history in regard to the toxic chemical is\r\nnecessary together with the gas analysis inside the room is needed. ---A\r\ncombination with clinical manifestation, in particular, objective findings e.g. positron\r\nCT and the loading of suspected gas are important but is costly. Neuro-sensory test\r\ngive us significant information to establish the diagnosis. In this presentation, we will\r\nintroduce the results of pupil tests in patients with SBS.\r\nMethods: The subjects were 31 patients (16 males and 15 females) with the age\r\nranging 21-43 years selected from the patients at Kitasato Hospital. They were\r\ndiagnosed as SBS according to the diagnostic criteria issued from the Japanese\r\nGovernment Research Team in 1999. They had no history of diabetes mellitus,\r\nhypertension, or no other serious general complications. No medicine was taken\r\nduring 1 month prior to the examination. They were tentatively classified into two\r\ngroups according to their environmental study: an etiology due to anti-termite\r\norganophosphorus pesticide (group I) and to volatile organic compounds (VOC)\r\nincluding formaldehyde (group II), respectively.\r\nPupil test was performed in both groups using infrared pupillography\r\n(Iriscorder:C7364) with 15-minute pre-dark adaptation, with one second photic\r\nstimulation. From one pupillogram within the time of 5.25 seconds, particularly the\r\npupil size was determined. The rate of constriction in percent and the pupil size in\r\npercent at 5.25 second after the photic stimulation (tentatively we call the rate of\r\ndilatation in percent) were studied. Time sequence of the pupil size in a continuous\r\nrecording during 1 minute with 4 stimuli of every 10-second interval was measured.\r\nResults: In the group I, the pupil size was smaller and the dilation in percent was\r\nless than the group II. The time sequence of the pupil size tended to constrict\r\nagainst time in Group I.\r\nDiscussion: Anti-termites e.g. ethyl-chlorpyrifos was banned followed by the\r\noutbreak of environmentally sensitive patients. However, other organo-phosphtes\r\nDDVP, Diazinon, and Fenitrothion etc. are still in use in the market. Since these\r\ncompounds produce neuro-toxic effects based on inhibitions of cholinesterase, fatty\r\namid-hydrolase, neurotoxic esterase and other esterases, they should not be used\r\ninside the houses and buildings. Pupil response followed by the light stimulus gave\r\nus important information.\r\nConclusion: The analysis of pupillography may be helpful to differentiate the SBS\r\nsyndrome from anti-cholinesterase and from VOC in origin. The technique is simple,\r\neconomical and non-invasive than the other neurological tests, therefore, a routine\r\napplication can be expected.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Ishikawa, S: Eye injury by organic phosphorus insecticide. Japanese J.\r\nOphthalm.15:60, 1971\r\n2. Dementi, B: Ocular effects of organo-phosphates:a historical perspective of Saku\r\nDisease. J Applied Toxicology.14, 119-129, 1994\r\n3. Ishikawa S and Miyata M: Development of myopia following chronic\r\norganophosphate pesticide intoxication:An epidemiological and experimental study.\r\npp233-268, Neurotoxicity of the visual system. Edited by Merigan WH and Weiss,\r\nB.Raven Press, New York, 1980.\r\n4. K Jaga et al: Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure: A recent review Environ.\r\nHealth and Preventive Medicine 11,102-107, 2006\r\n5. Ishikawa S and Miyata M: Chemical Sensitivity and its clinical characteristics in\r\nJapan. Asian Medical Journal 43:7-15, 2000\r\n6. Shirakawa, S: Evaluation of the autonomic nervous system response by\r\npupillographical study in the chemically sensitive patient. Env Medicine 8:121-127,\r\n1991","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Satoshi Ishikawa*1, Mikio M iyata, Takako Matsui,","Kou Sakabe, Manabu Ozawa"]},{"item_id":618,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950798,"creation_date":1190950798,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Blink Influence on Evaluation of Sleepiness using Pupillary Responses","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=618","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":595,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:39:59","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":618,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: Pupillary response has been used as an index of sleepiness, but the\r\nvalidity of this index has also been debated. Although the index has been applied to\r\ndiagnostic procedures, a series of studies of multiple sclerosis patients suggests\r\nthat for healthy people, there is no significant relationship between pupillary indices\r\nand subjective sleepiness indices. A possible problem is the influence of blink,\r\nbecause most methods of measuring pupil size are based upon processing the\r\nimage of the eye.\r\nPurpose: To examine the influence of blink on the pupillary indices, and to examine\r\nthe relationship between pupil indices and subjective sleepiness scores.\r\nMethod: A traditional sleepiness test, with a duration of 12 minutes, was conducted\r\non 35 healthy people using measuring equipment (Hamamatsu photonics: C7364).\r\nSubjects had declared their own sleepiness using the Stanford Sleepiness Score. To\r\nestimate pupil size during blink, a pre-processing procedure was developed using\r\nthe Support Vector Regression (SVR) technique (Nakayama 2005). Another\r\npre-processing method is the moving average of temporal pupillary changes. As\r\nindices of pupil instability, the Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI) and Power Spectrum\r\nDesity (PSD) were extracted and analyzed. The parameters of analysis for the eye\r\nsleepiness test were modified in response to the accuracy of the measuring\r\nequipment.\r\nResults: Firstly, the values of PUI increased with experimental time or the sequence\r\nof the segment, and the values and deviations of PUI for experimental observations\r\nwere larger than the ones for SVR estimation. The blink time also increased with\r\nexperimental time or the progress of observation segments, but there were\r\nsignificant correlation relationship between the value of PUI and blink time in the first\r\nhalf of the experimental time. The relationship was also influenced when the blink\r\nrate was increased during the second half of the experiment. Therefore, the\r\ninfluence of blink changed as the experimental progressed. The mean PSD also\r\ncorrelated significantly with blink time, and the mean PSDs for f<0.8Hz were the\r\nsame level across segments and pre-processing. The relationship between pupillary\r\nindices and the subjective sleepiness index was not significant, which is similar to\r\nresults of previous experiments. In comparing the two groups for high and low\r\nsubjective sleepiness subjects, blink time for the high sleepiness group increased\r\nmonotonically.\r\nConclusion: These results provide evidence that pupillary indices were significantly\r\naffected by blink, and pupillary indices extracted by ordinal processing procedures\r\ndid not reflect sleepiness correctly.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Minoru Nakayama","Keiko Yamamoto","Fumio Kobayshi"]},{"item_id":619,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190950919,"creation_date":1190950919,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) analysis of fatigue wave of pupil under listening to music","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=619","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":596,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:42:00","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":619,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objectives: Pupillary oscillations are known to be originated from activities of the\r\ncentral nervous system1). In this study, the pupillary oscillations when listen to music,\r\nwere analyzed applying the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method.\r\nMethods: The subjects were 6 adults (28.0\u00b17.0 yr.). After 10 minutes dark\r\nadaptation, the pupillary diameters were recorded for 1 minute during listening to 2\r\nkinds of music (hard rock and classical). Measurements were done at 1, 5 and 10\r\nminutes after beginning to listening in both music. The pupillary oscillations were\r\nrecorded by an infrared pupillometer (C7364, HAMAMATSU Photonics), and were\r\nanalyzed applying FFT.\r\nResults: The pupillary diameters and oscillations were similar under 2 kinds of\r\nmusic. In 2 subjects, the characteristic regular slow pupillary oscillations appeared.\r\nThis oscillation showed clear frequently of 0.25 Hz associated with pupillary\r\nconstriction.\r\nConclusions: The 0.25 Hz pupillary oscillations were considered with \u201cfatigue\r\nwave\u201d reported in the past2). \u201cFatigue wave\u201d was considered which appeared in\r\nphysical fatigue, for example, in sleepiness. Frequency analysis of pupil in\r\nsleepiness showed accentuated whole frequency\u2019s3). But, when observed this wave\r\nin this study, the subjects said they were not sleepy and feel relaxed. \u201cFatigue wave\u201d\r\nappeared when not only be sleepy but also be relaxing and comfortable during\r\nenjoying music. We suggest that \u201cfatigue wave\u201d of 0.25 Hz in other words for \u201crelax\r\nwave\u201d has a special significance among various slow large oscillations4)\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Mochizuki H et al. The Autonomic Nervous System 2007; 44: 24-28.\r\n2. Lowenstein O et al. Invest Ophthalmol 1963; 2: 138-157.\r\n3. L\u00fcdtke H et al. Vision Res 1998; 38: 2889-2896.\r\n4. Yoss RE et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970; 70: 935-41.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Hiroshi Mochizuki Naoto Hara","Nobuyuki Shoji","Kazuo Mukuno"]},{"item_id":620,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951049,"creation_date":1190951049,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship between PUI and cardiac autonomic nervous activity","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=620","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":597,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:44:10","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":620,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To examine a relationship between Pupillary Unrest Index (PUI) and\r\ncardiac autonomic nervous activity.\r\nMethods: Subjects were 20 healthy male participants in their annual health\r\ncheckups (mean age 37.7+\/-3.9 years, range 33-49). Pupil diameter and heart rate\r\nwere measured for 12 minutes in a sitting position in a quiet room. Pupil diameter\r\nwas measured by IRISCODER C7364 (Hamamatsu Photonics Corporation, Japan)\r\nwith the sample rate of 60 Hz, and the PUI was calculated from the data of\r\nconsecutive pupil diameter. The blink effect on the measured pupil diameter was\r\neliminated using an estimation procedure with Support Vector Regression (SVR).\r\nHeart rate was measured using a wristband type pulse sensor (Denso Corporation,\r\nJapan) and heart rate variability was calculated by the three frequency bands (ULF;\r\n0.003-0.04Hz, LF; 0.04-0.15Hz, HF; 0.15-0.4Hz). We divided the subjects into two\r\ngroups based on the PUI value (high group; PUI>=10, low group; PUI<10), and\r\ncompared the two groups in heart rate and heart rate variability by using student\r\nt-test.\r\nResults: The high PUI group showed a significantly lower heart rate than the low\r\nPUI group. (p<0.05) However, no significant difference was observed in the heart\r\nrate variability between the two groups. (ULF; p>0.1, LF; p>0.7, HF; p>0.2)\r\nConclusions: Although PUI did not relate to heart rate variability, it related to heart\r\nrate itself. A possible relationship between pupil size variability and cardiac\r\nautonomic nervous activity should be clarified in further study.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiko Yamamoto","Minoru Nakayama","Reiko Hori","Misuzu Watanabe","Hirohito Tsuboi","Yasuhiro Akamatsu Fumio Kobayashi"]},{"item_id":621,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951160,"creation_date":1190951160,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Evaluation of driver\u2019s sleepin ess by pupillary fluctuation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=621","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":598,"original_file_name":"PupilColloquium2007.pps","mime_type":"application\/msword","file_size":3232768,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:46:00","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":621,"presentation_type":"powerpoint","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Prediction of drowsiness based on an objective measure is demanded in\r\nmachine and vehicle operations in which human errors may cause fatal accidents.\r\nThe pupil of the eye is innervated by the autonomic nervous system whose activity\r\nis known to change in parallel with drowsiness. It is a unique organ that is\r\nnon-invasively and visually observable from outside the body. We have focused on\r\nthe pupil and evaluated it as a possible premonitor of drowsiness.\r\nMethods: We employed uneventful driving simulation (monotonous driving\r\nsimulation experiment) to induce drowsiness of human subjects, and an\r\nanti-saccade task to evaluate their cognitive and motor performance (anti-saccade\r\ndriving experiment). A total of 25 healthy subjects participated in the experiment.\r\nDuring the experiment, we measured horizontal eye position, heart rate, respiratory\r\nabdominal motion together with pupil diameters. In anti-saccade driving experiment,\r\na visual target was randomly presented for 200 ms on either shoulder of the road\r\nevery 20 s. Subjects were asked to make a saccade in the opposite direction to the\r\npresented visual target (anti-saccade) during the same driving simulation. The\r\nsimulation time for both monotonous and anti-saccade driving was usually 10\r\nminutes.\r\nResults: Of 25 subjects who participated in the monotonous driving simulation\r\nexperiment, 16 reported sleepiness. First we confirmed that pupil diameter\r\nfluctuated with large amplitude at low frequencies when these subjects were aware\r\nof his\/her drowsiness as reported previously. During this large pupil fluctuation\r\nperiod, the latency of anti-saccade initiation was elongated and varied. We then\r\nfound that prior to this fluctuation, pupil diameter decreased gradually in most\r\nsubjects, and they were not aware of sleepiness during this period.\r\nConclusions: It has been known that the pupil fluctuation with large amplitude at\r\nlow frequencies appears when people perceive sleepiness [1], [2]. Our new findings\r\nare 1) prior to the large low frequency fluctuation, a gradual miosis occurs in approx.\r\n80 % of the subjects, 2) during this gradual miosis period, the subjects did not\r\nperceive their own sleepiness, and 3) the latency of anti-saccade initiation during\r\nthe gradual miosis is not necessarily longer than that of control whereas it was\r\nelongated and varied during the large low frequency fluctuation period. These\r\nfindings suggest that we can predict a person is going to be drowsy well before\r\nhe\/she perceives sleepiness by observing the gradual miosis. We conclude that this\r\nmonotonic gradual miosis can be a reliable predictor of drowsiness.\r\nReferences:\r\nO. Lowenstein, R. Feinberg, IE. Loewenfeld, \u201cPupillary movements during acute and\r\nchronic fatigue\u201d, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., Vol.2, No.2, Apr., pp. 138-157, 1963.\r\nH. Ludtke, B. Wilhelm, M. Adler, F. Schaeffel, H. Wilhelm, \u201cMathematical procedures\r\nin data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves\u201d, Vision Res., Vol.38,\r\nNo.19, Oct., pp. 2889-2896, 1998.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Junpei Nishiyama, Koji Tanida, Masashi Kusumi, Yutaka Hirata"]},{"item_id":622,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951183,"creation_date":1190951183,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"An application of Eye Steam-Sheets to bilateral eyes activates autonomic nervous system and improves systemic hemodynamics","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=622","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":599,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:46:24","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":622,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome, which is expressed as fatigue\r\nof the eyes and shoulder-, neck-, and lower back-pain, caused by work using\r\nelectronic instruments including personal computers, has recently been problematic.\r\nAs an auxiliary therapy for recovery from these symptoms, thermotherapy has been\r\nattracting attention. We previously reported that application of Eye Steam-Sheets\r\ncontaining exothermal powder, utilizing the oxidation reaction between oxygen in the\r\nair and iron powder, to the eye regions increased \u03b1 brain waves, the HF component\r\nof R-R interval variation on electrocardiography (parasympathetic activity\r\nparameter), and the miosis rate in the pupillary light reflex, showing induction of the\r\ndominance of parasympathetic activity. In the present study, we improved the\r\nsheet, and investigated its effects on improvements in systemic hemodynamics and\r\nautonomic nervous activity. We improved the previous sheet of gravity-induced\r\nclustering of powder on one side, to make the sheet thin and flexible by replacing\r\nthe exothermal powder with exothermal paper, which allowed homogenous supply\r\nof steam to the eyes.\r\nMethods: In healthy adult subjects, Eye Steam-Sheets, which produce heat and\r\nsteam, warming the skin around the eyes to about 40\u00b0C, were applied to the\r\nbilateral eyes for 10 minutes, regarding application of a sham eye mask as a control.\r\nPalmar sweating was measured by the finite-difference ventilation capsule method\r\nusing a rapid-responsive microheater, palmar skin blood flow was measured using a\r\nlight integration laser Doppler flowmeter, the shoulder tissue hemoglobin level was\r\nmeasured by near infrared spectroscopy utilizing the modified Lambert Beer\u2019s\r\nprinciple, R-R interval variation on electrocardiography was measured, continuous\r\nblood pressure was measured by the volume compensation method, and the\r\npupillary light reflex was measured by the closed loop method.\r\nResults: The shoulder tissue hemoglobin level increased when the Eye\r\nSteam-Sheets were applied, suggesting that peripheral hemodynamics were\r\nimproved. Palmar sweating was decreased, and skin blood flow was increased,\r\nsuggesting that sympathetic tension was reduced. The diameter of the pupil\r\nbefore light stimulation, D1, was significantly reduced (constriction). Pupillary\r\nchange after light stimulation, D1-D2, and the miosis rate, CR (D1-D2 \/ D1), were\r\nsignificantly increased. Sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex calculated from\r\nchanges in the ECG R-R interval and systolic blood pressure by the sequence\r\nmethod was markedly increased. These results suggest that parasympathetic\r\nactivity could be elevated.\r\nConclusions: Application of the Eye Steam-Sheets to the bilateral eyes may have\r\nimproved peripheral hemodynamics, reduced sympathetic activity, and induced the\r\ndominance of parasympathetic activity.\r\nReferences:\r\nNagashima, Y, et al, Auton Nerv Syst (Jpn) 43: 260-268, 2006","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Yoshinao Nagashima Michihito Igaki Atsushi Suzuki","Yukihiro Yada","Shuichi Tsuchiya","Toshiyuki Suzuki","Sachiko Oh-ishi"]},{"item_id":623,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951272,"creation_date":1190951272,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Influence of Higher Sound Press ure on Human Arousal Reaction during Eye-T racking Task -A Quantitative Analysis of Saccade-","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=623","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":600,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:47:53","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":623,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: The objective of this research is to explore effective stimulation\r\nconditions of the beep sound at keeping the subject awake during monotonous task.\r\nMethods: We measured saccade during eye-tracking task and applied sound\r\nstimulation to the subject by using a computerized stimulator which triggers a beep\r\nsound automatically 70 ms after the generation of saccade when the ratio of peak\r\nvelocity and duration (VDR) of the saccade is below a preprogrammed threshold.\r\nSince the VDR of saccade was revealed to be a sensitive vigilance index by our\r\nprevious studies [1], [2], the sound was applied when the vigilance level of the\r\nsubject was reduced. We compared the mean VDR before and after the sound\r\nstimulation having various sound pressures of 70dB, 80dB, 90dB and 0dB.\r\nResults: Mean VDR increased after the stimulation for each sound pressure of 70,\r\n80, and 90dB in all 3 subjects. Mean VDR after 0dB stimulation (i.e. no stimulation)\r\nalso increased in 2 of 3 subjects for each sound pressure. However, mean VDR only\r\nafter 80dB stimulation were significantly larger than mean VDR after 0dB stimulation\r\nin all subjects.\r\nConclusions: The results of the analysis suggested that it is not necessarily the\r\ncase that the higher sound pressure exerts the higher arousal effect during\r\nmonotonous eye-tracking task.\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] A. Ueno, S. Kokubun, and Y. Uchikawa: \"A prototype real-time system for\r\nassessing vigilance levels and for alerting the subject with sound stimulation,\"\r\nInternational Journal of Assistive Robotics and Mechatronics, Vol.8, No.1, pp.19-27,\r\nMarch 2007.\r\n[2] A. Ueno, Y. Uchikawa: \"An approach to quantification of human alertness using\r\ndynamics of saccadic eye movement -For an application to Human Adaptive\r\nMechatronics-\", Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Mechatronics\r\nTechnology, (Hanoi, Vietnam), pp.563-568, Nov. 2004.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Akinori Ueno","Shiro Kokubun","Yuichi Inoue"]},{"item_id":624,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951304,"creation_date":1190951304,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Is an NMDA glutamate receptor involved in the afferent arm of","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=624","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":601,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:48:25","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":624,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: The transmitters involved in the afferent arm of the pupillary light\r\nreflex are unknown. Previous studies have shown that nitrous oxide, a known\r\nantagonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor depresses the light reflex. We asked\r\nwhether another NMDA antagonist, ketamine, also depresses the light reflex in\r\nhumans. We tested the hypothesis that the NMDA receptor noncompetitive\r\nantagonists nitrous oxide and ketamine diminish the human pupillary light reflex.\r\nMethods: Following approval from the Committee on Human Research, we studied\r\n40 consenting adults. General anesthesia was induced with 1.5-2 mg\/kg propofol\r\nand 2 mcg\/kg fentanyl. Following muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation,\r\ndesflurane in oxygen, fentanyl (2 mcg\/kg\/hr), and vecuronium bromide were\r\nadministered to maintain anesthesia. Ketamine (1 mg\/kg, n=11), ketamine 0.5\r\nmg\/kg, n=9), nitrous oxide 60% (n=8), or saline (n=12) was administered after a\r\nstable level of anesthesia had been achieved. The following parameters were\r\nrecorded every two min as possible indicators of ketamine or nitrous oxide effect:\r\nsystolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, processed EEG (BIS), pupil size,\r\nand percent pupillary light reflex. An infrared hand-held pupillometer (Neuroptics,\r\nIrvine, CA) was used for pupillary measurements. Repeated measures ANOVA\r\nwere used to compare maximal changes in the measured parameters following drug\r\nadministrations.\r\nResults: Ketamine increased the BIS score and depressed the light reflex at both\r\ndoses. Nitrous oxide had variable effects on the BIS score and depressed the light\r\nreflex. Maximal changes in the light reflex were: Saline +29 \u00b1 37%, nitrous oxide \u2013\r\n54 \u00b1 18%, ketamine 1 mg\/kg \u2013 58 \u00b1 10% and ketamine 0.5 mg\/kg \u2013 48 \u00b1 9%.\r\nBoth doses of ketamine and nitrous oxide were significantly different from the saline\r\ncontrol group (p < .0001). Blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil size did not change\r\nsignificantly after ketamine but blood pressure was decreased following nitrous\r\noxide.\r\nConclusions: The NMDA antagonists ketamine and nitrous oxide consistently\r\ndepressed the pupillary light reflex with minimal changes in pupil size. Although\r\nthe excitatory transmitters at the pretectal nucleus and the pupilloconstrictor nucleus\r\nare unknown, this study provides preliminary evidence that an NMDA glutamate\r\nreceptor is involved in the afferent limb of the human pupillary light reflex.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Merlin D. Larson, Helge Eilers"]},{"item_id":625,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951384,"creation_date":1190951384,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Characteristics of a light reflex caused by color stimulation","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=625","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":602,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:49:49","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":625,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Recently it has been reported that retinal ganglion cells contain\r\nmelanopsin which mediates the pupil light reflex, and also that there cells respond\r\nstrongry to blue stimulation. The aim of our study was to clarify the characteristics of\r\nthis light reflex caused by color stimulation, which changed wavelengths with the\r\nsame size and luminance intensity.\r\nMethods: The methods for this study were 15 eyes (right eye) of 15 normal adult\r\nvolunteers (22.5 \u00b1 1.4 years) without ophthalmologic disease except for refractive\r\nerrors.\r\nThe stimulus parameters were an intensity of 100 cd\/m2, a background intensity of\r\n0.79 cd\/m2, a diameter of 4 degrees, a duration of 200 msec, and the colors white\r\n( 544 nm ), red ( 612 nm), green ( 544 nm ) and blue ( 437 nm ).\r\nFive points were on the superior temporal meridians of 45 degrees at eccentricities\r\nof 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees in the right eye stimulated. The diameter of the pupil\r\nwas measured for evaluation of the light reflex, and the pupillary contraction ratio\r\n(PCR): (diameter of pre-stimulation \u2013 diameter of post-stimulation) \/ diameter of\r\npre-stimulation was analyzed.\r\nResults: The average PCRs were white 13.8%, red 13.8%, green 12.0% and blue\r\n17.6%, at an eccentricity of 0 degrees, followed by white 10.8 %, red 10.1 %, green\r\n12.0 % and blue 17.6 % at an eccentricity of 5 degrees, and then white 9.1 %, red\r\n7.7 %, green 11.4 %, blue 15.9 % at an eccentricity 10 degrees. At an eccentricity of\r\n15 degrees, the rates were white 8.3 %, red 7.0 %, green 9.6 % and blue 15.2%.\r\nFinally, at an eccentricity 20 degrees, the rates were white 8.8 %, red 6.0 %, green\r\n8.6 % were blue 14.2 %. The PCRs caused by blue stimulus were significantly\r\ngreater than those resulting from a white, red and green stimuli at each eccentricity.\r\nConclusion: The blue stimulation was able to trigger a light reflex larger than the\r\nother color stimuli.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Kardon RH: Pupil perimetry. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 3: 565-570, 1992.\r\n2) Hong S, Narkiewicz J, Kardon RH: Comparison of pupil perimetry and visual\r\nperimetry in normal eyes: decibel sensitivity and variability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis\r\nSci 42: 957-965, 2001.\r\n3) Maeda F, Tanzawa K, Fukushima S, Inakagata S, Kani K, Tabuchi A: A pupil\r\nperimeter for objective visual field measurement. Proc of 2007 IEEE\/ICME\r\nInternational Conference on Complex Medical Engineering: 1122-1125, 2007.\r\n4) Gamlin PD, McDougal DH, Pokorny J, Smith VC, Yau KW, Dacey DM: Human\r\nand macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion\r\ncells. Vision Res 47: 946-54, 2007.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Keiichi Tanzawa","Fumiatsu Maeda","Tsuyoshi Yoneda","Mayumi Oka","Kazutaka Kani","Akio Tabuchi"]},{"item_id":626,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951475,"creation_date":1190951475,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Molecular affinity and efficacy at alpha adrenoceptor of the iris","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=626","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":603,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:51:16","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":626,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: Mydriasis is produced by exogenous sympathomimetic drugs or the\r\nendogenous transmitter \u2113-norepinephrine which activates \u03b11-adrenoceptor of the iris\r\ndilator muscle. The activation of the neuronal prejunctional \u03b12-adrenoceptor by the\r\nagonist reduces the release of the transmitter. The affinities and efficacies of the\r\nsympathomimetic drugs for the prejunctional and postjunctional adrenoceptor vary\r\ngreatly (1, 2). The molecular nature of the initial activations by these drugs with the\r\nG-protein coupled \u03b1-adrenoceptors are not known. Hence, three dimensional amino\r\nacids homology modeling of receptors based on the low resolution crystal structure\r\nof bovine rhodopsin (PDBID: IF88) was used to understand the affinity and efficacy\r\nof agonists.\r\nMethods: In vitro procedure for recording contractions of iris dilator muscle reported\r\nbefore (1, 2). The protein model for the \u03b11A and \u03b12A adrenoceptor were generated\r\nvia MODELLER 9v2. The backbone trace of the \u03b11A and \u03b12A models were kept with\r\nsimilar conformation to the rhodopsin template, whereas the arrangement of side\r\nchains of binding site residue were predominantly determined by the published data.\r\nAutoDock 4.0 was used for flexible docking of ligands in which three dimensional\r\ninduced-fit conformational changes were simulated (3).\r\nResults: For the catecholamine two binding modes with \u03b11A adrenoceptor were\r\nobserved. First charged amine interacted with Asp125 at TM3 and at least one of\r\nhydrogen bonds with both Ser188 and Ser192 of TM5. The phenyl ring, of the ligand\r\nshowed aromatic interaction with Phe391. Only the chiral hydroxyl group of\r\n\u2113-epinephrine shows hydrogen bond formation with ASP125. The imidazoline ring of\r\noxymetazoline showed strong electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions with\r\nASP125. \u03b12A-Adrenoceptor shows similar interactions with catecholamines and\r\noxymetazoline but the binding energy is lower. Interactions of \u2113-phenylephrine, \u2113 and\r\n\u2202-norepinephrine, P-aminoclonidine and other drugs will be presented.\r\nConclusion: (1) Using this model, the selective interaction of the chiral hydroxyl\r\ngroup of the active enantiomer with ASP125 was recognized. (2) The\r\npharmacological affinity and efficacy of agonists closely parallels the dynamics of\r\nthe ligand receptor interactions.\r\nReferences:\r\n(1) Ishikawa, H., Miller, D.D. and Patil, P.N. Comparison of post-junctional\r\nalpha-adrenoceptors in iris dilator muscle of humans, and albino and pigmented\r\nrabbits. N.S. Arch Pharmacol. 354: 765-772, 1996.\r\n(2) Venkataraman, B.V. et al., Structure activity of new imidazolines on\r\nadrenoceptors of rat aorta and human platelets. N.S. Arch. Pharmacol. 344:454-463,\r\n1991.\r\n(3) Kumari, V., Patil, P.N. and Li, C. A preliminary molecular modeling study on the\r\naffinity and efficacy of three representative adrenergic agonists. P. 31, The Ohio\r\nState University College of Pharmacy Research Day, May 10, 2007, Abstract.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Popat N. Patil, Vandana Kumari, H. Ishikawa, and Chenglong Li"]},{"item_id":627,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951500,"creation_date":1190951500,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil response during fixating the different size and distance of target","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=627","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":604,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct2_v5.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":238784,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:51:40","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":627,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To compare the pupil response during fixating the different size and\r\ndistance of target.\r\nMethods: We examined 38 healthy volunteers, with the age ranging 18-22 years.\r\nTarget size and distance were as in table1. Each target was gray colored circle with\r\nblack fixation point in the center. The target (1) and (2), (3) and (4) were calculated\r\nso that they had the same retinal image size. After positioning a red fixation point\r\nlocated at 5 m from a subject (control pupil size), each target was then displayed for\r\n15 seconds. Pupil responses were recorded by infrared pupillography (TriIRIS\r\nC9000, Hamamatsu) during these procedures. The results were expressed as % of\r\npupil constriction, with the control pupil size defined as 100%.\r\nResults: There was no significant difference in pupil constriction rate when fixating\r\nthe target (1) and (2). When comparing (3) and (4), the pupil constriction rate was\r\nsignificantly higher when fixating the target (3) (p<0.05). Moreover, in case of (2)\r\nand (4), the pupil constriction rate was significantly higher when fixating the target\r\n(4) (p<0.01).\r\nConclusions: These results suggest that it is mainly the size of retinal images that\r\ninduces the pupil response when a point is fixed more than a meter away\r\n(psychological effect). However, when a fixation point is less than a meter, the pupil\r\nresponse is induced mainly by the distance of the target.\r\nReferences:\r\nS. Kasthurirangan, A. Glasser. Characteristics of pupil responses during far-to-near\r\nand near-to-far accomodation.Ophthal.Physiol.Opt.2005 25:328-339\r\nJ.D. Hunter, J.G. Milton, H. L\u00fcdtke, B. Wilhelm, H. Wilhelm. Spontaneous\r\nfluctuations in pupil size are not triggered by lens accommodation. Vis.Res.2000\r\n40:567-573","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Nanae Sakakibara","Yuka Ohta","Atsufumi Hashimoto Ayako Hattori","Akina Hamasaki","Hitoshi Isikawa"]},{"item_id":628,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951750,"creation_date":1190951750,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil response to melanopsin-conta ining retinal ganglion cells studied with a multi-primary illumination system","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=628","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":605,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:55:51","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":628,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: It is widely accepted that the constriction and dilation of the pupils is\r\nevoked by changes in the ambient luminance and it has been shown that signals in\r\nthe cone-opponent mechanism also contribute to a pupillary control mechanism.\r\nThese facts suggest that retinal rod-cone pathways strongly contribute to the\r\npupillary control mechanism. A recent study has shown that retinal ganglion cells\r\ncontaining the photopigment melanopsin, which are intrinsically photosensitive in\r\nprimates, project to the pupillary control center in the pretectum. The aim of this\r\nstudy was to investigate how signals driven by melanopsin-containing ganglion cells\r\nand by the other visual photoreceptors contribute to the pupillary control\r\nmechanism.\r\nMethods: To independently stimulate the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion\r\ncells from the other photoreceptors we designed and built a novel multi-primary\r\nstimulation system. The illumination system consists of an optical diffuser and an\r\nintegrating sphere in which light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as internal light\r\nsources. Luminance output of each LED was controlled by pulse width modulation\r\nunits by adjusting a duty cycle of pulse train. We calculated excitations of the\r\nmelanopsin-containing ganglion cells and the other photoreceptors on the\r\nbackground and the test stimulus, expressed as a relative modulation between them.\r\nWe used three test stimuli modulating luminance (LUM), modulating color (COL),\r\nand modulating an excitation of the melanopsin-containing ganglion cells (M-GC).\r\nResults: The pupillary response evoked by LUM had a transient temporal property\r\nand the response evoked by COL had a sustained temporal property with a delay of\r\nca. 60ms compared with that evoked by LUM. These results are consistent with\r\nprevious results. The pupillary response evoked by M-GC had a sustained response\r\ncompared with that evoked by LUM.\r\nConclusions: We made a multi-primary illumination system to independently\r\nstimulate melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. Our results indicated that the\r\nstimulus modulating excitation of the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells\r\nevoked a large sustained pupillary response compared with that evoked by the\r\nluminance stimulus.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["S. Tsujimura","A. Nuruki","K. Yunokuchi"]},{"item_id":629,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190951925,"creation_date":1190951925,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary light reflex in blind retiniti spigmentosa patients investigated before and after implantation of a subretinal visual prosthesis","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=629","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":606,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 12:58:46","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":629,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It has been regarded as a fact that blindness as a late stage of\r\ndegenerative retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is associated with a lack\r\nof common stimulus-response characteristics of the pupil light reflex or an absent\r\nlight reaction. According to novel knowledge about the role of melanopsin ganglion\r\ncells for e.g. the pupillary light reflex this association may be put into question. In the\r\ncourse of the study recruitment for the first clinical pilot trial with a Subretinal Active\r\nMultiphotodiode Array (MPDA; RIM Pilot Trial; Princ. Inv. Prof. E. Zrenner) we\r\ninvestigated this matter systematically in blind RP patients. Pupillography was the\r\nobjective part of a large test battery applied for safety and efficacy assessment in\r\nthis trial.\r\nMethods: CIP is an automated infrared video pupillograph (AMTech, Germany). We\r\napplied stimulus intensities of 0.36, 4.0, 36.3 lx (corneal illumination) in a dark room.\r\nThe mean of the latency and amplitude of the PLR averaged from four complete and\r\nreliable pupillograms entered the analysis. The study design was open and\r\nprospective, however with a functional placebo-control keeping the subject and the\r\nexaminer blind to the condition. The latter means that the power supply of the device\r\nwas switched on\/off by a third person according to a randomisation list. Therefore,\r\neach examination was performed twice (both conditions) at the respective visit.\r\nAll patients were suffering from RP, they were legally blind and had no reproducible\r\nlight perception. Ten patients were tested during the pre-screening (baseline) at the\r\nDepartment of Ophthalmology. Eight of them were included in the RIM trial\r\naccording to the in- and exclusion criteria, seven patients were implanted and\r\ncontrolled by pupillography after implantation and explantation of the device taking\r\nplace 30 days later. All seven patients were men, aged 44, 48, 54, 52, 57, 27 and 53\r\nyears. The RIM study was approved by the local ethics committee and all subjects\r\nhad given their written informed consent to participation.\r\nResults: At baseline examination (n=10), no light reflex was elicitable for the lowest\r\nintensity stimulus condition of 0.36 lx; for 4.0 lx amplitude was 0.13 +\/- 0.28; for the\r\nbrightest stimulus intensity of 36.3 lx constriction amplitude was 0.47 +\/- 0.4 mm.\r\nSurprisingly, we inconsistently noted that \u2013 in contradiction to usual physiological\r\nfindings \u2013 the visual threshold was above the pupillomotor threshold. In other words,\r\nthe pupils sometimes reacted to stimuli which the patients had not seen. Further\r\nresults of the still ongoing analyses will be presented. A subretinal visual prosthesis\r\nwas able to elicit pupillary light reflexes.\r\nConclusions: Pupillary light reflexes and their usual dose-response relationships\r\nare preserved in blind RP patients to a larger extend than expected. Investigations\r\nin blind RP patients may help to better understand the role of melanopsin ganglion\r\ncells in man.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Tobias Peters","Johanna Miltenberger Holger L\u00fcdtke","Barbara Wilhelm"]},{"item_id":630,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952021,"creation_date":1190952021,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary Correlates of Melanopsin Photoreception in Humans","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=630","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":607,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:00:22","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":630,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: A new photoreception process based on light-sensitive pigment\r\nmelanopsin has been associated with giant retinal ganglion cells that also receive\r\ninputs from both rod and cone pathways (Dacey et al., 2005). Such ganglion cells\r\napparently contribute to the pupillary light reflex in humans as well as primates as\r\nevidenced by persistence in contraction following light offset (Gamlin et al., 2007).\r\nThe objective of the present study was to provide both an independent test of the\r\nhypothesis that melanopsin photoreception contributes to the human pupil and an\r\nalternative method of assessing its contribution. We propose to examine the effects\r\nof melanopsin on the pupil in response to the light onset.\r\nMethods: Our study performed new analyses on previously published recordings\r\n(Kimura & Young, 1995, 1999). Melanopsin contribution was assessed by\r\ninvestigating differences in the pupillary responses evoked by the onset of\r\nphotopically equated short- and long- wavelength stimuli (6 sec in duration). As the\r\nshort-wavelength was selected near the peak and the other wavelength selected\r\ntoward the tail end of the absorption spectrum of melanopsin, the stimuli should\r\nproduce predictable differences in photon absorption of melanopsin and thus in the\r\npupillary response amplitudes.\r\nResults: Response comparisons revealed late contraction differences that grew to\r\na peak several seconds after the stimulus onset and fell gradually. The late\r\ncontraction was associated with short wavelengths and appeared mostly at the\r\nhigher stimulus intensities, properties that are consistent with those of melanopsin\r\nphotoreception (e.g., Dacey et al., 2005). Similar comparisons performed in a\r\ncontrol condition ruled out possible contributions of confounding effects to the\r\npresent results.\r\nConclusions: We conclude that rods and cones are not the only photoreception\r\nprocesses mediating the pupillary light-ON responses in humans and infer that\r\nmelanopsin is another. Melanopsin photoreception can affect the sustained pupil\r\nsize in daylight illumination. The present results also suggest that, in conjunction\r\nwith previous studies on the pupillary correlates of visual acuity (Young & Kennish,\r\n1993; Young et al., 1995), the pupillometric method is capable of providing an\r\nopportunity to studying the contribution of melanopsin photoreception to the\r\nimage-forming as well as non-image-forming pathways of the human visual system.\r\nReferences:\r\nDacey, D. M., Liao, H. W., Peterson, B. B., Robinson, F. R., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J.,\r\nYau, K. W. & Gamlin, P. D. (2005). Nature, 433, 749-754.\r\nGamlin, P. D. R., McDougal, D. H., Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., Yau, K. W. & Dacey, D.\r\nM. (2007). Vision Research, 47, 946-954.\r\nKimura, E. & Young, R. S. L. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 897-906.\r\nKimura, E. & Young, R. S. L. (1999). Vision Research, 39, 1189-1197.\r\nYoung, R. S. L. & Kennish, J. (1993). Vision Research, 33, 2239-2252.\r\nYoung, R. S. L, Kimura, E. & Delucia, P. R. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 2235-2241.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Eiji Kimura","Rockefeller S.L. Young"]},{"item_id":631,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952101,"creation_date":1190952101,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Clinical implications of new aspects of the pupil light reflex mediated by melanopsin retinal ganglion cells","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=631","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":608,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct4.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":36620,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:01:42","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":631,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To understand which stimulus conditions and dynamics of the pupil light\r\nreflex help to localize the site of damage in the visual pathway to the outer\r\nphotoreceptor layer using comparing red and blue light stimuli as a function of light\r\nintensity.\r\nBackground: New information about the physiology of melanopsin expressing\r\nretinal ganglion cells mediating the pupil light reflex and their projections to the brain\r\nmay provide a basis for localizing the site of damage to the retina in patients with\r\nphotoreceptor degeneration vs. optic nerve disease.\r\nMethods: Subjects with visual field loss localized to either the photoreceptor layer\r\nof the retina or optic nerve were evaluated by recording the pupil light reflex to\r\nvarious types of visual stimuli and comparing them to normal eyes.\r\nResults: Pupil waveform shape, duration, and differential response to low vs. high\r\nstimulus intensity and red vs. blue color were useful in localizing the site of damage.\r\nNormal eyes showed more sustained pupil response to blue light compared to\r\nluminance-matched red stimuli at brighter light intensities. Outer retinal disease\r\nshowed reduced transient pupil responses, but intact sustained pupil contraction to\r\nbright blue stimuli. Optic nerve disease reduced both transient and sustained pupil\r\ncontractions.\r\nConclusion: Photoreceptor mediated and intrinsic activation of the melanopsin\r\nretinal ganglion cell has both a transient and a sustained pupil response to red and\r\nblue light which is intensity dependent. Eyes with severe photoreceptor loss can still\r\nmaintain a pupil contraction to bright blue light which appears to be mediated by the\r\nintrinsic light activation of the melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. Knowledge of\r\nresponse properties and projections of these neurons mediating the pupil light reflex\r\nshould facilitate localization of damage to either outer photoreceptors or optic nerve.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Randy Kardon"]},{"item_id":632,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191020932,"creation_date":1190952668,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of various neuropeptides on rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=632","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[{"log_date":1191020932,"log":"Modified; Title, Abstract."}],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":609,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:11:09","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":632,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: Various neuropeptides, such as Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Substance P (SP), Somatostatin, galanin, Pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating peptide (PACAP) are known as sensory neuropeptide in the eye that is released by noxious stimuli and considered to be a mediator of the neurogenic ocular injury response including miosis. The purpose of this study is to clarify the functional role of these peptides on iris sphincter and dilator muscles.\r\n\r\nMethods: Iris sphincter and dilator muscles were isolated from rabbit eyes, and the effect of various neuropeptides on mechanical responses of these muscles were investigated using isometric tension recording methods.\r\n\r\nResults: Substance P dose-dependently contracted the rabbit iris sphincter, however, this agent had no effect on the dilator. CGRP had no effect on either the resting muscle tone or the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. On the other hand, CGRP relaxed dilator muscle which had been pre-contracted by phenylephrine and reduced the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation. Both somatostatin and galanin attenuated the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. Galanin was more effective compared with somatostatin. The dilator muscle response to field stimulation was not changed by either peptide. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhanced the amplitude of contraction evoked by field stimulation of the sphincter. For the iris dilator muscle, PACAP 27 inhibited the contractions induced by field stimulation or phenylephrine while PACAP 38 had no effect.\r\n\r\nConclusions: Various neuropeptides had different effect on iris sphincter or dilator muscles. However, we conclude that these peptides may induce miosis by contracting sphincter, attenuating cholinergic neurotransmitter release, relaxing dilator or inhibiting adrenergic neurotransmitter release.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Takeshi Yoshitomi, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Kazutuna Yamaji"]},{"item_id":633,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952871,"creation_date":1190952871,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The most appropriate reflex factors ex pressing artificial afferent defects in","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=633","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":610,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:14:32","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":633,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: To determine the most appropriate reflex factors which express artificial\r\nafferent defects in the pupillary light reflex.\r\nMethods: The attenuation of the pupillary light reflex resulting from reduction of the\r\nvisual input, afferent pupillary defect, was analyzed by using reflex factors including\r\nour originally developed relative factors as follows:\r\nL; latency time (msec)\r\n%A; (A-0.2\/PA) x100 (%)\r\nA= amplitude of constriction (mm\uff12)\r\nPA= pupil area before constriction (mm\uff12)\r\n%VCmax; (VCmax-12.9\/A) x100 (%\/sec)\r\nVCmax= maximum constriction velocity (mm\uff12\/sec)\r\nThe subjects were 11 young healthy volunteers and their randomly selected\r\nunilateral eyes were examined. Pupillary light reflexes under open-loop condition\r\n(Maxwellian view) were measured by infrared video-pupillography. Fifteen levels of\r\nthe light stimulus changing by neutral density filters (NDFs) of -4.2 to 0 log were\r\nirradiated, and artificial afferent pupillary defect was made. Before examination, we\r\nconfirmed that the pupillary light reflexes factors in these subjects were within the\r\nnormal range of their respective age.\r\nResults: Due to application of NDFs, the light reflexes became sluggish and shallow,\r\nthe latency time (L) prolonged, and % amplitude of constriction (%A) decreased.\r\nHowever, % maximum velocity of constriction (%VCmax) was constant regardless\r\nof the afferent pupillary defect. A comparative study of the alternations in L and %A\r\nrevealed that %A was a suitable factor to imply the effect of afferent defect on the\r\npupillary light reflex because of its less variation.\r\nConclusions: %A should be applied in the objective and quantitative analysis of the\r\nafferent pupillary defect in the light reflex.\r\nReferences:\r\n1) Thompson HS: Afferent pupillary defects. Pupillary findings associated with\r\ndefects of the afferent arm of the pupillary light reflex arc. Amer J Ophthalmol 62:\r\n860-873, 1966\r\n2) Thompson HS: Putting a number on the relative afferent pupillary defect.\r\nThompson Hs (ed): Topics in Neuro-Ophthalmology. Williams & Wilkins, Boltimore.\r\n1979. pp157-158.\r\n3) Sugasawa J, Morishita K et al: Afferent pupillary defect in pupillary light reflex.\r\nActa Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 85: 363-372, 1981\r\n4) Utsumi T, Sugiyama T et al: A new method of analyzing pupillary light reflex\r\nusing %-amplitude and %-velocities. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 42: 223-228, 1991","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Toshio Watanabe 1), Takashi Utsumi 2), Tetsuya Sugiyama, Hidehiro Oku,","Tsunehiko Ikeda and Jun Sugasawa"]},{"item_id":634,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190952992,"creation_date":1190952992,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of the pupil size on contrast sensitivity","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=634","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":611,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:16:32","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":634,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the effect of pupil size on contrast sensitivity with the\r\nhigher-order aberrations.\r\nMethods: In 10 right eyes of 10 emmetropic subjects. We measured the contrast\r\nsensitivity with a VCTS6500 (VISTECH Consultants, Inc.) using an artificial pupil\r\nfrom 1 mm to 5 mm each 1 mm step size. The contrast sensitivity data were\r\ncalculated AULCSF (the area under the log contrast sensitivity function). Ocular\r\nhigher-order aberrations were measured with an iTrace (Tracey Technologies, LLC.)\r\nfrom 2 mm to 5 mm pupil size.\r\nResults: The AULCSF was the best at a 3 mm pupil size, and declined in the order\r\nof 2 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 1 mm, respectively (p<0.01). A higher-order aberration has\r\nreduced as the pupil size decreased (p<0.01).\r\nConclusions: The pupil size affects the contrast sensitivity in connection with the\r\nhigher-order aberration and the retinal illuminance. We should pay attention to the\r\npupil size in clinical evaluation of the contrast sensitivity.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Chiharu Tamura, Hiroshi U ozato, Kimiya Shimizu,","Hitoshi Ishikawa, Nobuyuki Shoji"]},{"item_id":635,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953112,"creation_date":1190953112,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Age-Related changes in pupil size","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=635","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":612,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:18:32","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":635,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th ","place":"Pupil Colloquium","abstract":"Purpose: It is essential that the pupil size be above 3\uff5e3.5 mm in a bright room in\r\norder to obtain satisfactory near visual function after refractive multifocal intraocular\r\nlens implantation. The age-related changes in pupil size and the maximum suitable\r\nage for implantation of refractive multifocal intraocular lenses were investigated with\r\nthe electronic pupillometer, which can measure patency synchronously in both eyes.\r\nMethods: The pupil sizes of 167 volunteers (291 eyes) with naked-eye vision above\r\n1.0 and without ocular or autonomic nervous diseases were measured within 5\r\nseconds with an electronic pupillometer FP-10000 (TMI Co. Ltd., Japan) while the\r\nsubjects stared at an object over 5 m away or close by (30 cm) in a bright room\r\n(200-300 lux). The mean horizontal diameters measured within about 3 seconds,\r\nexcept during blinks, were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using\r\nSpearman\u2019s rank order correlation.\r\nResults: Horizontal pupil diameter was negatively correlated with age during the\r\nstaring at distant and nearby objects (horizontal diameters: y=-0.424x+5.241\uff0c\r\nr=-0.424\uff0cp\uff1c0.0001; and y=-0.0284x+4.811\uff0cr=-0.484\uff0cp\uff1c0.0001, respectively).\r\nThe ages at which the pupil size remained above 3.5 mm were 70 years for distant\r\nobjects and 46 for nearby objects.\r\nConclusion: Pupil size decreased with age. The results indicate that the maximum\r\nage at which satisfactory visual function could be obtained for nearby objects after\r\nrefractive multifocal intraocular lens implantation was 50 years.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Bingjie Zhang, Rie A mano, Misae Itou,","Takushi Kawamorita, Kimiya Shimizu"]},{"item_id":636,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953302,"creation_date":1190953302,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Measurement of ocular conve rgence, pupillary constriction","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=636","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":613,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:21:43","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":636,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: It is known that ocular torsion is associated with convergence eye\r\nmovements, however, the mechanism and biological meaning are not clear. In this\r\nstudy we measured ocular torsion simultaneously with ocular convergence, as well\r\nas pupillary constriction during vergence.\r\nMethods: Ten healthy men with normal vision and stereopsis were subjects in this\r\nexperiment. The visual target, a small light-emitting diode (LED) approached and\r\nrecessed from the subject at the same speed. Each eye was photographed with an\r\ninfra-red CCD camera and recorded on a digital tape. The pupillary area, the center\r\nof the pupil, and the pattern of the iris were detected using a computer-assisted\r\nprocedure, from which horizontal and vertical eye movements, pupillary response,\r\nand ocular torsion was calculated. We tested six conditions: The visual target\r\napproached the central point between the eyes, with both eyes viewing (condition 1)\r\nor with the right eye viewing (2); the target approached the right eye with both eyes\r\nviewing (3) or with the right eye viewing (4); and the target approached the left eye\r\nwith both eyes viewing (5) or with the right eye viewing (6).\r\nResults: Three subjects showed obvious ocular torsion, which we thoroughly\r\nanalyzed. In response to the approaching target, convergence eye movement\r\nstarted first, followed by pupillary response; ocular extorsion started slowly but even\r\nduring the near fixation of the target, it continued gradually increasing to 2 \u2013 5 deg\r\nextorsion. Even with one eye viewing, a similar amount of ocular torsion was\r\nobserved in both eyes. This torsion was not artifact because such extorsion was not\r\nobserved during horizontal conjunctive eye movement and during light reflex.\r\nConclusions: Without a binocular disparity cue, an accommodation cue could elicit\r\nocular torsion. This ocular torsion occurred very slowly and even during near fixation\r\nindicating that it is not directly linked to the innervation to the medial rectus muscle\r\nor to the iris sphincter muscle.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Mineo Takagi, Hasebe Hiruma, Atsuhiko Iijima, Atsushi Miki,","Haruo Toda, Haruki Abe"]},{"item_id":637,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953439,"creation_date":1190953439,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary and vergence behaviors related to the cognition of motion","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=637","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":614,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:23:59","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":637,"presentation_type":"other","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Objective: We investigated the relationship between pupillary response and\r\nvergence eye movement elicited by radial expanding-contracting optic flow stimuli.\r\nWe focused on (1) vergence and pupillary responses to the switch of stimulus\r\ndirection and the change in the flow velocities, and (2) sustained vergence and\r\npapillary responses to them.\r\nMethods: There were 12 participants who were exposed to an\r\nexpanding-contracting random dot radial optic flow pattern simulating oscillating\r\ntranslational motion in the anterior-posterior axis under four viewing conditions with\r\nfixation point at the focus of expansion; 1) contraction-stop pattern inducing\r\nbackward and stop motion sensation; 2) contraction-expansion simulating backward\r\nand forward motion; 3) expansion-stop; and 4) expansion-contraction with three\r\ndifferent frequencies of sinusoidal waves. Pupil size and vergence eye movement\r\nwere measured with video-oculography.\r\nResults: Pupil contraction was observed responding to the motion onset and to the\r\nswitch of the stimulus direction while vergence eye movements showed\r\nconvergence and divergence during forward and backward stimuli, respectively.\r\nDiscussion: The contraction of pupil may relate to cognition of object motion\r\nchange and was supposed to be similar to the response elicited by translational\r\ncoherent object motions [1] and this could not link to vergence eye movement. The\r\nvergence may be sustained component subsequent to the ultra-short latency\r\nvergence response [2].\r\nReferences:\r\n[1] Sahraie A and Barbur JL, Pupil response triggered by the onset of coherent\r\nmotion., Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997; 235(8): 494-500.\r\n[2] Busettini C, Masson GS, Miles FA., Radial optic flow induces vergence eye\r\nmovements with ultra-short latencies., Nature. 1997; 390(6659): 512-5.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Atsuhiko Iijima, Kazuhiko Ukai, Sei-ichi Tsujimura, Masato Torii,","Shota Hiramoto, Takehiko Bando"]},{"item_id":638,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953601,"creation_date":1190953601,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"Surgical management of functional iris deficiencies with cataract","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=638","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":615,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:26:41","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":638,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Purpose: It is essential that the pupil size has relation to high order aberration. We\r\nexperienced 4 cases for surgical management of functional iris deficiencies with\r\ncataract.\r\nMethods: 4 case were as follows, Cataract surgery with intraocular lens and\r\nprostheric iris implantation was performed in 2 cases. Another 2 cases of the visual\r\nacuity and subjective degree of glare disability, postoperative anatomic results, and\r\nintraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated.\r\nResults: All eyes achived the desired anatomic result. Visual acuity was improved.\r\nPatiens were surveyed postoperatively to determine the change in glare disability.\r\nConclusions: In patients with iris deficiency, implantation of prostheric iris device,\r\nand intraocular lens implant following cataract surgery appears to be safe and\r\neffective in reducing glare disability and improving visual outcomes.","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":1,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Rie Amano, Kimiya Shimizu, Miyuki Kitahara"]},{"item_id":639,"item_type_id":13,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1190953726,"creation_date":1190953726,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":10,"publication_mday":2,"lang":"eng","title":"sible mechanism of intraop erative floppy iris syndrome:","item_type_display_name":"Conference","item_type_name":"xnpconference","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=639","index":[{"index_id":216,"title":"\/ Public \/ Pupil Colloquium \/ 2007, Hamamatsu"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":616,"original_file_name":"abstract_oct3_v3.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":207214,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-28 13:28:47","file_type_name":"conference_file","file_type_display_name":"Presentation file of Conferenc"}],"conference_id":639,"presentation_type":"pdf","conference_title":"27th Pupil Colloquium","place":"Hamamatsu","abstract":"Introduction: A recent report attributed \"intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS)\"\r\noccurring during cataract surgery to the \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin1.\r\nBut, mechanism of IFIS is unknown. The present study examines three eyes of two\r\npatients with conditions similar to IFIS after administration of bunazosin (Detantol\u00ae;\r\nSanten). Histological examinations were also conducted.\r\nCases: Both patients, a 77-year-old woman and a 79-year-old man, had used\r\nbunazosin eye drops for three years, had unremarkable medical histories, with no\r\ntrauma, had used only bunazosin orally or as eye drops. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy\r\nrevealed no abnormalities other than glaucoma and cataract. Both patients\r\nunderwent cataract surgery, during which IFIS was observed, but no other\r\ncomplications were seen in either. In each eye, we performed peripheral iridectomy\r\nand, after immediately fixing the extracted specimen in 2% glutaraldehyde,\r\nexamined it in a transmission electron microscope. Two women underwent cataract\r\nsurgery as controls during the same period.\r\nResults: The histological examination of the irides of the patients revealed that the\r\nsizes of the pigment granules in the melanocyte cytoplasms were irregular. Some\r\nclump cells contained lipofuscin-like granules in addition to the pigment granules.\r\nThe majority of the dilator muscle cells were markedly vacuolated, suggesting\r\ncellular degeneration. No nerve terminals innervating smooth muscle were\r\nobserved in the present study.\r\nConclusion: In our detailed histological investigation of the results of bunazosin\r\ntreatment, bunazosin was found to have an affinity with melanin that is important in\r\nthe mechanism of IFIS. Also important is its effect on nerve terminals.\r\nReferences:\r\n1. Chang DF, Campbell JR. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with\r\ntamsulosin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005; 31: 664-673","conference_from_year":2007,"conference_from_month":10,"conference_from_mday":2,"conference_to_year":2007,"conference_to_month":10,"conference_to_mday":5,"attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Toshiaki Goseki, Kimiya Shimizu, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Shigekazu Uga"]},{"item_id":640,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191021418,"creation_date":1191021418,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Relationship between residual aberration and light-adapted pupil size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=640","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[{"file_id":617,"original_file_name":"Sakai_OVS07.pdf","mime_type":"application\/pdf","file_size":320843,"caption":"","timestamp":"2007-09-29 08:16:58","file_type_name":"paper_pdf_reprint","file_type_display_name":"PDF Reprint"}],"paper_id":640,"journal":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":84,"number":6,"page":"517-21","abstract":"PURPOSE: The relationship between residual aberration (residual astigmatism and higher-order aberration) and light-adapted pupil size was investigated in human subjects to verify that the pupil size is adjusted to provide good image quality on the retina through control of the image sharpness and illuminance. METHODS: Monochromatic wave aberration and light-adapted pupil diameters were measured from 20 subjects. The measured wave aberration was reconstructed using a sixth-order Zernike polynomial expansion; the neural sharpness was computed as a metric of the residual aberration. Subsequently, the correlation of the neural sharpness and the light-adapted pupil diameter was examined statistically across the subjects in each luminance level. RESULTS: The light-adapted pupil diameter showed a significant positive correlation with the neural sharpness, except under dark-adapted conditions. In contrast, the pupil diameter showed no significant correlation with the spherical equivalent, as previously shown. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the level of aberration present in an eye has an influence on pupil size.","pubmed_id":"17568322","author":["Sakai Hiroyuki","Hirata Yutaka","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":641,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055030,"creation_date":1191055030,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A binocular pupil model for simulation of relative afferent pupil defect, RAPD.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=641","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":641,"journal":"Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference","volume":1,"number":null,"page":"711-4","abstract":"The human pupil is an important element studied in many clinical procedures. The binocular pupil model presented has a topology encompassing much of the complexity of the pupil system neurophysiology. The dynamic parameters of the model were matched against pupil experiments under multiple conditions. It simulates responses to the swinging flashlight test for different degrees of relative afferent pupil defects, RAPD.","pubmed_id":"17271776","author":["Privitera Claudio M","Stark Lawrence W"]},{"item_id":642,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055085,"creation_date":1191055085,"publication_year":2007,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A binocular pupil model for simulation of relative afferent pupil defects and the swinging flashlight test.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=642","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":642,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":94,"number":3,"page":"215-24","abstract":"Many important intracranial neural pathways are involved in the control of the two muscles of the human pupil and the observation and analysis of pupil responses to light or other stimuli is of great interest in many clinical procedures. The binocular pupil model presented in this document has a topology encompassing much of the complexity of the pupil system neurophysiology. The dynamic parameters of the model were matched against pupil experiments under multiple conditions. It is employed here to simulate responses to the swinging flashlight test, a procedure which is routinely practiced in ophthalmology to diagnose different degrees of relative afferent pupil defects often a consequence of severe optic nerve diseases or retinal dysfunctions. Other, not light-dependent, pupil stimuli are briefly discussed.","pubmed_id":"16404612","author":["Privitera Claudio M","Stark Lawrence W"]},{"item_id":643,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055128,"creation_date":1191055128,"publication_year":2004,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Small foveal targets for studies of accommodation and the Stiles-Crawford effect.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=643","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":643,"journal":"Vision research","volume":44,"number":24,"page":"2757-67","abstract":"The properties of small monochromatic targets as accommodative stimuli are not well understood. We used a dynamic optometer to record accommodation responses to monochromatic disc targets (1.0-27.3 min arc) and to a Maltese cross. Accommodation responded adequately to points as small as 13.6 min arc. The response to these small targets is relevant to the question of whether the Stiles-Crawford (SC) effect could provide a stimulus to accommodation. Previous studies have used pupil apodizing filters to neutralise the natural SC function and so determine how visual performance or accommodation is influenced by the SC effect. However, these filters cannot correct for known inhomogeneities in the SC function across the retina for extended targets. Therefore, we calculated the SC function inhomogeneities across the retinal image of a smaller 13.6-min arc target. Unfortunately, even this small target is too large to permit a homogenous SC function across its extent. Alternatives to the apodizing filter approach are discussed.","pubmed_id":"15342220","author":["Kruger Philip B","Stark Lawrence R","Nguyen Hai Nhu"]},{"item_id":644,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055189,"creation_date":1191055189,"publication_year":2001,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation and the Stiles-Crawford effect: theory and a case study.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=644","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":644,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":21,"number":5,"page":"339-51","abstract":"PURPOSE: Fincham (The accommodation reflex and its stimulus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 35, 381-393) was the first to suggest that the Stiles-Crawford effect (Type I) might provide a stimulus for accommodation, but the possibility has not been investigated experimentally. The present paper outlines a theoretical basis for such a mechanism, and includes a case study on a subject with a nasally decentred Stiles-Crawford (S-C) function. METHODS: Accommodation to a monochromatic sine grating was monitored continuously with the natural S-C function intact, or with apodising filters imaged in the subject's pupil to neutralise, reverse or double the natural S-C function. RESULTS: Mean accommodative gain was not reduced significantly when the normal S-C function was either neutralised or reversed. CONCLUSIONS: For the present subject, the average S-C effect does not mediate the accommodation response to defocus, but more subjects should be examined. Other methods by which directionally sensitive cone receptors could detect light vergence are discussed.","pubmed_id":"11563420","author":["Kruger P B","L\u00f3pez-Gil N","Stark L R"]},{"item_id":645,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055242,"creation_date":1191055242,"publication_year":1997,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupil size, mean accommodation response and the fluctuations of accommodation.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=645","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":645,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":17,"number":4,"page":"316-23","abstract":"We wished to determine how pupil size and mean accommodation response level interact to influence the fluctuations of accommodation. A dynamic infra-red optometer was used to record accommodation responses while subjects viewed a steady target at two stimulus levels (1.5 and 3 D) through four pupils (1, 2, 4 and 6 mm). It was found for most subjects that the fluctuations of accommodation increase at higher mean accommodation response levels, and small pupils lead to an increase in the low frequency (but not the high frequency) fluctuations of accommodation. The effects of mean accommodation response are independent of pupil size, and the effects of pupil size are independent of mean response level.","pubmed_id":"9390376","author":["Stark L R","Atchison D A"]},{"item_id":646,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055287,"creation_date":1191055287,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. III. Phase velocity in high gain instability oscillations.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=646","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":646,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"241-6","abstract":"The pupil can be excited to sustained oscillations under high gain feedback conditions. The period of these oscillations (cycle time) is reduced by increased average light level by an amount commensurate with reductions in phase lag reported in the companion paper (Myers et al. 1991b). A mathematical model of this phenomenon is used to unify and clarify experimental data presented here and in the literature.","pubmed_id":"8452893","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":647,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055366,"creation_date":1191055366,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. II. Phase velocity of responses to sinusoidal light stimuli.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=647","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":647,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"235-40","abstract":"Pupillary responses to sinusoidal light stimuli were measured over a range of light levels and frequencies. The phase lag and equivalent time delay of these responses were reduced in an approximately log-linear fashion with increasing mean light level (slope = -60 ms\/log unit). The magnitude of this level dependence is reduced at higher frequencies, and at higher light levels. This nonlinear level dependent signal flow (LDSF) effect is shown to be essentially independent of target distance (accommodative stimulus) which influences pupil size, and of pupil size itself. Thus most of the level dependence probably resides in the afferent path of the light-pupil reflex arc, before the accommodation signal joins the light signal in the Edinger-West-phal nucleus. A systems model is presented to the LDSF effect described here and in the companion papers (Myers and Stark 1993a, b). When parameters of the model are adjusted to fit pupillary responses to transient light stimuli over a range of light levels, the model simulates reduced phase lag in response to increased mean light level, and the reduction in this LDSF effect with increased mean light level or increasing stimulus frequency without further changes in parameters. This latter reduction explains the relatively small level dependence seen in latency data (-34 ms\/log unit). These data will be shown (Myers and Stark 1990b) to be commensurate with reduction in pupil cycle time (increased frequency of oscillation) observed in high gain oscillation experiments as mean brightness increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","pubmed_id":"8452892","author":["Myers G A","Gannon J A","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":648,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055406,"creation_date":1191055406,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Level dependent signal flow in the light pupil reflex. I. Latency of time domain responses to transient stimuli.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=648","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":648,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":68,"number":3,"page":"229-34","abstract":"Latency of pupillary responses to light stimuli are smaller for larger steps of light, and larger for smaller steps of light (Alpern 1954; Lowenstein et al. 1964; Lee et al. 1969; Terdiman et al. 1969; Cibis et al. 1977; and many others). Miller and Thompson (1978), however, reported negligible change in pupil cycle time (period of high gain instability oscillations) with increased mean brightness. Sandberg and Stark (1968) reported a negligible reduction in phase lag of pupillary responses to sinusoidal light stimuli as the modulation coefficient (m) increased. To resolve the inconsistency between the well-documented dependence of latency upon brightness, and the apparent absence of level dependence in the phase characteristics (as reflected directly in the responses to sinusoidal stimuli and indirectly in pupil cycle time experiments) we measured: 1. Latency to step stimuli of light, 2. Phase of responses to sinusoidal light stimuli and 3. Period (pupil cycle time) of high gain instability oscillations. The dependence of pupillary latency upon stimulus level (both light and accommodation) and the interaction between accommodation and light responses were investigated. We show that most of the level dependence of light-pupil latency resides in the afferent path. In the companion papers, we demonstrate that: 1. Phase of pupillary response to sinusoidal light stimuli is reduced by increased mean light level, but is independent of pupil size and accommodative stimulus level; and 2. The period of high gain oscillations is shown to decrease with increased mean light level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","pubmed_id":"8452891","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":649,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055480,"creation_date":1191055480,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Model control of image processing: pupillometry.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=649","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":649,"journal":"Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society","volume":17,"number":1,"page":"21-33","abstract":"Smart instruments require on-line computers, special purpose hardware, or both. A pupillometer is described that relies only on a general purpose microcomputer with a frame grabber to process infrared video camera pictures of the human eye. An essential feature of the instrument is that a top-down model controls the image processing algorithms. The model generates regions of interest, ROIs, positioned from knowledge of anatomy and optics of the eye and information from previously analyzed frames. Within these adaptively controlled ROIs, fast, run-time algorithms automatically calculate local thresholds, area measurements, moments for centroid position information, and use pyramiding to shorten calculation time for large pupils. Outputs are precise measurements of pupil size and eye position in real time, with adequate bandwidth for most purposes.","pubmed_id":"8448762","author":["Nguyen A H","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":650,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191055572,"creation_date":1191055572,"publication_year":1992,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodation on downward gaze.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=650","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":650,"journal":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":69,"number":7,"page":"556-61","abstract":"A study was conducted with the purpose of examining the possible effects of vertical and horizontal eye movements upon accommodation. A special Badal stimulator was made which was vertically rotatable around the center of an eye. The stimulator was attached to the Three-Dimensional Optometer III (TDOIII), which could measure accommodation, eye movement, and pupil diameter simultaneously. The reliability of the TDOIII measurements of accommodation was checked by comparing with a stigmatoscope measurement. Three young males served as subjects. A small but definite near accommodation was measured dynamically in association with vertical eye movement. We believe this to be the first report of this finding. The amount of near accommodation with downgaze showed a tendency to decrease when the target was brought near.","pubmed_id":"1635760","author":["Takeda T","Neveu C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":651,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056185,"creation_date":1191056185,"publication_year":1991,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Interpretation of functional series expansions.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=651","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":651,"journal":"Annals of biomedical engineering","volume":19,"number":4,"page":"485-508","abstract":"While much research has been devoted to the implementation and application of Volterra and Wiener functional series expansions in the identification and characterization of biological systems, little effort has been focused on the fundamental problem of interpreting the resulting kernels. This paper describes the application of the series to the components of a known model of the human pupil control system. As more complicated elements are put together, insight into kernel interpretation is built up incrementally until the total system is identified. Practical limitations and methods are also discussed.","pubmed_id":"1741528","author":["Krenz W","Stark L"]},{"item_id":652,"item_type_id":4,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056404,"creation_date":1191056404,"publication_year":1993,"publication_month":1,"publication_mday":1,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications","item_type_display_name":"Book","item_type_name":"xnpbook","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=652","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"book_id":652,"classification":"","editor":"","publisher":"Iowa State Pr","isbn":"0813819083","url":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/redirect.html%3FASIN=0813819083%26tag=ws%26lcode=xm2%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=\/o\/ASIN\/0813819083%253FSubscriptionId=0H8BRF5MB0Z590ZPWA82","attachment_dl_limit":0,"attachment_dl_notify":0,"author":["Irene E. Loewenfeld"]},{"item_id":653,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191056493,"creation_date":1191056493,"publication_year":1990,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Topology of the near response triad.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=653","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":653,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":10,"number":2,"page":"175-81","abstract":"The near response complex comprises three elements: accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction. The synkinesis between vergence and accommodation is well understood functionally, if not neuroanatomically. The latencies of near response components were measured in four healthy, experienced subjects to determine how the pupillary component is mediated. Addition of disparity stimulus to blur, yielding a near stimulus, reduces the latency of vergence eye movements and of accommodation by an amount that is significantly greater than the corresponding reduction in pupil latency. None of the existing hypotheses: vergence-pupil, accommodation-pupil or symmetric dual interaction, can account for this difference. Therefore, we present a new hypothesis: asymmetric dual interaction between accommodation and vergence.","pubmed_id":"2371063","author":["Myers G A","Stark L"]},{"item_id":655,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115170,"creation_date":1191115170,"publication_year":1990,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Light and target distance interact to control pupil size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=655","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":655,"journal":"The American journal of physiology","volume":258,"number":3,"page":"R813-9","abstract":"Light and target distance stimuli were presented to normal human subjects, and their pupillary responses were measured. A homeomorphic computer model of the pupillary control system is presented in which the form of interaction of controller signals due to light and target distance was investigated. The error remaining when model parameters were optimized to fit experimental pupil size (area or diameter) was smaller for the linear interaction hypothesis than for either power law or logical law interaction. A generalized second-order nonlinear model with six parameters (vs. 3 for each of the other models) yielded somewhat lower residual error. With the use of a modified Akaike information criterion, the value (in an information theoretic sense) of the improved fit afforded by the three additional parameters in the generalized nonlinear model was shown to be small, and thus the generalized second-order nonlinear model was rejected in favor of the simpler and more parsimonious linear model.","pubmed_id":"2316727","author":["Myers G A","Barez S","Krenz W C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":656,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115217,"creation_date":1191115217,"publication_year":1985,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Paradoxic pupillary constriction in a patient with congenital stationary night blindness.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=656","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":656,"journal":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":26,"number":5,"page":"736-40","abstract":"Paradoxic pupillary constriction to an \"off-step\" of light was studied in a 35-year-old woman with congenital stationary night blindness. ERG was of the Schubert-Bornschein type (scotopic B-wave absent); fundi were normal for a high myope. Paradoxic constrictions were larger in response to full field and peripheral off-steps from low photopic levels than from higher photopic levels. The patient's \"on response\" was smaller in magnitude and slower in both latency and dynamics than the on-response of normal subjects. Pupillary hippus was larger in magnitude and more peaked in the patient than in normal subjects. Steady-state (tonic) pupil size increased paradoxically with increased light level over the range 1-2 log fL.","pubmed_id":"3873442","author":["Myers G A","Barricks M E","Stark L"]},{"item_id":657,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115287,"creation_date":1191115287,"publication_year":1985,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Systems model for pupil size effect. II. Feedback model.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=657","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":657,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":51,"number":6,"page":"391-7","abstract":"The human pupillary control system has been the subject of interest to biologists and engineers as an example of a sensorimotor reflex which can be embedded in a control system paradigm. We present a nonlinear feedback model whose compact structure allows us to hypothesize possible physiological mechanisms which generate the proper behavior of the pupil system. The important pupil responses, including pupil size effect, asymmetry, and response the high-frequency stimuli, are defined. This model was simulated on a digital computer and comparisons to the paradigm experimental responses were performed, demonstrating a fit to each of the observed conditions. Improvements on previous models are discussed.","pubmed_id":"3995096","author":["Krenz W C","Stark L"]},{"item_id":658,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115342,"creation_date":1191115342,"publication_year":1984,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"The pupil as a paradigm for neurological control systems.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=658","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":658,"journal":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","volume":31,"number":12,"page":"919-24","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"6396219","author":["Stark L W"]},{"item_id":659,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115388,"creation_date":1191115388,"publication_year":1984,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Accommodative disfacility presenting as intermittent exotropia.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=659","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":659,"journal":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":4,"number":3,"page":"233-44","abstract":"Accommodative disfacility and intermittent exotropia are two common clinically-observed ocular abnormalities. However, records of individual system dynamics are rare and mechanisms for possible interactive effects between the accommodation and the vergence system remain obscure in cases of system dysfunction. We present objective, quantitative, static and dynamic records of accommodation, vergence and related system responses in a symptomatic patient having accommodation disfacility and intermittent exotropia and propose that these two conditions worked in a pathogenic symbiotic manner.","pubmed_id":"6472853","author":["Stark L","Ciuffreda K J","Grisham J D","Kenyon R V","Liu J","Polse K"]},{"item_id":660,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115429,"creation_date":1191115429,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Dynamic pupillary response controlled by the pupil size effect.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=660","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":660,"journal":"Experimental neurology","volume":82,"number":2,"page":"313-24","abstract":"Pupillary escape has been described as an initial contraction followed by a slow redilatation, occurring in response to a step stimulus of low-intensity light. When the initial pupil size is small, the response to the same step stimulus is pupillary capture, a steady and sustained contraction. In this experiment a comparison was made between three modes of controlling pupil size and thereby of regulating the pupillary response: contralateral light background level, ipsilateral light background level, and accommodative level with which there is no change in retinal adaptation. All three level setting modes showed similar results in illustrating the pupil size effect. In addition, an inhibitory effect was found with both ipsilateral and contralateral light backgrounds that is independent of Weber's Law in the contralateral case. Our results lead to the formulation of a binocular model, featuring an internal parameter control whereby a signal dependent on the static pupil size regulates the gains of the parallel phasic and tonic pathways, the former responsive to transient changes of light, and the latter to background levels of light and accommodative levels. Our findings also raise interesting questions concerning the loci of these complex interactions in the simple neuroanatomy of the pupillary pathways.","pubmed_id":"6628619","author":["Sun F","Tauchi P","Stark L"]},{"item_id":661,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115479,"creation_date":1191115479,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A systems model for the pupil size effect. I. Transient data.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=661","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":661,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":48,"number":2,"page":"101-8","abstract":"The human pupillary control system is a paradigm for linearized biological control systems. It also exhibits a series of interesting nonlinear behaviors, particularly asymmetry, \"pupillary escape,\" and \"pupillary capture.\" We present a nonlinear model in which a signal dependent upon pupil size is fed back internally to cause a change in system parameters related to gains and rates of light adaptation. The model was simulated on a digital computer, a variety of experimental data was well matched, and improvements over previous pupil models demonstrated. A candidate physiological mechanism for adaptive components of the model might have the form of an inverse \"Henneman coded\" neuronal pool.","pubmed_id":"6626588","author":["Sun F","Krenz W C","Stark L W"]},{"item_id":662,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115523,"creation_date":1191115523,"publication_year":1983,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Pupillary escape intensified by large pupillary size.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=662","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":662,"journal":"Vision research","volume":23,"number":6,"page":"611-5","abstract":"Pupil responses to light are greatly influenced by initial pupil size. Small pupils, operating under photopic conditions, show tonic responses to step increases of light and high gains; thus the pupil is a good regulator of light. Large pupils, operating under mesopic or scotopic conditions show phasic responses, \"pupillary escape\", and smaller gains; the pupil only transiently influences retinal flux. By using accommodation level to set the size of the pupil, the mechanism of the \"pupil size effect\" is shown to be dependent on retinal light level only so far as retinal activity sets pupil size.","pubmed_id":"6613000","author":["Sun F","Stark L"]},{"item_id":663,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191115567,"creation_date":1191115567,"publication_year":1982,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"A model for nonlinear stochastic behavior of the pupil.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=663","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":663,"journal":"Biological cybernetics","volume":45,"number":1,"page":"13-21","abstract":"In this paper we present new experimental results that show pupillary noise to be multiplicative in a particular fashion with greatest variance in midrange and smaller variance at high and low ranges. This confirms the finding of multiplicative noise by Stanten and Stark (1966), but modifies and extends the relationship they suggested between standard deviation and mean pupil diameter. We propose a parametric model of the iris muscle which not only describes the static characteristics of pupil response to given stimuli, but also explains its random fluctuations in terms of probability density functions. We emphasize the point that the range nonlinearity is not due to decreased gain at the extrema of the pupil range, but is operational over a wide portion of the pupillary behavioral range, hence its name--\"expansive range nonlinearity\". We conclude that noise amplitude, which is a function of the pupil diameter, closely parallels the changes in deterministic gain. Thus pupil noise can be simply considered as cross-talk additive Gaussian noise injected into the pupil system at midbrain level.","pubmed_id":"7126688","author":["Usui S","Stark L"]},{"item_id":664,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160916,"creation_date":1191160916,"publication_year":2006,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Customizable neuroinformatics database system: XooNIps and its application to the pupil platform.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=664","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":664,"journal":"Computers in biology and medicine","volume":37,"number":7,"page":"1036-41","abstract":"The developing field of neuroinformatics includes technologies for the collection and sharing of neuro-related digital resources. These resources will be of increasing value for understanding the brain. Developing a database system to integrate these disparate resources is necessary to make full use of these resources. This study proposes a base database system termed XooNIps that utilizes the content management system called XOOPS. XooNIps is designed for developing databases in different research fields through customization of the option menu. In a XooNIps-based database, digital resources are stored according to their respective categories, e.g., research articles, experimental data, mathematical models, stimulations, each associated with their related metadata. Several types of user authorization are supported for secure operations. In addition to the directory and keyword searches within a certain database, XooNIps searches simultaneously across other XooNIps-based databases on the Internet. Reviewing systems for user registration and for data submission are incorporated to impose quality control. Furthermore, XOOPS modules containing news, forums schedules, blogs and other information can be combined to enhance XooNIps functionality. These features provide better scalability, extensibility, and customizability to the general neuroinformatics community. The application of this system to data, models, and other information related to human pupils is described here.","pubmed_id":"17101123","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Sakai Hiroyuki","Okumura Yoshihiro","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":665,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160959,"creation_date":1191160959,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Effect of somatostatin and galanin on isolated rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=665","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":665,"journal":"Experimental eye research","volume":77,"number":5,"page":"609-14","abstract":"The neuropeptides somatostatin and galanin are present in the iris and may modulate pupil diameter. We examined the effects of somatostatin and galanin on isolated rabbit iris dilator and sphincter smooth muscles that were mounted in an organ bath. An isometric transducer recorded changes in tension in response to electric field stimulation (100 Hz, 0.3 msec in duration, 10 V in strength) delivered by a pair of platinum plate electrodes. The dilator muscle response to field stimulation was not changed by either peptide, even at the highest concentrations examined. The sphincter muscle response consisted of two components: a fast component mediated by acetylcholine and slow component mediated by substance P. Both somatostatin and galanin attenuated the cholinergic component in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.3 nM to 0.1 microM) but had no effect on responses mediated by substance P. Galanin was more effective (attenuation of 43% at 0.1 microM) compared with somatostatin (attenuation of 16% at 0.1 microM) in reducing the cholinergic response. Neither peptide affected the contraction induced by acetylcholine (1mM). Therefore both peptides inhibited cholinergic transmission in the sphincter muscle, although the degree of inhibition by each was different. We conclude that somatostatin and\/or galanin may induce mydriasis by attenuating cholinergic neurotransmitter release.","pubmed_id":"14550403","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Yoshitomi Takeshi","Usui Shiro"]},{"item_id":666,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191160997,"creation_date":1191160997,"publication_year":2003,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Mechanical properties of the rabbit iris smooth muscles.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=666","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":666,"journal":"Vision research","volume":43,"number":4,"page":"479-87","abstract":"The study focuses on obtaining the visco-elastic properties of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Two kinds of experiments were performed: the isometric contraction experiment and the isotonic quick release experiment. The length-tension relationship was obtained from the former experiment. This relationship clarified the contribution of each muscle in determining the statics of the pupil. The viscous and serial elastic properties were obtained from the latter experiment. The viscosity could be expressed by the expanded Hill's equation as a function of velocity and contractile tension. We argue that serial elasticity is independent of contractile tension. These properties provide insights into the pupillary mechanism.","pubmed_id":"12536003","author":["Yamaji Kazutsuna","Yoshitomi Takeshi","Usui Shiro","Ohnishi Yoshitaka"]},{"item_id":667,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161059,"creation_date":1191161059,"publication_year":1978,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"[Analysis of the dynamic performance of a TV pupillometer (author's transl)]","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=667","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":667,"journal":"Iy\u014d denshi to seitai k\u014dgaku. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering","volume":16,"number":3,"page":"177-83","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"702921","author":["Usui S","Murase K","Ikegaya K"]},{"item_id":668,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161087,"creation_date":1191161087,"publication_year":1978,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"Sensory and motor mechanisms interact to control amplitude of pupil noise.","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=668","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":668,"journal":"Vision research","volume":18,"number":4,"page":"505-7","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"664330","author":["Usui S","Stark L"]},{"item_id":669,"item_type_id":3,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191161120,"creation_date":1191161120,"publication_year":1976,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"[Estimated activity of the optic nerve based on the pupil]","item_type_display_name":"Paper","item_type_name":"xnppaper","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=669","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"paper_id":669,"journal":"Iy\u014d denshi to seitai k\u014dgaku. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering","volume":14,"number":4,"page":"351-2","abstract":"","pubmed_id":"1034819","author":["Usui S"]},{"item_id":670,"item_type_id":8,"uid":5,"description":"","doi":"","last_update_date":1191216624,"creation_date":1191216624,"publication_year":0,"publication_month":0,"publication_mday":0,"lang":"eng","title":"The Pupil Page","item_type_display_name":"Url","item_type_name":"xnpurl","uname":"hirata","name":"Yutaka Hirata","item_url":"http:\/\/pupil.brain.riken.jp\/modules\/xoonips\/detail.php?item_id=670","index":[{"index_id":3,"title":"\/ Public"}],"changelog":[],"related_to":[],"keyword":[],"file":[],"url_id":670,"url":"http:\/\/www.jiscmail.ac.uk\/cgi-bin\/filearea.cgi?LMGT1=pupil\/","url_count":3}] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/common/ItemTypeUtil.tsx b/src/common/ItemTypeUtil.tsx index d01f265..6af3104 100644 --- a/src/common/ItemTypeUtil.tsx +++ b/src/common/ItemTypeUtil.tsx @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { Fragment } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; -import ItemUtil, { ItemBasicLang, ItemBasicChangeLog, ItemBasicIndex } from './ItemUtil'; +import ItemUtil, { ItemBasicLang, ItemBasicChangeLog, ItemBasicFile, ItemBasicIndex } from './ItemUtil'; import IndexUtil from './IndexUtil'; import DatabaseItemType from '../components/DatabaseItemType'; @@ -40,47 +40,57 @@ class ItemTypeUtil { return ({label}); } + static Description(props: { description: string, className?: string }) { + const { description, className } = props; + const regex = /(\r?\n)/g; + const textarea = description.split(regex).map((line, i) => { + if (line.match(regex)) { + return
; + } + return {line}; + }); + const name = typeof className === 'undefined' ? 'description' : className; + return (
{textarea}
); + } + static Contributer(props: { uname: string, name: string }) { const { name, uname } = props; const label = (name === '' ? uname : name + ' (' + uname + ')'); return ({label}); } - static Date(props: { date: number }) { - const { date } = props; + static Date(props: { date: number, isSimple?: boolean }) { + const { date, isSimple } = props; const d = new Date(date * 1000); const monthStr = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec']; const year = d.getFullYear(); const month = monthStr[d.getMonth()]; - const mday = d.getDate(); - const hour = d.getHours(); - const min = d.getMinutes(); - const sec = d.getSeconds(); - const label = month + ' ' + mday + ', ' + year + ' ' + hour + ':' + min + ':' + sec; + const mday = String(d.getDate()).padStart(2, '0'); + const hour = String(d.getHours()).padStart(2, '0'); + const min = String(d.getMinutes()).padStart(2, '0'); + const sec = String(d.getSeconds()).padStart(2, '0'); + const time = (typeof isSimple !== 'undefined' || isSimple) ? '' : ' ' + hour + ':' + min + ':' + sec; + const label = month + ' ' + mday + ', ' + year + time; return ({label}); } - static ChangeLogDate(props: { date: number }) { - const { date } = props; - const d = new Date(date * 1000); - const monthStr = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec']; - const year = d.getFullYear(); - const month = monthStr[d.getMonth()]; - const mday = d.getDate(); - const label = month + ' ' + mday + ', ' + year + ' '; - return ({label}); + static PublicationDate(props: { year: number, month: number, mday: number }) { + const { year, month, mday } = props; + const d = new Date(year + '-' + month + '-' + mday); + const timestamp = Math.floor(d.valueOf() / 1000); + return ; } - static ChangeLog(props: {changelog: ItemBasicChangeLog[]}) { + static ChangeLog(props: { changelog: ItemBasicChangeLog[] }) { const { changelog } = props; if (changelog.length === 0) { return null; } - const elements = changelog.map((value, index) => { + const elements = changelog.map((value, i) => { return ( -
{value}
{value.log}
{value}
{value}
{elements}
); } + static FileSize(props: { size: number }) { + const { size } = props; + const units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB']; + const power = size > 0 ? Math.floor(Math.log(size) / Math.log(1024)) : 0; + const label = Math.round(size / Math.pow(1024, power) * 10) / 10 + ' ' + units[power] + return {label}; + } + + static FileDownloadButton(props: { file: ItemBasicFile, rights?: string }) { + const { file, rights } = props; + const url = '/database/file/' + file.file_id; + if (typeof rights != 'undefined') { + return TODO: Download; + } + return Download; + } + + static Preview(props: { file: ItemBasicFile[] }) { + const { file } = props; + const data = file.filter((value) => { + return value.file_type_name === 'preview'; + }); + if (data.length === 0) { + return null; + } + const elements = data.map((value) => { + return ( + 		{value.original_file_name}
+ + {elements} + +
+ + ); + } + + static File(props: { file: ItemBasicFile[], type: string, rights?: string }) { + const { file, type, rights } = props; + const data = file.find((value) => { + return value.file_type_name === type; + }); + if (typeof data === 'undefined') { + return null; + } + const date = new Date(data.timestamp); + const timestamp = Math.floor(date.valueOf() / 1000); + return ( +
+ {data.original_file_name}
+ + + + + + +
Type: {data.mime_type}
Size:
Last updated:
+
+ ); + } + + static Readme(props: { readme: string }) { + const { readme } = props; + return ; + } + + static Rights(props: { rights: string, useCc: number, ccCommercialUse: number, ccModification: number }) { + const { rights, useCc } = props; + if (useCc === 0) { + return ; + } + return
; + } + + static CreativeCommons(props: { type: 'by' | 'by-nc' | 'by-nc-nd' | 'by-nc-sa' | 'by-nd' | 'by-sa' }) { + const {type} = props; + const url = 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/' + type + '/4.0/'; + const logoUrl = 'https://i.creativecommons.org/l/' + type + '/4.0/88x31.png'; + const labels = { + by: 'Attribution', + nc: 'NonCommercial', + nd: 'NoDerivatives', + sa: 'ShareAlike', + } + const label = type.split('-').map((value) => { + const prop = value as 'by' | 'nc' | 'nd' | 'sa'; + return labels[prop]; + }).join('-'); + return ( + + + + + + + +
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Criative Commons {label} 4.0 International License.
+ ); + } + static Index(props: { index: ItemBasicIndex[] }) { const { index } = props; if (index.length === 0) { return null; } let evenodd = 'even'; - const elements = index.map((value, index) => { + const elements = index.map((value) => { evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even'; const url = IndexUtil.getUrl(value.index_id); - return ({value.title}); + return ({value.title}); }); return ({elements}
); } @@ -120,13 +234,13 @@ class ItemTypeUtil { return null; } let evenodd = 'even'; - const elements = relatedTo.map((value) => { - const item = ItemUtil.get(value); + const elements = relatedTo.map((itemId) => { + const item = ItemUtil.get(itemId); if (item === null) { return null; } evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even'; - return (); + return (); }); return ( diff --git a/src/common/ItemUtil.ts b/src/common/ItemUtil.ts index 8dc865e..f78212d 100644 --- a/src/common/ItemUtil.ts +++ b/src/common/ItemUtil.ts @@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ export interface ItemBasicFile { original_file_name: string; mime_type: string; file_size: number; + caption: string; timestamp: string; - display_name: string; + file_type_name: string; + file_type_display_name: string; } export interface ItemBasic { item_id: number; @@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ export interface ItemConference extends ItemBasic { author: string[]; } -export type ItemDataSubType = 'excel' | 'movie' | 'text' | 'picture' | 'ohter'; +export type ItemDataSubType = 'excel' | 'movie' | 'text' | 'picture' | 'other'; export interface ItemData extends ItemBasic { data_id: number; data_type: ItemDataSubType; @@ -200,6 +202,10 @@ class ItemUtil { return '/database/item/' + String(item.item_id); } + static getFileUrl(fileId: number) { + return '/database/file/' + fileId; + } + static get(itemId: number) { const filter = { 'item_id': itemId diff --git a/src/components/Database.module.css b/src/components/Database.module.css index a4acd54..96f27c8 100644 --- a/src/components/Database.module.css +++ b/src/components/Database.module.css @@ -17,4 +17,42 @@ text-align: center; width: 65px; line-height: 0; -} \ No newline at end of file +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .head) { + width: 30%; +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .changeLogDate) { + white-space: nowrap; +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .downloadButton) { + display: inline-block; + padding: 7px 20px; + text-decoration: none; + font-weight: normal; + background: #f0f0f0; + color: #000; + border: solid 1px #e0e0e0; + box-shadow: 2px 2px #bbbbbb; + border-radius: 5px; +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .downloadButton:hover) { + background: #e8e8e8; + border: solid 1px #cccccc; +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .downloadButton:active) { + transform: translate(2px, 2px); + box-shadow: none; +} + +.database :global(.itemDetail .readme), +.database :global(.itemDetail .rights) { + background-color: #ffffff; + width: 100%; + max-height: 200px; + overflow: auto; +} diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseDetailItem.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseDetailItem.tsx index 46aab5e..c3d0bf2 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseDetailItem.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseDetailItem.tsx @@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class DatabaseDetailItem extends Component { super(props); const { params } = this.props.match; let item = null; - if (params.doi !== undefined) { + if (typeof params.doi !== 'undefined') { item = ItemUtil.getByDoi(params.doi); - } else if (params.id !== undefined) { + } else if (typeof params.id !== 'undefined') { const itemId = parseInt(params.id, 10); item = ItemUtil.get(itemId); } @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class DatabaseDetailItem extends Component { componentWillReceiveProps(nextProps: Props) { const { params } = nextProps.match; let item = null; - if (params.doi !== undefined) { + if (typeof params.doi !== 'undefined') { item = ItemUtil.getByDoi(params.doi); - } else if (params.id !== undefined) { + } else if (typeof params.id !== 'undefined') { const itemId = parseInt(params.id, 10); item = ItemUtil.get(itemId); } @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class DatabaseDetailItem extends Component { render() { if (this.state.item === null) { - return (null); + return null; } return ( <> diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemType.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemType.tsx index cba6924..a2b7dd2 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemType.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemType.tsx @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class DatabaseItemType { case 'xnpurl': return (); default: - return (null); + return null; } } @@ -67,19 +67,19 @@ class DatabaseItemType { const item = props.item; switch (item.item_type_name) { case 'xnpbook': - return (); + return (); case 'xnpconference': - return (); + return (); case 'xnpdata': - return (); + return (); case 'xnpmodel': - return (); + return (); case 'xnppaper': return (); case 'xnpurl': - return (); + return (); default: - return (null); + return null; } } } diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeBook.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeBook.tsx index dfb0e6f..a67161d 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeBook.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeBook.tsx @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; import ItemUtil, { ItemBook } from '../common/ItemUtil'; import iconFile from '../assets/images/database/icon_book.gif'; +import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; class DatabaseItemTypeBook { @@ -29,9 +30,9 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeBook { static List(props: { item: ItemBook }) { const { item } = props; const url = ItemUtil.getUrl(item); - const authors = item.author.map((author, index) => { - const padding = index > 0 ? ', ' : ''; - return ({padding}{author}); + const authors = item.author.map((author, i) => { + const padding = i > 0 ? ', ' : ''; + return ({padding}{author}); }); return (
@@ -49,6 +50,47 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeBook {
); } + + static Detail(props: { item: ItemBook }) { + const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Free Keywords', value: }, + { label: 'Description', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'Author', value: }, + { label: 'Editor', value: item.editor }, + { label: 'Publisher', value: item.publisher }, + { label: 'Publication Year', value: item.publication_year }, + { label: 'URL', value: {item.url} }, + { label: 'PDF File', value: }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); + return ( + + + {elements} + +
+ ); + } } export default DatabaseItemTypeBook; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeConference.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeConference.tsx index 7b67054..768ad67 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeConference.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeConference.tsx @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; -import ItemUtil, { ItemConference } from '../common/ItemUtil'; +import ItemUtil, { ItemConference, ItemConferenceSubType } from '../common/ItemUtil'; +import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; import iconFile from '../assets/images/database/icon_conference.gif'; class DatabaseItemTypeConference { @@ -36,16 +37,9 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeConference { static List(props: { item: ItemConference }) { const { item } = props; const url = ItemUtil.getUrl(item); - const types = { - powerpoint: 'PowerPoint', - pdf: 'PDF', - illustrator: 'Illustrator', - other: 'Other' - } - const presentationType = '(' + types[item.presentation_type] + ')'; - const authors = item.author.map((author, index) => { - const padding = index > 0 ? ', ' : ''; - return ({padding}{author}); + const authors = item.author.map((author, i) => { + const padding = i > 0 ? ', ' : ''; + return ({padding}{author}); }); return ( @@ -56,7 +50,7 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeConference { @@ -64,6 +58,70 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeConference {
{item.title}
- {item.conference_title} {presentationType}
+ {item.conference_title} ()
{authors}
); } + + static Detail(props: { item: ItemConference }) { + const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'Conference Title', value: item.conference_title }, + { label: 'Place', value: item.place }, + { label: 'Date', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'Presentation Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Author', value: }, + { label: 'Abstract', value: }, + { label: 'Presentation File', value: }, + { label: 'Presentation Type', value: }, + { label: 'Conference Paper', value: }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); + return ( + + + {elements} + +
+ ); + } + + static PresentationType(props: { type: ItemConferenceSubType }) { + const { type } = props; + const typeStr = { + powerpoint: 'PowerPoint', + pdf: 'PDF', + illustrator: 'Illustrator', + other: 'Other', + }; + if (!(type in typeStr)) { + return null; + } + const label = typeStr[type]; + return ({label}); + } + + static Date(props: { item: ItemConference }) { + const { item } = props; + const monthStr = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec']; + const from = 'From: ' + monthStr[item.conference_from_month - 1] + ' ' + item.conference_from_mday + ', ' + item.conference_from_year; + const to = 'To: ' + monthStr[item.conference_to_month - 1] + ' ' + item.conference_to_mday + ', ' + item.conference_to_year; + return ({from} {to}); + } } export default DatabaseItemTypeConference; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeData.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeData.tsx index 9d86ab4..91171c7 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeData.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeData.tsx @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; -import ItemUtil, { ItemData } from '../common/ItemUtil'; +import ItemUtil, { ItemData, ItemDataSubType } from '../common/ItemUtil'; import iconFile from '../assets/images/database/icon_data.gif'; +import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; class DatabaseItemTypeData { @@ -38,9 +39,9 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeData { static List(props: { item: ItemData }) { const url = ItemUtil.getUrl(props.item); const { item } = props; - const authors = item.experimenter.map((author, index) => { - const padding = index > 0 ? ', ' : ''; - return ({padding}{author}); + const authors = item.experimenter.map((author, i) => { + const padding = i > 0 ? ', ' : ''; + return ({padding}{author}); }); return ( @@ -58,6 +59,64 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeData {
); } + + static Detail(props: { item: ItemData }) { + const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Free Keywords', value: }, + { label: 'Description', value: }, + { label: 'Date', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'Data Type', value: }, + { label: 'Experimenter', value: }, + { label: 'Preview', value: }, + { label: 'Data File', value: }, + { label: 'Readme', value: }, + { label: 'Rights', value: }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); + return ( + + + {elements} + +
+ ); + } + + static DataType(props: { type: ItemDataSubType }) { + const { type } = props; + const typeStr = { + excel: 'Excel', + movie: 'Movie', + text: 'Text', + picture: 'Picture', + other: 'Other', + }; + if (!(type in typeStr)) { + return null; + } + const label = typeStr[type]; + return ({label}); + } } export default DatabaseItemTypeData; diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeModel.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeModel.tsx index 4068d4c..bded317 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeModel.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeModel.tsx @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; -import ItemUtil, { ItemModel } from '../common/ItemUtil'; +import ItemUtil, { ItemModel, ItemModelSubType } from '../common/ItemUtil'; import iconFile from '../assets/images/database/icon_model.gif'; +import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; class DatabaseItemTypeModel { @@ -42,9 +43,9 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeModel { static List(props: { item: ItemModel }) { const { item } = props; const url = ItemUtil.getUrl(item); - const authors = item.creator.map((author, index) => { - const padding = index > 0 ? ', ' : ''; - return ({padding}{author}); + const authors = item.creator.map((author, i) => { + const padding = i > 0 ? ', ' : ''; + return ({padding}{author}); }); return ( @@ -62,6 +63,65 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeModel {
); } + + static Detail(props: { item: ItemModel }) { + const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Free Keywords', value: }, + { label: 'Description', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'Model Type', value: }, + { label: 'Creator', value: }, + { label: 'Preview', value: }, + { label: 'Model File', value: }, + { label: 'Readme', value: }, + { label: 'Rights', value: }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); + return ( + + + {elements} + +
+ ); + } + + static ModelType(props: { type: ItemModelSubType }) { + const { type } = props; + const typeStr = { + matlab: 'Matlab', + neuron: 'Neuron', + original_program: 'Original Program', + satellite: 'SATELLITE', + genesis: 'Genesis', + a_cell: 'A-Cell', + other: 'Other', + }; + if (!(type in typeStr)) { + return null; + } + const label = typeStr[type]; + return ({label}); + } } export default DatabaseItemTypeModel; diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypePaper.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypePaper.tsx index 3efe1fb..82ea335 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypePaper.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypePaper.tsx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; import ItemUtil, { ItemPaper } from '../common/ItemUtil'; import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; @@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class DatabaseItemTypePaper { static List(props: { item: ItemPaper }) { const { item } = props; const url = ItemUtil.getUrl(item); - const authors = item.author.map((author, index) => { - const padding = index > 0 ? ', ' : ''; - return ({padding}{author}); + const authors = item.author.map((author, i) => { + const padding = i > 0 ? ', ' : ''; + return ({padding}{author}); }); const pubYear = String(item.publication_year); const volume = item.volume === null ? '' : ';' + String(item.volume); @@ -59,92 +59,48 @@ class DatabaseItemTypePaper { static Detail(props: { item: ItemPaper }) { const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'PubmedID', value: }, + { label: 'Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Free Keywords', value: }, + { label: 'Description', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'Author', value: }, + { label: 'Journal', value: item.journal }, + { label: 'Publication Year', value: item.publication_year }, + { label: 'Volume', value: item.volume }, + { label: 'Number', value: item.number }, + { label: 'Page', value: item.page }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); return ( - +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + {elements}
ID{item.doi}
Language
PubMedID
Title{item.title}
Free Keywords
Description{item.description}
Last Modified Date
Created Date
Contributor
Item Type{item.item_type_display_name}
Change Log(History)
Author
Journal{item.journal}
Publication Year{item.publication_year}
Volume{item.volume}
Number{item.number}
Page{item.page}
Index
Related to
); } - static PubmedLink(props: {pubmedId: string}) { - const {pubmedId} = props; + static PubmedLink(props: { pubmedId: string }) { + const { pubmedId } = props; if (pubmedId === '') { return null; } diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeUrl.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeUrl.tsx index a3ad2a4..8f9e7d3 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeUrl.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseItemTypeUrl.tsx @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -import React from 'react'; +import React, { ReactNode } from 'react'; import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'; -import ItemUtil, { ItemUrl } from '../common/ItemUtil'; +import ItemUtil, { ItemUrl, ItemBasicFile } from '../common/ItemUtil'; import iconFile from '../assets/images/database/icon_url.gif'; +import ItemTypeUtil from '../common/ItemTypeUtil'; class DatabaseItemTypeUrl { @@ -45,6 +46,57 @@ class DatabaseItemTypeUrl { ); } + + static Detail(props: { item: ItemUrl }) { + const { item } = props; + const fields: { label: ReactNode, value: ReactNode }[] = [ + { label: 'ID', value: item.doi }, + { label: 'Language', value: }, + { label: 'Title', value: item.title }, + { label: 'Free Keywords', value: }, + { label: 'Description', value: }, + { label: 'Last Modified Date', value: }, + { label: 'Created Date', value: }, + { label: 'Contributor', value: }, + { label: 'Item Type', value: item.item_type_display_name }, + { label: 'Change Log(History)', value: }, + { label: 'URL', value: {item.url} }, + { label: 'Banner File', value: }, + { label: 'Index', value: }, + { label: 'Related to', value: }, + ]; + let evenodd = 'even'; + const elements = fields.map((value, i) => { + evenodd = evenodd === 'even' ? 'odd' : 'even' + return ( + + {value.label} + {value.value} + + ) + }); + return ( + + + {elements} + +
+ ); + } + + static BannerFile(props: { file: ItemBasicFile[] }) { + const { file } = props; + const data = file.find((value) => { + return value.file_type_name === 'url_banner_file'; + }); + if (typeof data === 'undefined') { + return null; + } + const url = ItemUtil.getFileUrl(data.file_id); + return ( + banner + ); + } } export default DatabaseItemTypeUrl; diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseListIndex.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseListIndex.tsx index db72875..a6599a6 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseListIndex.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseListIndex.tsx @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import DatabaseIndex from './DatabaseIndex'; const DatabaseListIndex = (props: { index: Index }) => { const children = IndexUtil.getChildren(props.index.id); if (children.length === 0) { - return (null); + return null; } let evenodd: string = 'even'; const treeList = children.map((value: Index) => { diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseListItem.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseListItem.tsx index 2d62b57..65791e1 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseListItem.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseListItem.tsx @@ -158,12 +158,11 @@ class DatabaseListItem extends Component { renderPageNavi(result: SearchResult) { const maxPage = Math.floor(result.total / this.state.condition.limit) + 1; const link = (title: string, page: number, id: string) => { - const key = 'nav' + id if (page === 0 || page === this.state.condition.page) { - return ({title}); + return ({title}); } const url: string = this.getListUrl({ page: page }); - return ({title}); + return ({title}); } const startPage = (this.state.condition.page - 5) > 1 ? this.state.condition.page - 5 : 1; const endPage = (startPage + 5) > maxPage ? maxPage : startPage + 5; diff --git a/src/components/DatabaseSearchByIndexId.tsx b/src/components/DatabaseSearchByIndexId.tsx index 2d64083..9167cbe 100644 --- a/src/components/DatabaseSearchByIndexId.tsx +++ b/src/components/DatabaseSearchByIndexId.tsx @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DatabaseSearchByIndexId extends Component { render() { if (this.state.index === null) { - return (null); + return null; } const baseUrl = this.getUrl(); const pIndexes = IndexUtil.getParents(this.state.index.id); diff --git a/src/components/IndexTreeBlock.tsx b/src/components/IndexTreeBlock.tsx index 8f764eb..ab87baa 100644 --- a/src/components/IndexTreeBlock.tsx +++ b/src/components/IndexTreeBlock.tsx @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class IndexTreeBlock extends Component { } handleSelect(selectedKeys: string[], e: SelectData): void { - const url = '/database/list/' + e.node.props.eventKey; + const url = IndexUtil.getUrl(parseInt(e.node.props.eventKey, 10)); this.props.history.push(url); this.setState({ selectedKeys: [] }); } diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock index 0d2f30c..03dcb58 100644 --- a/yarn.lock +++ b/yarn.lock @@ -921,9 +921,9 @@ integrity sha512-+ryw4GU9pjr1uT6lBuErHJg3NYqzwJTvZ75nKuJijEzpd00Uqi6oiawTGDDf5Hl0zWmI7qHfOtaqB0kpQZJQzA== "@hapi/joi@^15.0.0": - version "15.0.1" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@hapi/joi/-/joi-15.0.1.tgz#dec64ff87555954f925220a9c5db062ba34493fc" - integrity sha512-6RLoFusVbSkKjo51IGy7TT72TYKaks3OLKRV4Wy4E8f0Vt2oqKBgtG+8VMnbruy+M4iLItiLYjETX7mQqklObQ== + version "15.0.2" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@hapi/joi/-/joi-15.0.2.tgz#2989041a06ee2941cf6dd247ffff8032640d16bb" + integrity sha512-c3NwWBHzUnEavcaCpGaepOcygS17pSnOh5ZYUBz+sfqCP7kC9haLcRnd3U8KFC4TbLFmRwKnmYglsc47m9yapg== dependencies: "@hapi/address" "2.x.x" "@hapi/hoek" "6.x.x" @@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ jest-runner "^24.8.0" jest-runtime "^24.8.0" -"@jest/transform@^24.7.1", "@jest/transform@^24.8.0": +"@jest/transform@^24.8.0": version "24.8.0" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@jest/transform/-/transform-24.8.0.tgz#628fb99dce4f9d254c6fd9341e3eea262e06fef5" integrity sha512-xBMfFUP7TortCs0O+Xtez2W7Zu1PLH9bvJgtraN1CDST6LBM/eTOZ9SfwS/lvV8yOfcDpFmwf9bq5cYbXvqsvA== @@ -1263,10 +1263,10 @@ resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/jest-diff/-/jest-diff-20.0.1.tgz#35cc15b9c4f30a18ef21852e255fdb02f6d59b89" integrity sha512-yALhelO3i0hqZwhjtcr6dYyaLoCHbAMshwtj6cGxTvHZAKXHsYGdff6E8EPw3xLKY0ELUTQ69Q1rQiJENnccMA== -"@types/jest@24.0.11": - 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version "11.13.8" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/node/-/node-11.13.8.tgz#e5d71173c95533be9842b2c798978f095f912aab" - integrity sha512-szA3x/3miL90ZJxUCzx9haNbK5/zmPieGraZEe4WI+3srN0eGLiT22NXeMHmyhNEopn+IrxqMc7wdVwvPl8meg== - "@types/prop-types@*": version "15.7.1" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/prop-types/-/prop-types-15.7.1.tgz#f1a11e7babb0c3cad68100be381d1e064c68f1f6" @@ -1326,25 +1321,17 @@ "@types/react-router" "*" "@types/react-router@*": - version "4.4.5" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/react-router/-/react-router-4.4.5.tgz#1166997dc7eef2917b5ebce890ebecb32ee5c1b3" - integrity sha512-12+VOu1+xiC8RPc9yrgHCyLI79VswjtuqeS2gPrMcywH6tkc8rGIUhs4LaL3AJPqo5d+RPnfRpNKiJ7MK2Qhcg== + version "5.0.0" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/react-router/-/react-router-5.0.0.tgz#22ae8f55d8af770ea1f755218936f01bfe1bfe27" + integrity sha512-0JjtJMxkQSyWUHTHaD3GhKf6rcZSUFmcQob8OlPTsbnxnIg2Nh3btkss4uke5CKVRtbCMipGU7My5jtfZQC+jw== dependencies: "@types/history" "*" "@types/react" "*" -"@types/react@*": - version "16.8.16" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/react/-/react-16.8.16.tgz#2bf980b4fb29cceeb01b2c139b3e185e57d3e08e" - integrity sha512-A0+6kS6zwPtvubOLiCJmZ8li5bm3wKIkoKV0h3RdMDOnCj9cYkUnj3bWbE03/lcICdQmwBmUfoFiHeNhbFiyHQ== - dependencies: - "@types/prop-types" "*" - csstype "^2.2.0" - -"@types/react@16.8.14": - version "16.8.14" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/react/-/react-16.8.14.tgz#b561bfabeb8f60d12e6d4766367e7a9ae927aa18" - integrity sha512-26tFVJ1omGmzIdFTFmnC5zhz1GTaqCjxgUxV4KzWvsybF42P7/j4RBn6UeO3KbHPXqKWZszMXMoI65xIWm954A== +"@types/react@*", "@types/react@16.8.17": + version "16.8.17" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/react/-/react-16.8.17.tgz#f287b76a5badb93bc9aa3f54521a3eb53d6c2374" + integrity sha512-pln3mgc6VfkNg92WXODul/ONo140huK9OMsx62GlBlZ2lvjNK86PQJhYMPLO1i66aF5O9OPyZefogvNltBIszA== dependencies: "@types/prop-types" "*" csstype "^2.2.0" @@ -1837,10 +1824,11 @@ assert-plus@1.0.0, assert-plus@^1.0.0: integrity sha1-8S4PPF13sLHN2RRpQuTpbB5N1SU= assert@^1.1.1: - version "1.4.1" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert/-/assert-1.4.1.tgz#99912d591836b5a6f5b345c0f07eefc08fc65d91" - integrity sha1-mZEtWRg2tab1s0XA8H7vwI/GXZE= + version "1.5.0" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert/-/assert-1.5.0.tgz#55c109aaf6e0aefdb3dc4b71240c70bf574b18eb" + integrity sha512-EDsgawzwoun2CZkCgtxJbv392v4nbk9XDD06zI+kQYoBM/3RBWLlEyJARDOmhAAosBjWACEkKL6S+lIZtcAubA== dependencies: + object-assign "^4.1.1" util "0.10.3" assign-symbols@^1.0.0: @@ -1940,19 +1928,6 @@ babel-extract-comments@^1.0.0: dependencies: babylon "^6.18.0" -babel-jest@24.7.1: - version "24.7.1" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-jest/-/babel-jest-24.7.1.tgz#73902c9ff15a7dfbdc9994b0b17fcefd96042178" - integrity sha512-GPnLqfk8Mtt0i4OemjWkChi73A3ALs4w2/QbG64uAj8b5mmwzxc7jbJVRZt8NJkxi6FopVHog9S3xX6UJKb2qg== - dependencies: - "@jest/transform" "^24.7.1" - "@jest/types" "^24.7.0" - "@types/babel__core" "^7.1.0" - babel-plugin-istanbul "^5.1.0" - babel-preset-jest "^24.6.0" - 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version "1.1.17" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-releases/-/node-releases-1.1.17.tgz#71ea4631f0a97d5cd4f65f7d04ecf9072eac711a" - integrity sha512-/SCjetyta1m7YXLgtACZGDYJdCSIBAWorDWkGCGZlydP2Ll7J48l7j/JxNYZ+xsgSPbWfdulVS/aY+GdjUsQ7Q== + version "1.1.18" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-releases/-/node-releases-1.1.18.tgz#cc98fd75598a324a77188ebddf6650e9cbd8b1d5" + integrity sha512-/mnVgm6u/8OwlIsoyRXtTI0RfQcxZoAZbdwyXap0EeWwcOpDDymyCHM2/aR9XKmHXrvizHoPAOs0pcbiJ6RUaA== dependencies: semver "^5.3.0" @@ -8097,10 +8078,10 @@ rc@^1.2.7: minimist "^1.2.0" strip-json-comments "~2.0.1" -react-app-polyfill@^1.0.0: - version "1.0.0" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-app-polyfill/-/react-app-polyfill-1.0.0.tgz#735c725c1d4261b710cb200c498789c8b80e0f74" - integrity sha512-fbZxEZdfx+rVENMvGTFjUcDDOZGKHaiavA8Y+FwM2I/o8gJT6pCYZk19XfeOntVzGZH2F1qqH7SLjXMhUM+YJw== +react-app-polyfill@^1.0.1: + version "1.0.1" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-app-polyfill/-/react-app-polyfill-1.0.1.tgz#809a858e44f9564c7f4205e173076f90048274f1" + integrity sha512-LbVpT1NdzTdDDs7xEZdebjDrqsvKi5UyVKUQqtTYYNyC1JJYVAwNQWe4ybWvoT2V2WW9PGVO2u5Y6aVj4ER/Ow== dependencies: core-js "3.0.1" object-assign "4.1.1" @@ -8109,10 +8090,10 @@ react-app-polyfill@^1.0.0: regenerator-runtime "0.13.2" whatwg-fetch "3.0.0" -react-dev-utils@^9.0.0: - version "9.0.0" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-dev-utils/-/react-dev-utils-9.0.0.tgz#356d95db442441c5d4748e0e49f4fd1e71aecbbd" - integrity sha512-HXvxOnABzIQH804ros5dBFryw4x0FU7Tl5KU2xg71jKx0EDsJYK0LuVVdj9qoLIgD1pmjzpjl7q7pjwXKIe37A== +react-dev-utils@^9.0.1: + version "9.0.1" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-dev-utils/-/react-dev-utils-9.0.1.tgz#5c03d85a0b2537d0c46af7165c24a7dfb274bef2" + integrity sha512-pnaeMo/Pxel8aZpxk1WwxT3uXxM3tEwYvsjCYn5R7gNxjhN1auowdcLDzFB8kr7rafAj2rxmvfic/fbac5CzwQ== dependencies: "@babel/code-frame" "7.0.0" address "1.0.3" @@ -8123,7 +8104,7 @@ react-dev-utils@^9.0.0: escape-string-regexp "1.0.5" filesize "3.6.1" find-up "3.0.0" - fork-ts-checker-webpack-plugin "1.0.1" + fork-ts-checker-webpack-plugin "1.1.1" global-modules "2.0.0" globby "8.0.2" gzip-size "5.0.0" @@ -8133,7 +8114,7 @@ react-dev-utils@^9.0.0: loader-utils "1.2.3" opn "5.4.0" pkg-up "2.0.0" - react-error-overlay "^5.1.5" + react-error-overlay "^5.1.6" recursive-readdir "2.2.2" shell-quote "1.6.1" sockjs-client "1.3.0" @@ -8150,10 +8131,10 @@ react-dom@^16.8.6: prop-types "^15.6.2" scheduler "^0.13.6" -react-error-overlay@^5.1.5: - version "5.1.5" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-error-overlay/-/react-error-overlay-5.1.5.tgz#884530fd055476c764eaa8ab13b8ecf1f57bbf2c" - integrity sha512-O9JRum1Zq/qCPFH5qVEvDDrVun8Jv9vbHtZXCR1EuRj9sKg1xJTlHxBzU6AkCzpvxRLuiY4OKImy3cDLQ+UTdg== +react-error-overlay@^5.1.6: + version "5.1.6" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-error-overlay/-/react-error-overlay-5.1.6.tgz#0cd73407c5d141f9638ae1e0c63e7b2bf7e9929d" + integrity sha512-X1Y+0jR47ImDVr54Ab6V9eGk0Hnu7fVWGeHQSOXHf/C2pF9c6uy3gef8QUeuUiWlNb0i08InPSE5a/KJzNzw1Q== react-is@^16.6.0, react-is@^16.7.0, react-is@^16.8.1, react-is@^16.8.4: version "16.8.6" @@ -8194,26 +8175,27 @@ react-router@5.0.0: tiny-invariant "^1.0.2" tiny-warning "^1.0.0" -react-scripts@3.0.0: - version "3.0.0" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-scripts/-/react-scripts-3.0.0.tgz#a715613ef3eace025907b409cec8505096e0233e" - integrity sha512-F4HegoBuUKZvEzXYksQu05Y6vJqallhHkQUEL6M7OQ5rYLBQC/4MTK6km9ZZvEK9TqMy1XA8SSEJGJgTEr6bSQ== +react-scripts@3.0.1: + version "3.0.1" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-scripts/-/react-scripts-3.0.1.tgz#e5565350d8069cc9966b5998d3fe3befe3d243ac" + integrity sha512-LKEjBhVpEB+c312NeJhzF+NATxF7JkHNr5GhtwMeRS1cMeLElMeIu8Ye7WGHtDP7iz7ra4ryy48Zpo6G/cwWUw== dependencies: "@babel/core" "7.4.3" "@svgr/webpack" "4.1.0" "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin" "1.6.0" "@typescript-eslint/parser" "1.6.0" babel-eslint "10.0.1" - 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version "1.0.2" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vendors/-/vendors-1.0.2.tgz#7fcb5eef9f5623b156bcea89ec37d63676f21801" - integrity sha512-w/hry/368nO21AN9QljsaIhb9ZiZtZARoVH5f3CsFbawdLdayCgKRPup7CggujvySMxx0I91NOyxdVENohprLQ== + version "1.0.3" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vendors/-/vendors-1.0.3.tgz#a6467781abd366217c050f8202e7e50cc9eef8c0" + integrity sha512-fOi47nsJP5Wqefa43kyWSg80qF+Q3XA6MUkgi7Hp1HQaKDQW4cQrK2D0P7mmbFtsV1N89am55Yru/nyEwRubcw== verror@1.10.0: version "1.10.0" @@ -9925,9 +9908,9 @@ wbuf@^1.1.0, wbuf@^1.7.3: minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0" web-namespaces@^1.1.2: - version "1.1.2" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/web-namespaces/-/web-namespaces-1.1.2.tgz#c8dc267ab639505276bae19e129dbd6ae72b22b4" - integrity sha512-II+n2ms4mPxK+RnIxRPOw3zwF2jRscdJIUE9BfkKHm4FYEg9+biIoTMnaZF5MpemE3T+VhMLrhbyD4ilkPCSbg== + version "1.1.3" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/web-namespaces/-/web-namespaces-1.1.3.tgz#9bbf5c99ff0908d2da031f1d732492a96571a83f" + integrity sha512-r8sAtNmgR0WKOKOxzuSgk09JsHlpKlB+uHi937qypOu3PZ17UxPrierFKDye/uNHjNTTEshu5PId8rojIPj/tA== webidl-conversions@^4.0.2: version "4.0.2" @@ -10254,6 +10237,13 @@ worker-farm@^1.5.2: dependencies: errno "~0.1.7" +worker-rpc@^0.1.0: + version "0.1.0" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/worker-rpc/-/worker-rpc-0.1.0.tgz#5f1258dca3d617cd18ca86587f8a05ac0eebd834" + integrity sha1-XxJY3KPWF80YyoZYf4oFrA7r2DQ= + dependencies: + microevent.ts "~0.1.0" + wrap-ansi@^2.0.0: version "2.1.0" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-2.1.0.tgz#d8fc3d284dd05794fe84973caecdd1cf824fdd85"